This study aims to find the association-ship between the Regional Rank of the Travel and
Tourism Competitiveness Index and its Indicators in 37 European countries. The cross-sectional data of the 37
European countries are collected from the World Economic Forum report- 2015. The statistical software
package, SPSS v. 20.0 is used to analyze the data. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Multi-co-linearity, Multiple
Regression, and Residual Analysis are the tools used to analyze to achieve out the objective of the study. RR:
Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index is used as the dependent variable and TI:
Tourism Services Infrastructure, GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT:
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism, and CR: Cultural resources & business travel are used as the independent
variables. It is found that there is an inverse relationship between the dependent variable and all the
independent variables along with the statistical significance. It is recommended that the governments of the
European countries and the respective agents of these countries should be made aware of learning the findings
of this study to promote their countries which can be victorious in lowering their Regional Rank of the Travel
and Tourism Competitiveness Index.
In this paper, the authors consider the evaluation of Romania’s position within the European context, from the viewpoint of tourism-related indicators. The research focuses on datasets for Romania, European Union and Luxembourg (selected because of the country’s prominence in the hierarchy related to the indicator “Average expenditure per trip by expenditure categories” and pursues a series of benchmarks between the three datasets. The data are extracted from Eurostat online database, which presents the values across a series of dimensions, which are capitalized by the authors to fit in the best manner to the purpose of the analysis. The methods used in the study are based on statistical analysis on the structure and evolution of the selected indicators. Our conclusions, in the case of each indicator, outline the different behavior of the values, supported by differences in the situation of the respective measures.
Tourism is one of leading economic activities in the EU, which significantly contributes to economic development. In order to achieve a sustainable, responsive and high-quality tourism development, it is necessary to plan a strategy that will efficiently use and intensify the processes of tourism development in the EU. The variations in the types and needs of the tourists and the tourist industry impose a multi-dimensional approach to the study of the tourism market. This paper implements a simple methodology for measuring the performance of the EU tourism market using an integrated model for ranking-PROMETHEE model. Based on the eight criteria defined in relation to the performance of the tourist market, the ranking of the 28 EU countries will be carried out. The results of the model will point to the evaluation of the tourism market performance and will define the recommendations and strategies for the tourism market development in relation to the countries that have the best rank.
Tourism is an activity that can improve main macroeconomic indicators. The opportunities for sustainable tourism development and the preservation of its competitiveness is largely influenced by the quality of the environment and the preservation of goods and resources. The paper will examine the impact of the number of international arrivals and receipts from international tourism on the GDP per capita for 2009-2015 and its impact on unemployment and the human development index as the selected component of sustainable development. Based on the relationship between these values, the basic relations between the selected indicators will be identified. The results will include all aspects, establish priorities, concrete proposals - strategic projects that can be realized in the coming period in order to increase the number of tourists and tourism revenues, which would affect the economic growth and development of the Republic of Serbia.
This paper reviews the published literature on the definition and measurement of the administrative and compliance costs of taxation, with special reference to VAT (including evasion and fraud) in the European Union.
Written by Luca Barbone, Richard M. Bird, and Jaime Vasquez-Caro. Published in March, 2012.
See more on our website: http://www.case-research.eu/en/node/57573
International Tourism Marketing: An Analysis on Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Reg...IOSRJBM
As XUAR international tourism industry is improving gradually, we should see there are still serious problems in its industrial structure performance. With shift-share method, Pearson Correlation method and Principal component method, based on data of XUAR international tourism foreign exchange incomes from 2006 to 2015, this paper empirically analyzes each sector of XUAR international tourism and its industrial structure performance, as well as problems in sectors of transportation, sightseeing, accommodation, cater, commodity sales and entertainment. Meanwhile this paper also puts forward solutions to increase the benefit of XUAR international tourism industry.
Indicators for measuring competitiveness in tourism . OECD Tourism PapersDavid Vicent
Indicators for Measuring Competitiveness in Tourism: A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT by Alain Dupeyras, Neil MacCallum- OECD Tourism Papers 2013/2. Excellent guidelines to develope indicator toolkits for competitiveness meassuring in Tourism Destinations. Very practical scopes and guidelines. Nice Material for tourism Developers.
In this paper, the authors consider the evaluation of Romania’s position within the European context, from the viewpoint of tourism-related indicators. The research focuses on datasets for Romania, European Union and Luxembourg (selected because of the country’s prominence in the hierarchy related to the indicator “Average expenditure per trip by expenditure categories” and pursues a series of benchmarks between the three datasets. The data are extracted from Eurostat online database, which presents the values across a series of dimensions, which are capitalized by the authors to fit in the best manner to the purpose of the analysis. The methods used in the study are based on statistical analysis on the structure and evolution of the selected indicators. Our conclusions, in the case of each indicator, outline the different behavior of the values, supported by differences in the situation of the respective measures.
Tourism is one of leading economic activities in the EU, which significantly contributes to economic development. In order to achieve a sustainable, responsive and high-quality tourism development, it is necessary to plan a strategy that will efficiently use and intensify the processes of tourism development in the EU. The variations in the types and needs of the tourists and the tourist industry impose a multi-dimensional approach to the study of the tourism market. This paper implements a simple methodology for measuring the performance of the EU tourism market using an integrated model for ranking-PROMETHEE model. Based on the eight criteria defined in relation to the performance of the tourist market, the ranking of the 28 EU countries will be carried out. The results of the model will point to the evaluation of the tourism market performance and will define the recommendations and strategies for the tourism market development in relation to the countries that have the best rank.
Tourism is an activity that can improve main macroeconomic indicators. The opportunities for sustainable tourism development and the preservation of its competitiveness is largely influenced by the quality of the environment and the preservation of goods and resources. The paper will examine the impact of the number of international arrivals and receipts from international tourism on the GDP per capita for 2009-2015 and its impact on unemployment and the human development index as the selected component of sustainable development. Based on the relationship between these values, the basic relations between the selected indicators will be identified. The results will include all aspects, establish priorities, concrete proposals - strategic projects that can be realized in the coming period in order to increase the number of tourists and tourism revenues, which would affect the economic growth and development of the Republic of Serbia.
This paper reviews the published literature on the definition and measurement of the administrative and compliance costs of taxation, with special reference to VAT (including evasion and fraud) in the European Union.
Written by Luca Barbone, Richard M. Bird, and Jaime Vasquez-Caro. Published in March, 2012.
See more on our website: http://www.case-research.eu/en/node/57573
International Tourism Marketing: An Analysis on Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Reg...IOSRJBM
As XUAR international tourism industry is improving gradually, we should see there are still serious problems in its industrial structure performance. With shift-share method, Pearson Correlation method and Principal component method, based on data of XUAR international tourism foreign exchange incomes from 2006 to 2015, this paper empirically analyzes each sector of XUAR international tourism and its industrial structure performance, as well as problems in sectors of transportation, sightseeing, accommodation, cater, commodity sales and entertainment. Meanwhile this paper also puts forward solutions to increase the benefit of XUAR international tourism industry.
Indicators for measuring competitiveness in tourism . OECD Tourism PapersDavid Vicent
Indicators for Measuring Competitiveness in Tourism: A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT by Alain Dupeyras, Neil MacCallum- OECD Tourism Papers 2013/2. Excellent guidelines to develope indicator toolkits for competitiveness meassuring in Tourism Destinations. Very practical scopes and guidelines. Nice Material for tourism Developers.
ANALYSIS OF URBAN TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS BASED ON FACTOR ANALYSIS: A CASE ST...ijcsit
Firms in nearly the sectors of the economy are facing a highly competitive, volatile and complex business such as the advent of globalization. Economic globalization has forced and is still forcing firms to develop new global manufacturing and distribution concepts. Through the development of economic globalization, every government and firm in the world is proceeding to reform and redevelop in order to deal with globalization. This paper is an empirical study, describes and explores the case of competitiveness of urban tourism of Luoyang and the seven cities around. As for the tourism industry, on the one hand, publicity should be expanded and tourism resources should be integrated so as to highlight the tourism advantage and on the other hand, travel services should be improved, and travel agency and hotel management should be enhanced, so that it can better serve tourists.
The future of work and skills in the tourism industryDavid Mora
Informe sobre la gestión del talento, competencias y empleo de calidad en el sector turístico, elaborado por la OMT en colaboración con la empresa Cegos
Chau Thanh District, Hau Giang Province, has diverse tourism resources. The local authority has
been orienting the tourism industry as an important economic sector. However, tourism-oriented products have
not been determined yet. The tourism resource exploitation is not commensurate with the potentials and
advantages of the district. This study focuses on assessing tourism resources and tourism development
potentials, thereby proposing solutions to exploit the tourism potentials of Chau Thanh District, Hau Giang
Province.
EuropeTour Analysis Training Needs_Final Report 2016EuropeTour
At the beginning of 2016, the EUROPETOUR team has successfully conducted the first-ever, international cultural tourism survey among its members and networking partners from Bulgaria, Belgium, Romania, Italy, Spain, Poland, Germany and Austria. The background of the analysis was to disclose the training needs of those people active in rural cultural tourism. The main conclusions are a better desire to network, skill improvement, and continuous business process learning.
Strategy Document
Tourism is a fundamental economic sector both at European and international level. Agenda 21,
elaborated during the Environment and Development Conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and adopted by 173 countries, recognises the importance of this theme at global level and
outlines an action plan linking tourism to sustainable development.
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity
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ANALYSIS OF URBAN TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS BASED ON FACTOR ANALYSIS: A CASE ST...ijcsit
Firms in nearly the sectors of the economy are facing a highly competitive, volatile and complex business such as the advent of globalization. Economic globalization has forced and is still forcing firms to develop new global manufacturing and distribution concepts. Through the development of economic globalization, every government and firm in the world is proceeding to reform and redevelop in order to deal with globalization. This paper is an empirical study, describes and explores the case of competitiveness of urban tourism of Luoyang and the seven cities around. As for the tourism industry, on the one hand, publicity should be expanded and tourism resources should be integrated so as to highlight the tourism advantage and on the other hand, travel services should be improved, and travel agency and hotel management should be enhanced, so that it can better serve tourists.
The future of work and skills in the tourism industryDavid Mora
Informe sobre la gestión del talento, competencias y empleo de calidad en el sector turístico, elaborado por la OMT en colaboración con la empresa Cegos
Chau Thanh District, Hau Giang Province, has diverse tourism resources. The local authority has
been orienting the tourism industry as an important economic sector. However, tourism-oriented products have
not been determined yet. The tourism resource exploitation is not commensurate with the potentials and
advantages of the district. This study focuses on assessing tourism resources and tourism development
potentials, thereby proposing solutions to exploit the tourism potentials of Chau Thanh District, Hau Giang
Province.
EuropeTour Analysis Training Needs_Final Report 2016EuropeTour
At the beginning of 2016, the EUROPETOUR team has successfully conducted the first-ever, international cultural tourism survey among its members and networking partners from Bulgaria, Belgium, Romania, Italy, Spain, Poland, Germany and Austria. The background of the analysis was to disclose the training needs of those people active in rural cultural tourism. The main conclusions are a better desire to network, skill improvement, and continuous business process learning.
Strategy Document
Tourism is a fundamental economic sector both at European and international level. Agenda 21,
elaborated during the Environment and Development Conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and adopted by 173 countries, recognises the importance of this theme at global level and
outlines an action plan linking tourism to sustainable development.
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The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity
Multi products storage using randomnessIJRTEMJOURNAL
The following Project shows the benefits of a research established into a multi-products
warehouse belongs to an automotive industry supplier. The main goal was applied a tool recognizing the rules
for distribution and material storage. Once the research was completed, the benefits were, the idle times
reduction per hours/week by the two initial processes. The politics for storage assignment and location, propose
a system to improve the space into this areain order to avoid material management and flow issues. It is
important to mention, the system proposed could be applied into warehouses with storage size and space
restricted by sorting area, also different material types, production settings and physical specifications for
which set warehouses with traditional management of distribution without slack, involves lack of materials,
pieces without records, incorrect location assigned, stock error.
Existence results for fractional q-differential equations with integral and m...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This paper concerns a new kind of fractional q-differential equation of arbitrary order by
combining a multi-point boundary condition with an integral boundary condition. By solving the equation which
is equivalent to the problem we are going to investigate, the Green’s functions are obtained. By defining a
continuous operator on a Banach space and taking advantage of the cone theory and some fixed-point theorems,
the existence of multiple positive solutions for the BVPs is proved based on some properties of Green’s functions
and under the circumstance that the continuous functions f satisfy certain hypothesis. Finally, examples are
provided to illustrate the results.
A study on financial aspect of supply chain managementIJRTEMJOURNAL
The more common approaches used in the SCM consider only the physical logistic operations
and ignore the financial aspects of the supply chain. The main objective to incorporate financial aspects in
supply chain management is to strengthen managerial decisions concerning financial flows in supply chains,
while empirical knowledge about financial supply chain management (FSCM) is in its early stages. This paper
presents a model for FSCM which financial planning in addition to operation planning is decided in it. The
main contribution of this paper is to define two approaches for Financial Supply Chain Management and to
compare them. This financial approaches are: Traditional financial approach and new financial approach.
Traditional financial approach integrates physical goods flows and financial flows. New financial approach
considers in making decisions other financial indicators such as market to book value, liquidity ratios, capital
structure ratios, and return on equity, sales margin, turnover ratios and stock security ratios, among others.
Moreover, the new approach applies the change in equity instead of the traditional approach measures of profit
as the objective function to be maximized in the presented model. To show the attributes of the presented
approaches, the results of the new approach and the traditional approach is compared. The findings indicate
that the traditional approach leads to lower change in equity compared to the financial approach. Also, the
results clearly reveal the better improvement of using the new approach over the traditional approach, and
convince the decision makers to take advantage of the new approach.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry.
Assessment of Building Failure: The Case of Saint Thomas’s Anglican Church, A...IJRTEMJOURNAL
There have been incessant reports of the collapse of buildings resulting in the loss of lives and
properties globally. However, there has been a dearth of information regarding any findings about the collapse
of building structures. An extensive study of causes of selected building collapse in Nigeria and abroad is carried
out in this work by visiting some locations of building collapse, reading journals and newspaper articles on
structural defects and testing rubbles collected from collapsed areas. This study therefore examined the general
causes of the collapse of some buildings particularly the reasons for the collapse of Saint Thomas’s 2-storey
Church Hall, Akure. Laboratory testing was carried out in this study to investigate the causes of collapse using
samples from the site of the collapsed building. An appraisal of the structural drawings of the collapsed building
was also investigated. Findings revealed that the building collapsed due to poor design, bad construction
materials and inadequate supervision. The paper concludes that buildings collapse can be reduced in Nigeria by
avoiding all. It recommended use of only duly registered professionals in the building industry for construction.
Data warehousing is a technique for collecting and managing data from multiple internal and
external sources to provide meaningful business insights. Data warehouses are designed to give a long-range
view of data over time and provide a decision support system environment. They are a vital component of
business intelligence, which is designed for data analysis and reporting. They are used to provide greater
insight into the performance of a business. This paper provides a brief introduction on data warehousing
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Survivin Immunoreactivity in the Gastric Mucosa of Rats Feedind with Carpet S...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Survivin has been studied many times because of its overexpression in several types of cancer
including lung, kidney, skin, endometrium, stomach, colon, breast, prostate, over, hematologic, head and neck
cancers, histopathology features and polymorphisms in the promoter region which belongs to the inhibitör of
apoptosis gene family by researchers. There is no study of survivin immunoreactivity in the gastric mucosa of the
rats fed with carpet shell clam grown in the Dardanelles. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of
carpet shell clam fed rats on survivin production in the gastric mucosa. The carpet shell clam given as food to the
rats were removed from the Dardanelles Çardak region. Four groups of rats are included in the study, group 1
(n=6), control group fed with standard rat food, group 2 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat
food daily, group 3 (n=6), 75% carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every two days, group 4 (n=6), 75%
carpet shell clam and 25% standard rat food every three days. To detect survivin localization in the tissues, the
LAB-SA Detection System was used. Survivin immunoreactivity was detected of epithelial cells in the gastric
mucosa of rats fed with carpet shell clam. After the immunohistochemical staining processing all gastric tissue
samples are evaluated in terms of survivin immunoreactivity with light microscopy and image analysis software.
Survivin immunoreactivity was detected 0% in the first group, 83.33% in the second group, 61.83% in the third
group and 32.67% in the fourth group. There was statistically significant difference between the survivin
immunoreactivity in the gastric gland cells of the rats in the experimental and control groups (p> 0.05). Survivin
production in the gastric mucosa of rats suggests that consumption of carpet shell clam may cause tissue damage.
Security and Crime Management in University Libraries in NigeriaIJRTEMJOURNAL
Security and prevention of crime in university library is very paramount duties of librarian. The
survival of a library depends to a large extend on how secured its collections are, security of library resources
constitutes serious challenge facing university libraries in Nigeria. The paper, therefore, investigates security and
crime management in university libraries in Nigeria using university of Jos and university of Ilorin libraries. The
study adopted a descriptive survey method. The population of the study comprised 108 library personnel and
16,012 registered library users in two university libraries. While the sample size consisted of all the 108 library
personnel, and 2% of the registered users to make a total of 428 respondents. Questionnaire and interview with
the university librarians of the selected university libraries were the instruments used for data collection. Data
were analysed using frequency distribution and percentages. Results revealed that security breaches included
stealing/theft of library materials, mutilation of library materials, and non-return of borrowed items. It also
showed inadequate funding, selfish interest of the culprits and lack of institutional security policy in the library.
Base on the findings, that staff security training, electronic security system should be introduced and improve
funding of university libraries among others. Recommendation orientation of users and staff should be done from
time to time in university libraries to mention but few.
Influence of heat treatment on Vitamin C Levels in Oyster MushroomIJRTEMJOURNAL
The study was conducted to investigate the influence of heat treatment during drying process of
Oyster mushroom in the tropics. Mushroom growing is carried out under carefully controlled conditions mostly
in bulk in specific designed tunnels with aerated floors. There are two main purposes, firstly pasteurization; to
free the compost from undesirable microbes and pests and secondly conditioning; to become mushroom specific
by getting clear of ammonia and free of readily available carbohydrates. Through proper manipulation of
temperature and ventilation these two primary objectives are accomplished. Mushrooms have been identified as
an underutilized crop in Africa, with many nutritive and health benefits. It does not require much land and
investment. However, it is highly perishable and there is need to process it to lengthen its shelf life by drying.
However, there is need to ensure that the nutrients are not lost in the process. It is for this reason that this
project investigated the effect of drying on nutrient levels in mushroom. Vitamin C levels were monitored in the
course of drying at 80⁰C, 60⁰C, 50⁰C, 40⁰C and in direct sunlight. It was concluded that the temperature that
gave the best drying rate with minimal nutrient loss was 60⁰C. In general, more than half the Vitamin C is lost
during the range of drying temperatures investigated.
Optimization of Design Parameters for Crane Hook Using Finite Element AnalysisIJRTEMJOURNAL
The Crane hooks are very at risk segments that are regularly utilized for mechanical purposes.
In this way such segments in an industry must be produced and composed in an approach to convey most extreme
execution without failure. Failure of a crane hook essentially relies upon three central point i.e. measurement,
material, overload. The undertaking is worried towards expanding the safe load by fluctuating the cross-sectional
measurements of the four distinct segments and diverse materials. The chose areas are square, circle, and
trapezoidal. The territory stays consistent while changing the measurements of the four unique segments. The
crane hook is demonstrated utilizing catia programming. The pressure and life investigation is finished utilizing
ANSYS 18.1 workbench. The ordinary worry along add up to misshaping, stress and life’s according to the
materials considered. It is discovered that trapezoidal cross segment yields most extreme load of 4000 KG to 5000
KG for steady cross segment zone among four cross segment.
Macroeconomic stability in the DRC: highlighting the role of exchange rate an...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study is part of a macroeconomic approach and seeks to identify the role of the rate of
economic growth and the exchange rate in controlling the macroeconomic framework. The approaches adopted
in this paper are part of Keynesian thinking on macroeconomic stability using the macroeconomic stability
index proposed by Burnside and Dollars (2004) and A. Amine (2005). Our results argue that economic growth
is causing macroeconomic stability and that the exchange rate is negatively and significantly accounting for
macroeconomic stability in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Reserves Estimating Carbon in Forest City District Village Bongohulawa GorontaloIJRTEMJOURNAL
The estimation of Carbon stock and carbon sink in the City Forest of Bongohulawa village,
Regency of Gorontalo (Guided by. The research was aimed to know volume growth of trees planted in the
Village District Bongohulawa Gorontalo, to calculate the volume and content of carbon biomass in the city
forest and green line (left-right path) and average carbon sequestration/tree/species. Research was conducted
in village of Bongohulawa during 4 (fourth) month; started from March until June 2011. The execution of data
collecting [of] was performed within this research area-location through observation and measurement of trees
and forest stand. For green line research area 100% inventory was upllied and for City Forest line plot
sampling was implemented. For city forest sample plots measurement was conducted in 10 sample units (each
unit sampling of 0.25 ha). Tree diameter, tree hight (total and commercial hight) and crown diameter of all tree
species within research line (green line) and research plots (city forest) was measured. Based on the research
data and its calculation, the results show that: Casuarina junghuhiana can store more carbon than other tree
species. From the inventory conducted in 3 km of green line along the road (6 meters width observations) of the
village Bongohulawa, 366 trees (consist of 7 tree species) were measured. Those tree species namely Casuarina
junghuiana 102 trees, sandalwood 46 trees, mango 7 trees, jackfruit 6 trees, Albizia 1 tree, mahogany 202 trees,
headland 2 trees. Crown cover of those tree species is 3032.54 m2
. The result of calculation also indicated that
Casuarina has higher carbon stock than other tree species that is 33.56 tons (equal with 52% of total crbon
stock). Further calculation indicated that during the period of 19 years (since 1992) Casuarina can strocked
carbon average of 1.77 tons/year. The average diameter increment of individual Casuarina tree species is about
1.72 cm/year. Furthermore, for Swietenia magrophilla King, with an average diameter increment of 1.40
cm/year, the leaves of this tree species can absorbed carbon of 18.1233 tons within green line of both sides of
the road. For research plots within City Forest which located in the valey the results of the research show that
the crown cover of 124 trees is about 1,359.67 m2, then carbon absorbtion is about 0.15 ton/tree or about 7.8
kg/tree/year. Within the research area of City Forest (located both in the valey and hill) totally there are 1,353
trees (consist of 13 tree species) and carbon absorption of the canopy is about 25.521 tons. Further calculation
results also indicated that carbon absorption of small trees ( poles) is about 25.521 tons and for sapling is
about 78.163 tons or 39,0815 tons/ha then fionally for mature trees is about 39.813 tons or 15,925 tons/ha.
Translation Errors of Public Signs in English Subtitle: Residents’ Poor Forei...IJRTEMJOURNAL
China is in an Age of Economy Thriving and Technology Advancing. This strike
increasing international visitors. In the foreigners, very few of them are able to communicate in
Chinese, which means that it is significant to provide accurate information to the foreign friends by
their understandable codes. For instance, in a hotel, a foreigner needs to know which way to go for
their daily activities without enquiring at the reception desk. These requirements are served by public
signs, e.g. the location of a canteen. Actually, this service is a challenge of Chinese people’s English
level. In recent years, as a lack of contextually linguistic and cultural knowledge, there are some
errors of translation on public English signs, resulting in some inconvenience to the oversea
travelers. This paper will analyses these problems in root and then advance prospective resolutions.
What are the determinants of the non-reimbursement for SMEs in Central Africa...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This article aims to determine the factors that are the cause of the non-repayment of credits
received from financial institutions by Cameroonian SMEs. This choice is sometimes. This non-repayment is
often caused by factors related to the environment and the functioning of SMEs. It aims to analyze and highlight
the factors that put Cameroonian SMEs in a situation of inability to repay the receivables received from
financial institutions. To achieve this goal, we opted for a mixed approach: Inductive (exploration on the
ground) and hypothetico deductive. To do this, we first analyzed the content of the interviews conducted with 15
SME managers and owners and tested data collected from a questionnaire administered face-to-face with 185
Cameroonian SMEs. . We used descriptive analysis and explanatory analysis. Our results show that the tax rate,
the mismanagement of managers, poor accounting and unforeseen situations have a significant positive
influence on the non-repayment of loans, while the age and size of SMEs exert significant negative influence on
the non-repayment of loans by Cameroonian SMEs.
Multivariate regression methods with infrared spectroscopy to detect the fals...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recently, food safety and guaranteed of food marks have become more important subjects of
foodstuff production and the marketing of processed foods. This paper demonstrates the ability of Mid Infrared
spectroscopy coupled with multivariate regression tools to detect vegetable butter (as adulterant) in a binary
mixture with traditional cow’s butter. Blends of traditional cow’s butter with different percentages of vegetable
butter were measured using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (ATRFTMIR). Spectral and reference data were firstly analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to check
outliers samples; and improve the robustness of the prediction models to be established. Multivariate regression
methods as Principal component regression (PCR) and Partial least square regression (PLSR) were used to
establish calibration model. Excellent correlation between ATR-FTMIR analysis and studied butter blends was
obtained R2 = 0.99; with Root Mean Square Errors of Prediction < 3.04, Limit of Detection 9.12% (By PCR)
and 6.06% (by PLSR), and Relative Prediction Errors as low as 3.13.
An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe and Caucasus: A Study ...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study aims to find the association-ship between the Regional Rank of the Travel and
Tourism Competitiveness Index and its Indicators in 37 European countries. The cross-sectional data of the 37
European countries are collected from the World Economic Forum report- 2015. The statistical software
package, SPSS v. 20.0 is used to analyze the data. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Multi-co-linearity, Multiple
Regression, and Residual Analysis are the tools used to analyze to achieve out the objective of the study. RR:
Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index is used as the dependent variable and TI:
Tourism Services Infrastructure, GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT:
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism, and CR: Cultural resources & business travel are used as the independent
variables. It is found that there is an inverse relationship between the dependent variable and all the
independent variables along with the statistical significance. It is recommended that the governments of the
European countries and the respective agents of these countries should be made aware of learning the findings
of this study to promote their countries which can be victorious in lowering their Regional Rank of the Travel
and Tourism Competitiveness Index
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
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➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
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Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe and Caucasus: A Study on the Regional Rank of the Tourism Competitiveness Index
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 2 Issue 7 ǁ July 2018 ǁ PP 60-69
|Volume 2| Issue 7 | www.ijrtem.com | 60 |
An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe and
Caucasus: A Study on the Regional Rank of the Tourism
Competitiveness Index
1
S. Nisthar, 2
AMM. Mustafa, 3
MBM. Ismail
1
Visiting Academic, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
2
Senior Lecturer in Business Economics, Faculty of Management and Commerce, South Eastern University of
Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
3
Senior Lecturer in Management, Faculty of Management and Commerce, South Eastern University of
Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka
ABSTRACT: This study aims to find the association-ship between the Regional Rank of the Travel and
Tourism Competitiveness Index and its Indicators in 37 European countries. The cross-sectional data of the 37
European countries are collected from the World Economic Forum report- 2015. The statistical software
package, SPSS v. 20.0 is used to analyze the data. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Multi-co-linearity, Multiple
Regression, and Residual Analysis are the tools used to analyze to achieve out the objective of the study. RR:
Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index is used as the dependent variable and TI:
Tourism Services Infrastructure, GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT:
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism, and CR: Cultural resources & business travel are used as the independent
variables. It is found that there is an inverse relationship between the dependent variable and all the
independent variables along with the statistical significance. It is recommended that the governments of the
European countries and the respective agents of these countries should be made aware of learning the findings
of this study to promote their countries which can be victorious in lowering their Regional Rank of the Travel
and Tourism Competitiveness Index.
KEY WORDS: TTCI, Multiple Regression, Regional Rank, Europe, Business Environment
I. INTRODUCTION
On the basis of a methodological point of view, the objective of Tourism Competitiveness Index is to evaluate
the essentials that make sure the development of the tourism sector in different countries through three
categories of the factors that affect global tourism competitiveness. These categories are evaluated through three
sub-indices subsidiary to TCI: 1) policy rules and regulations that are influencing on the tourism sector.
The fundamentals assessed in this sub-index refer to those features that are dependent directly or indirectly on
the political ambiance and the country-specific institutional environment; 2) business environment and
infrastructure; 3) natural, cultural and human resources involved in tourism activities.
2. An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe…
|Volume 2| Issue 7 | www.ijrtem.com | 61 |
Figure 1: T&TCI Components
Source: Roberto Crotti, Tiffany Misrahi Th. (eds.), The travel and tourism competitiveness report 2015, World
Economic Forum, 2015, p. 4.
Each of these sub-indices consists of a number of pillars or supports that delineate the instrumental elements in
the analysis of tourism competitiveness. These elements are: policy rules and regulations, environmental
sustainability, safety and security, health and hygiene, prioritization of travel and tourism, air transport
infrastructure, ground transport infrastructure, tourism infrastructure, ICT infrastructure; price competitiveness
in the T&T industry, human resources, affinity for travel and tourism, natural and cultural resources. To these a
final component, which became increasingly important in recent years, is added - climate change. Each of these
pillars in turn consists of a number of individual variables. The data set that are used to calculate approximately
these pillars take account of the data from annual surveys conducted by the World Economic Forum. Those are
the quantitative data obtained from publicly available sources, from international organizations and institutions
and experts in tourism. And also, a statistical survey has been carried out among the senior executives and the
business leaders who are responsible to make decisions in this area. Further, the TCI methodology is not limited
to awarding scores and points to the tourism sector in various countries, but its objective is to construct a
common framework to allow comparison between performances in this field (Mihai, 2011).
Europe are deliberately attracting a large number of tourists every year because of the most striking cultural
resources, highest openness in the international integration, and the infrastructures of tourism services with
highest class found thorough the region. In particular, the Scheme area is found with the hygiene and health
which attract the international tourism in the higher degree of arrivals into the area.
In ranking, Spain is the third country mostly visited by the international tourists in the world, with the arrivals of
60.6 million of tourists. The country of France is ranking in its arrivals of tourists in the second place and
persists so as to attract the most number of tourists amounting to more than 84 million of arrivals due to the
second rank in cultural resources and the eighth rank in the natural resources. Switzerland is ranked in 6th
place
due to the recording in the rank of 4th
and 5th
places in ground infrastructure and the improvement of
infrastructure in the tourist services respectively. Due to the monuments, the remarkable towns, the scenic
beauty, and the sites found as World Heritage, the country of Italy is ranked in 6th
place in Europe (Roberto,
2015).
3. An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe…
|Volume 2| Issue 7 | www.ijrtem.com | 62 |
The European countries which are considered in this study and their regional rank and global rank are as
follows:
Table 1: European countries and their TTCI Index
No.
Country/Economy
TTCI Index
Regional Rank Global Rank Value
Southern & Western Europe
01 Spain 1 1 5.31
02 France 2 2 5.24
03 Germany 3 3 5.22
04 Switzerland 5 6 4.99
05 Italy 6 8 4.98
06 Austria 7 12 4.82
07 Netherlands 8 14 4.67
08 Portugal 9 15 4.64
09 Belgium 13 21 4.64
10 Luxembourg 16 26 4.38
11 Greece 18 31 4.36
12 Croatia 19 33 4.30
13 Cyprus 20 36 4.25
14 Slovenia 23 39 4.17
15 Malta 24 40 4.16
16 Montenegro 33 67 3.75
17 Macedonia, FYR 34 82 3.50
18 Serbia 35 95 3.34
19 Albania 36 106 3.22
Northern & Eastern Europe
20 United Kingdom 4 5 5.12
21 Iceland 10 18 4.54
22 Ireland 11 19 4.53
23 Norway 12 20 4.52
24 Finland 14 22 4.47
25 Sweden 15 23 4.45
26 Denmark 17 27 4.38
27 Czech Republic 21 37 4.22
28 Estonia 22 38 4.22
29 Hungary 25 41 4.14
30 Russian Federation 26 45 4.08
31 Poland 27 47 4.08
32 Bulgaria 28 49 4.05
33 Latvia 29 53 4.01
34 Lithuania 30 59 3.88
35 Slovak Republic 31 61 3.84
36 Romania 32 66 3.78
37 Moldova 37 111 3.16
Source: Roberto Crotti, Tiffany Misrahi Th. (eds.), The travel and tourism competitiveness report 2015, World
Economic Forum, 2015, p. 10.
II. PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
All over the world, all the countries have been trying to achieve the considerable growth and development in
whatever ways likely to finding the sources and potentiality of the growth and development of the economies.
One of the ways in this connection is to improve the tourism industrial development through the resources
which are endemic in the countries. Accordingly, the basic criterion to cope up with the development through
attracting a large number of tourists to the host countries from the guest countries in the tourism industry in the
4. An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe…
|Volume 2| Issue 7 | www.ijrtem.com | 63 |
world arena is Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index –T& TCI. The T&TCI is composed of the various
aspects of elements.
By promoting these elements, the economies are able to achieve the targets of attracting the tourists to their
exclusive destinations within the domestic landscape. By this study, the problem of attracting a large number of
tourists can be settled down by finding the contribution of the elements which represent the criterion of the
TTCI.
Objective of the Study: To find out the association-ship between the Regional Rank of the Travel and
Tourism Competitiveness Index and its Indicators in European countries
Questions of the Study: Are there any association-ships between the Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism
Competitiveness Index and its Indicators in European countries?
III. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The quantitative data are used in this study. The data used in this study have been collected from the Travel and
Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 of World Economic Forum. The data of the 37 countries from European
countries have been collected. So the data are the cross sectional in their nature. RR (Regional Rank of the
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index) is the dependent variable and TI: Tourism Services Infrastructure,
GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT: Prioritization of Travel and Tourism and
CR: Cultural resources & business travel are the independent variables used in this study. In this study, the
regression model is run using all the independent variables and the dependent variable. The correlation between
all the variables is tested to find the direction, strength and significance between the variables. The statistical
package used for the data analysis in this study is SPSS v.20.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science).
In this study, multiple regression, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Multi-co-linearity, and Residual Analysis
are analyzed statistically to achieve the objective of the study using the statistical package, SPSS v. 20.0.
Accordingly, the following model is tested in this study:
RR = f (TI, GP, BE, PT, CR) ()
RR = + TI + GP + BE + PT + CR + ()
Where:
RR: Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index
TI: Tourism Services Infrastructure
GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure
BE: Business Environment
PT: Prioritization of Travel and Tourism
CR: Cultural Resources & Business Travel
: Coefficients
Error term
Literature Review of the Study: Mihai Croitoru (2011) aimed to analyze the underlying determinants of TCI
from the perspective of two directly competing states, Romania and Bulgaria in order to highlight the effects of
communication on the competitiveness of the tourism sector using case study methodology. His analysis
provided some answers, especially in terms of communication strategies, which might explain the completely
different performances of the two national economies in the tourism sector. He concluded that while making
serious efforts to improve the institutional environment to encourage investment in tourism, Romania did not
have a well put together strategy for reporting these opportunities. Romania could not effectively take advantage
of the favorable geographical position, of the natural and cultural resources and of the high quality human
5. An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe…
|Volume 2| Issue 7 | www.ijrtem.com | 64 |
capital. Secondly, although tourism development strategies took into account, at least at declaratory level,
the fundamental principles of sustainable growth, these principles are not only implemented, but they were not
even transmitted to the target audience by diverse communication methods and techniques. For this reason, the
Romanian audience, both as provider and beneficiary of tourism services was not educated in terms of
environmental protection and sustainable development. Thirdly, the economic crisis had given a new impetus to
Bulgaria which proved, once again, to be more determined to capitalize on its competitive advantages available
to the international tourism market. In this connection, Bulgaria was an exemplary country unlike Romania for
the good practice in the adoption of sustainable strategies and their efficient communication strategy.
Bineswaree Bolaky (2011) aimed to analyze the key determinant factors of competitiveness in the Caribbean
tourism industrial sector using panel data for the time period from year 1995 to year 2006, on the basis of
Augmented Version of a model designed by Craigwell (2007). He found that the evidence that Caribbean
tourism competitiveness could be improved through policy measures that favour, among others, increases in
investment, private sector development, better infrastructure, lower government consumption, a more flexible
labour market, reduced susceptibility to natural disasters, higher human development and slow rises in oil
prices.
Bojan Krsticet al (2015) analyzed the achieved level of tourism competitiveness in the European Union (EU)
and certain Western Balkan countries by using the correlation analysis. And also, they analyzed the capacity of
accommodation as an instrumental tourism resource along with the number of overnight stays of tourists. In
order to assess the significance of accommodation and tourism traffic, their study examines the interdependence
between the tourism competitiveness, capacities and overnight stays. The results of the correlation analysis
revealed a significant positive correlation between the observed variables.
Shenol Chavuset al (2012) aimed to examine by comparing TCI of the Central Asian Turkish Republics and to
develop the recommendations for the improvement of competitiveness based on the descriptive analysis. Results
of the study are intended to provide important information for institutions and organizations regulating market in
those countries. They found that the mentioned countries were in progress on tourism regulations range, but
according to business environment and infrastructure, human, natural and cultural resources criteria the situation
was not good. They recommended that to obtain the expected results in tourism sector, it was necessary to
increase and speed up competitiveness studies.
Maharaj. S, and Balkaran. R (2014) aimed to improve on the South African tourism competitiveness with the
expressed intention of enhancing growth and sustainability using descriptive analysis based on the secondary
sources of data collection. They concluded that South African tourism policy makers and tourism stakeholders
can use the World Economic Forum for Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 as a tool to
benchmark against other countries used in the research to adopt best practice and adapt national tourism policies
and the national development plan.
Gap of the Study: This is the pioneer study based on the econometric basis using the statistical software, SPSS,
v.20.0 on this particular title of the study.
IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Multiple Regression: The table - 02 shows the model summary of the multiple regression, R (r) (Pearson
product – moment correlation) is 0.959; R square (r2
), the percentage variance that the five variables share (out
of possible maximum of 100 percent if the same variable in effect was correlated with itself), is calculated by
squaring the r figure. This figure is 0.907, representing percent of shared variance. Thus, 90.7 percent of the
variance in the entire effect of tourism can be explained by the independent variables such as TI: Tourism
Services Infrastructure, GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT: Prioritization of
Travel and Tourism and CR: Cultural resources & business travel. The r2
figure may not always be reliable, and
instead the adjusted r2
figure is used. Here, at 0.920, it is around close to the unadjusted r2
in the model
summary.
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Table - 02: Multiple Regression Model Summary
Model R
R
Square
Adjusted
R
Square
Std. Error
of the
Estimate
Change Statistics
Durbin-
Watson
R
Square
Change
F
Change
df1 df2
Sig. F
Change
1 .959a
.920 .907 3.29300825 .920 71.595 5 31 .000 1.861
a. Predictors: (Constant), Cultural Resources & Business Travel , Business Environment, Ground & Port
Infrastructure, Prioritization of Travel and Tourism , Tourism Services Infrastructure
b. Dependent Variable: Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index
Source: Survey data – 2015
The value of Durbin-Watson statistics is 1.861 which is higher than the value of R square (r2
) or Adjusted
R Square (r2
). And also, this value is more than 1. The value of R Square is more than 60% (i.e., 92.0%). All
these are the good signs of this model. Due to the presence of these good signs, this model does not suffer from
the problem of spuriousness in this model. Thus, meaningless results are avoided from this model of regression
because of the absence of this problem.
Regression Model– ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): The Table - 03 shows the results of ANOVA test. The
ANOVA test is used to establish whether the findings of the study might have arisen from a sampling error.
Here, it is established whether the regression line of the study is different from zero. If it is, then it is claimed
that the findings have not arisen simply from a sampling error. In the table (Table – 03 ANOVA), the F and Sig.
columns are studied. Here the F value is 71.595 and the confidence value is equal to 0.000 (highly significant,
p <0.0005). The result is not due to sampling error. That is, the regression statistic is significantly different from
zero. It is confident that the results of the regression do not occur by chance.
Table 03: Regression Model– ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Model
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F Sig.
1
Regression 3881.839 5 776.368 71.595 .000b
Residual 336.161 31 10.844
Total 4218.000 36
a. Dependent Variable: Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index
b. Predictors: (Constant), Cultural Resources & Business Travel, Business Environment, Ground &
Port Infrastructure, Prioritization of Travel and Tourism, Tourism Services Infrastructure
Source: Data Survey – 2015
Further, the Analysis of Variance shows that the regression results are significantly different from zero
(F = 71.595, p< 0.0005). The results of this regression did not occur by chance and are consistent with our
research hypothesis – the amount of the independent variables such as TI: Tourism Services Infrastructure,
GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT: Prioritization of Travel and Tourism and
CR: Cultural resources & business travel significantly raises the Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism
Competitiveness Index. That is, the independent variables play significant roles on the dependent variable – the
Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index.
Multiple Regression: The table – 04 shows that all the values of coefficients of the multivariate analysis. The
regression coefficient is a measure of how strongly each independent variable (also known as predictor variable)
predicts the dependent variable. There are two types of regression coefficients - un-standardized coefficients and
standardized coefficient, also known as beta value. The un-standardized coefficients can be used in the equation
as coefficients of different independent variables along with the constant term to predict the value of dependent
variable. The standardized coefficient (beta) is, however, measured in standard deviations. A beta value of 2
associated with a particular independent variable indicates that a change of 1 standard deviation in that
particular independent variable will result in a change of 2 standard deviations in the dependent variable (Ajai
and Sanjaya, 2008). The dependent variable of this multiple regression model is RR: Regional Rank of the
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, and the independent variables are indicators or pillars such as
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TI: Tourism Services Infrastructure, GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment,
PT: Prioritization of Travel and Tourism and CR: Cultural resources & business travel. This multiple regression
is subject to the linear model. As shown in table – 04, B is the slope of the regression line. The slope of this
multiple regression linear line is constant. Therefore, it has the constant value estimated. The coefficient of the
slope means that every rise of one unit for the independent variable predicts a rise on the dependent variable.
Table - 04: Multiple Regression Model Coefficients
Model
Un-standardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) 79.426 6.199 12.814 .000
Tourism Services
Infrastructure
-3.162 1.135 -.305 -2.787 .009
Ground & Port
Infrastructure
-3.384 1.039 -.268 -3.257 .003
Business Environment -4.677 1.278 -.282 -3.659 .001
Prioritization of Travel and
Tourism
-.239 1.498 -.014 -.159 .874
Cultural Resources &
Business Travel
-2.922 .549 -.439 -5.328 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index
Source: Data Survey – 2015
This multiple regression is subject to the linear model. As shown in table – 04, B is the slope of the regression
line. The slope of this multiple regression linear line is constant. Therefore, it has the constant value estimated.
The coefficient of the slope means that every rise of one unit for the independent variable predicts a fall on the
dependent variable. Accordingly, the estimated model of the study is as follows:
RR = 79.426 – 3.162TI – 3.384GP – 4.677BE – 0.239PT - 2.922CR
According to the above multiple regression function, for each increase of one unit on Business Environment,
the regression predicts that the Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index will decrease by around 5
units (4.677). Thus, these two variables are inversely related to each other, that is, the increase in Business
Environment will decrease the Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index. For each increase of one
unit on Tourism Services Infrastructure, the equation predicts that the Regional Rank of Tourism
Competitiveness Index will be lower by almost 3 units (3.162). Further, for each increase of one unit on
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism and Cultural resources & business travel, the regression predicts that
Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index will decrease by 0.239 units, around 3units (2.922)
respectively.
And also, all the independent variables are inversely or negatively related to the dependent variable. The most
instrumental independent variable in this model is Business Environment as the increase of one unit on
Business Environment leads to decrease the Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index by around 5
units (4.677). Further, all the independent variables are having statistically significant relationship between the
dependent variable. That is, there is a significant effect of Business Environment (Sig. p < 0.0005) on the
Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index. The value of probability on this coefficient of independent
variable is less than 0.05 (5%).
Moreover, all the independent variables are statistically significant to explain the relationship between the
dependent variables and the independent variables in this multiple regression model as all the probability value
of the independent variables are less than 0.05 (i.e. p = 0.000). This is one of the good sings of this model.
Thus, all the independent variables such as Tourism Services Infrastructure, Ground & Port Infrastructure,
Business Environment, Prioritization of Travel and Tourism, and Cultural resources & business travel, account
for unique variance in the dependent variable – Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index. None of the
independent variables identified in this study are statistically significant effect on the Regional Rank of
Tourism Competitiveness Index. In other worlds, there is a zero percent of chance that any effect is spurious in
this model.
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Testing for Multi co linearity : As a rule of thumb, if ‘VIF’ is greater than ‘VIF’ is less than 10, there is no
problem of multi-co-linearity, that is, it is on the safe grounds free from the multi-co-linearity (Ciaran, et. al,
2009). The unique part of the variance in dependent variable that is explained by each of the independent
variables is very less if there is a problem of multi co linearity among the independent variables used in models.
Table – 05: Testing for Multi co linearity
Source: Data Survey – 2015
Table – 05 shows the results of the test of the multi-co-linearity problems in the multiple regression model
used in this study between the individual independent variables identified from the negative economic impacts
of tourism. The value of ‘VIF’ (Variance inflation Factor) is around 3 which is less than 10. Thus, the overlap
between the independent variables is very small. In other words, there is no highly correlated independent
variable in this model. Accordingly, there is no any alarm of multi co linearity problem in the whole model.
Residual Analysis: The predicted values of the dependent variable are estimated of the most likely average
figure – the actual cases in the data will not all correspond exactly to what the equation predicts. The predicted
values are the ‘fit’ to the data that the regression has produced. The difference between the values of the
dependent variable that are predicted that ‘fit’ and the actual observed values are the ‘residual’, that which is
not ‘fit’.
Figure – 01: Histogram of residuals
Source: Survey data – 2015
In a good ‘fit’ to the data, the residual differences between the actual, observed values and the predicted values
will be homoscedastic (that is, if the intersection point between variables are plotted around the correlation
‘line’, they will be ‘normally’ distributed around the line – some will be above the line, some will be below it
and more points will be close to the ‘line’ than far away), normally distributed above and below the predicted
value with most differences being fairly small and only a few, if any, being ‘outliers’ that are far from their
predicted values.
Model
Co-linearity Statistics
VIF
1
Tourism Services Infrastructure 4.660
Ground & Port Infrastructure 2.625
Business Environment 2.316
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism 2.930
Cultural Resources & Business Travel 2.646
a. Dependent Variable: Regional Rank of Tourism Competitiveness Index
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Figure – 01 shows the visual plots of residuals appeared. Accordingly, the residuals are normally distributed
around a central point of zero.
Figure – 02: Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized
Source: Survey data – 2015
The scatter plot of standardized residuals against standardized predicated value takes the form of a straight line
running at a 45degree angle from (0, 0) on the lower left to (1.0, 1.0) on the upper right. As observed in Figure –
01, the actual plot conforms very closely to this. Therefore, in this model, the residual differences between the
actual, observed values and the predicted values are homoscedastic, but not heteroscedastic, normally
distributed above and below the predicted value with most differences being fairly small and only a few, if any,
being ‘outliers’ that are far from their predicted values. So that is a good fit to the data. Accordantly, the
expected cumulative probability and observed cumulative probability are very closer in the above figure – 02.
V. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
There is a negative relationship between the dependent variable and all the independent variables. Business
environment vitally plays major roles to influence on the dependent variable. Thus, one unit of increase in the
business environment will decrease the regional competitiveness index. It is the most instrumental variable
which is contributing to the determination of the regional competitiveness index of the European countries. The
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism records the least contribution to the determination of the regional
completeness index. All the independent variables other than Prioritization of Travel and Tourism are vital and
instrumental together in influencing the dependent variable. But Prioritization of Travel and Tourism is not
statistically significant to explain the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables.
On the regional competitiveness index of the European countries, the common significant contribution of the
independent variables is identified on the dependent variable.
As a result, all the independent variables are inversely related with the dependent variable. Accordingly, almost
33% of Business Environment has contributed on the regional competitiveness index of the European countries.
It is the highest record of the particular independent variable on the European countries so as to lower their
competitiveness index in ordering the rank on the regional arena. Around 24% of the Ground & Port
Infrastructure which has affected in lowering the ranking position of the countries has contributed secondly on
the regional competitiveness index of the countries. Virtually 22% of the contribution of the Tourism Services
Infrastructure so as to lower the competitiveness index of the countries has made significant impacts on the
ranking position of the countries. Practically and statistically 21% of effects due to the presence of the cultural
resources & business travel have contributed to the lowering position in the regional rank of the countries. The
promotional strategies implemented by the countries targeting towards the Prioritization of Travel and Tourism
has contributed considerably only to 2% in lowering the regional rank of the competitiveness index. It can be
concluded from this study that any promotional strategies or policy decisional making in terms of developing
business environment which is friendly to the attraction of international tourists to their home countries play
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the major roles on lowering the regional rank of the countries. The second significant effect on lowering
the regional rank of the countries is caused by promoting the Ground & Port Infrastructure. So that any
structural changes in terms of targeting the promotion of the ground and port infrastructure with the intention of
coming up in the regional rank of these countries can pave the ways to lower the rank in the regional arena. The
third is likely from the promotional activities of the Tourism Services Infrastructure which leads to lower the
regional rank. The more the presence of services infrastructure as well in this region, the more the regional rank
can be lowered down.
VI. RECOMMENDATION
From this study, it can be persistently recommended that the economies of the guest countries and also the
policy makers of the guest countries can be aware of the making strategic planning to promote their countries
which can be victorious in lowering their Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index.
Accordingly, the researchers of this study persevere on the recommendation to apply the results of this study in
their countries.
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Study on the Regional Rank of the Tourism Competitiveness Index. Invention Journal of
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