Abstract
This paper deals with the factors of generating food insecurity and hunger as part of the attempts to limit the impact and direct effects of the Covid-19 epidemic, food wastage and climate changes for building self-sufficiency through the creation of food security through the studies of conventional economic and Islamic economic perspective. Food security the capacity to access and consume adequate quantities of safe and nutritious food—is a basic human requirement. Food security is an essential idea that has evolved through time and has a long history in-laws and religions. Today, this notion is among the current policies of many countries and international organizations, and it is backed by a number of suitable legislations to secure the supply chain's sustainability and stability in order to accomplish the required availability, safety, and quality. Throughout this paper, firstly the whole idea was to construct a basic understanding and difference between food security management within conventional economics with Islamic economics to see how the axioms within Islamic economics evolves the ideas and concepts in food security management. Secondly, many factors leading to food insecurity in all over the globe were evaluated to create a vision in which everyone could see how those factors created heavy prices and inability in purchasing power of people in the world and some contingent solutions have been proposed to address the matter.
Introduction
Food is an essential necessity and food security is the fundamental issue of human right which is considered as the meaning of having access to sufficient nutritious meals. Food security around the globe will be maintained when everyone has physical, social, and economic access to enough, safe, and nutritious food that fits their nutritional requirements for an active life at all times." World summit" (2009). Human life is dependent on having access to healthy and high quality food. Accessing to a healthy food can have a wide range of positive effects, including economic developments, employment, poverty reduction, opportunities for trade, worldwide stability and security, healthcare and wellbeing. Food loss and waste are widely acknowledged as two of the world's most difficult problems, having major consequences for food security, the environment, global, regional, and national economies.
The idea of food insecurity is deeply linked with food poverty line, stated as the least money price for food that would fulfil the average nutritional requirements of families of various sizes and compositions. Hence, if a family's overall earnings do not fall below the food poverty limit, they are unlikely to face food insecurity. As a result, food security is attained when all households and individuals earn enough to meet their average nutritional needs. Since accessing food is a significant, lack of this vital need or insecurity in food creates global challenges which closely related wit
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an overview of the concept of food security as conceived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1974. It discusses the four key pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability. The definition and understanding of food security has evolved over time to incorporate these demand-side factors in addition to initial supply-side focuses. The concept remains an important framework for addressing issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty around the world.
1. The document discusses global issues related to food security, hunger, and malnutrition. Over 800 million people were estimated to be undernourished between 1990-2006, with projections of over 1 billion people facing hunger by 2009.
2. Population growth is not the primary cause of increasing hunger - global agricultural production has increased more than population since 1960 and there are enough total calories produced worldwide to feed over 9 billion people.
3. Food security has four key dimensions - availability, access, utilization, and stability. To be food secure, people must have reliable physical and economic access to sufficient nutritious food at all times.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
An Assessment on Food Security in Developing Economies-Problems and Policy In...IOSR Journals
This document discusses food security in developing economies and policy initiatives to address it. It begins by defining food security as access to sufficient nutritious food. Over 800 million people in developing countries lack adequate food. Food security indicators measure availability, access, and utilization. The FAO reported that in 2010-2012, almost 870 million people were undernourished, with higher rates in developing countries. India has added 30 million hungry people since the 1990s and 46% of children are underweight. The document examines food security challenges and measures in developing economies and the US, and initiatives by UN agencies to improve global food security.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an overview of the concept of food security as conceived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1974. It discusses the four key pillars of food security - availability, access, utilization, and stability. The definition and understanding of food security has evolved over time to incorporate these demand-side factors in addition to initial supply-side focuses. The concept remains an important framework for addressing issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty around the world.
1. The document discusses global issues related to food security, hunger, and malnutrition. Over 800 million people were estimated to be undernourished between 1990-2006, with projections of over 1 billion people facing hunger by 2009.
2. Population growth is not the primary cause of increasing hunger - global agricultural production has increased more than population since 1960 and there are enough total calories produced worldwide to feed over 9 billion people.
3. Food security has four key dimensions - availability, access, utilization, and stability. To be food secure, people must have reliable physical and economic access to sufficient nutritious food at all times.
Workshop 3: The Agriculture Nutrition Nexus and the Way Forward at The Caribbean-Pacific Agri-Food Forum 2015 (CPAF2015) taking place 2-6 November in Barbados with support from the Intra-ACP Agricultural Policy programme, organized in partnership with the Barbados Agricultural Society (BAS) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). http://www.cta.int/en/news/caribbean-pacific-agri-food-forum.html
Food is essential to the survival of the human race. Reducing hunger and achieving food
security have been the major concern of national governments as well as international organizations. Food
security is year-round access to an adequate supply of safe and nutritious food. The components of food security
include availability, access, utilization, and stability. These four pillars must be met to ensure food security. This
paper provides a short introduction on food security.
An Assessment on Food Security in Developing Economies-Problems and Policy In...IOSR Journals
This document discusses food security in developing economies and policy initiatives to address it. It begins by defining food security as access to sufficient nutritious food. Over 800 million people in developing countries lack adequate food. Food security indicators measure availability, access, and utilization. The FAO reported that in 2010-2012, almost 870 million people were undernourished, with higher rates in developing countries. India has added 30 million hungry people since the 1990s and 46% of children are underweight. The document examines food security challenges and measures in developing economies and the US, and initiatives by UN agencies to improve global food security.
Current estimates suggest that there are approximately 925 million hungry people in the world. Just under 180 million pre-school children are stunted – that is, they are the victims of chronic undernutrition. This deprivation is not because of insufficient food production. Approximately2,100 kcal/person/day, provides sufficient energyfor most daily activities; current per capita global food production, at 2,796 kcal/person/day, is well in excess of this requirement. Given that there is more than enough food in the world to feed its inhabitants, global hunger is not an insoluble problem.
Risk management orientated food security information system reportShubham Agrawal
This document is a report submitted by Shubham Agrawal, a student at O.P. Jindal University, to Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh on the topic of a risk management oriented food security information system. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking Dr. Singh for his guidance and the university for the opportunity. It also includes a certificate signed by Dr. Singh certifying that the report was completed by Shubham Agrawal. The content page outlines 5 chapters on topics related to climate change impacts on agriculture and food security. Tables and figures are also listed to be included.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the effectiveness of government policy interventions in improving food security in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. The study analyzes food security at the regional and household levels from 2000-2008. At the regional level, the results of food balance sheets indicate that government interventions have helped improve regional food self-sufficiency. At the household level, empirical analysis using a logit model found that interventions like water harvesting schemes, employment programs, and technology promotion significantly increased the likelihood of household food security. The findings suggest government interventions have been effective in improving food security in Tigray at both household and regional scales.
Topic GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY HOW BEST TO FEED THE WORLD.docxwrite5
The document discusses various perspectives on achieving global food security and feeding the world's growing population. It outlines perspectives from scientific research bodies, farmers, international aid agencies, and multinational agribusinesses. It also provides background on issues like climate change, diminishing arable land, and ensuring equitable food distribution. The document aims to analyze food security through the lenses of the common good and human flourishing.
1. While global food production is enough to feed the world's population, hunger persists with nearly 870 million people experiencing hunger between 2010-2012.
2. Food security is defined by the UN and related institutions as people having access to enough food to meet their needs, but this definition is criticized for ignoring power dynamics in food systems and focusing on trade.
3. Multiple factors are putting pressure on global food systems, including population growth, urbanization, rising consumption, and climate change, making food security a major challenge of the 21st century.
Food insecurity status at household level in Kamukunji estate, Uasin Gishu C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food Security, Self-Sufficiency and Sustainable Agriculture in a Changing WorldFrancois Stepman
26-27 September 2017. Lleida, Spain. Knowledge Management and Communication in Food Security and Agriculture discussed in Spain at the occasion of the Plant Inter Cluster meeting.
Keynote presentation:
Dr Joan Girona, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA, Spain), "Food Security, Self-Sufficiency and Sustainable Agriculture in a Changing World"
The thrust of this paper is to provide an alternative strategy for solving the problem of food insecurity
in Nigeria through the social entrepreneurship initiative which is gaining prominence in recent times. The paper
explains the numerous efforts adopted by government to engender food security in the country but which yielded
infinitesimal results. It concludes that the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria can be solved with collective
efforts of the relevant stakeholders: international donors, government, professional institutions, banks,
nongovernmental organisations, faith based institutions, schools, families, farmers, and media. The paper
recommends the adoption of social entrepreneurship initiative by all stakeholders as an alternative strategy for
achieving the dream of food security in Nigeria.
GLOBAL FOOD HOW BEST TO FEED THE WORLD Order Description.docxwrite4
This document discusses various perspectives on achieving global food security and feeding the world's growing population. It outlines perspectives from Christian churches, advocates for dietary and attitude changes, multinational agribusinesses, scientific research bodies, farmers, and international aid/development agencies. For each perspective, it identifies their beliefs and potential resolutions, and who might benefit. It also discusses issues around the role of scientific advances, climate change, economic/political structures, and the interests of different stakeholder groups in debates around food security.
The document discusses shifting from a quantitative paradigm focused on reducing hunger to a micronutrient paradigm focused on ensuring adequate micronutrient intake. It notes that over 2 billion people have micronutrient deficiencies and outlines a four-part program: 1) raising awareness, 2) taxing micronutrient-poor products, 3) encouraging small, self-sufficient agricultural units, and 4) developing knowledge databases. Food-based approaches like dietary diversification, enriching staple crops and soils, and promoting indigenous food systems can help incorporate micronutrients. Case studies from Peru and Nigeria show how assessing traditional foods and raising awareness can address micronutrient needs. Financing requires investment in education, research,
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires ensuring availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires addressing availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
Towards synergies between food security and biodiversity conservation: an out...joernfischer
- production focus is too narrow
- need to look at other issues, e.g. female education
- even better, use a systems approach
- systems have leverage points (sensu Meadows 1999)
- the most influential points of intervening in systems are changing the system goals and questioning the paradigms underpinning the systems
- it follows that we ought to challenge the global systems for food security and biodiversity conservation -- they are based on paradigms that are not achieving either of these two goals very well
This document summarizes a paper about food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It begins with an introduction discussing how population growth is outpacing food production, leading to food crises. It then discusses the concept of sustainable development and how environmental, economic, and social sustainability are interrelated when it comes to agriculture and food security. Finally, it defines food security and sustainable food security, noting that the latter requires sufficient food availability now and in the future, as well as access through income or social support programs, and proper nutrient absorption.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that discusses using entrepreneurship as a vehicle for sustainable food production in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract of the full article and introduces the topics of agriculture in Nigeria, food security, and entrepreneurship. The methodology of a narrative-textual case study is described. Key concepts are then defined, including entrepreneurship as bringing new uses of resources, and sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations. Food security is defined as all people having access to enough nutritious food. The document aims to explore how agriculture can be practiced lucratively in Nigeria and how to improve food supply sustainability.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article about using entrepreneurship to promote sustainable food production in Nigeria. It discusses how agriculture has historically been important but commercial farming is still developing in Nigeria. The document reviews concepts like entrepreneurship, sustainable development, and food security. It proposes that taking an entrepreneurial approach to agriculture could help address issues of unemployment, food scarcity, poverty, and increase incomes and standards of living in Nigeria.
Current estimates suggest that there are approximately 925 million hungry people in the world. Just under 180 million pre-school children are stunted – that is, they are the victims of chronic undernutrition. This deprivation is not because of insufficient food production. Approximately2,100 kcal/person/day, provides sufficient energyfor most daily activities; current per capita global food production, at 2,796 kcal/person/day, is well in excess of this requirement. Given that there is more than enough food in the world to feed its inhabitants, global hunger is not an insoluble problem.
Risk management orientated food security information system reportShubham Agrawal
This document is a report submitted by Shubham Agrawal, a student at O.P. Jindal University, to Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh on the topic of a risk management oriented food security information system. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking Dr. Singh for his guidance and the university for the opportunity. It also includes a certificate signed by Dr. Singh certifying that the report was completed by Shubham Agrawal. The content page outlines 5 chapters on topics related to climate change impacts on agriculture and food security. Tables and figures are also listed to be included.
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the effectiveness of government policy interventions in improving food security in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. The study analyzes food security at the regional and household levels from 2000-2008. At the regional level, the results of food balance sheets indicate that government interventions have helped improve regional food self-sufficiency. At the household level, empirical analysis using a logit model found that interventions like water harvesting schemes, employment programs, and technology promotion significantly increased the likelihood of household food security. The findings suggest government interventions have been effective in improving food security in Tigray at both household and regional scales.
Topic GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY HOW BEST TO FEED THE WORLD.docxwrite5
The document discusses various perspectives on achieving global food security and feeding the world's growing population. It outlines perspectives from scientific research bodies, farmers, international aid agencies, and multinational agribusinesses. It also provides background on issues like climate change, diminishing arable land, and ensuring equitable food distribution. The document aims to analyze food security through the lenses of the common good and human flourishing.
1. While global food production is enough to feed the world's population, hunger persists with nearly 870 million people experiencing hunger between 2010-2012.
2. Food security is defined by the UN and related institutions as people having access to enough food to meet their needs, but this definition is criticized for ignoring power dynamics in food systems and focusing on trade.
3. Multiple factors are putting pressure on global food systems, including population growth, urbanization, rising consumption, and climate change, making food security a major challenge of the 21st century.
Food insecurity status at household level in Kamukunji estate, Uasin Gishu C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food Security, Self-Sufficiency and Sustainable Agriculture in a Changing WorldFrancois Stepman
26-27 September 2017. Lleida, Spain. Knowledge Management and Communication in Food Security and Agriculture discussed in Spain at the occasion of the Plant Inter Cluster meeting.
Keynote presentation:
Dr Joan Girona, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA, Spain), "Food Security, Self-Sufficiency and Sustainable Agriculture in a Changing World"
The thrust of this paper is to provide an alternative strategy for solving the problem of food insecurity
in Nigeria through the social entrepreneurship initiative which is gaining prominence in recent times. The paper
explains the numerous efforts adopted by government to engender food security in the country but which yielded
infinitesimal results. It concludes that the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria can be solved with collective
efforts of the relevant stakeholders: international donors, government, professional institutions, banks,
nongovernmental organisations, faith based institutions, schools, families, farmers, and media. The paper
recommends the adoption of social entrepreneurship initiative by all stakeholders as an alternative strategy for
achieving the dream of food security in Nigeria.
GLOBAL FOOD HOW BEST TO FEED THE WORLD Order Description.docxwrite4
This document discusses various perspectives on achieving global food security and feeding the world's growing population. It outlines perspectives from Christian churches, advocates for dietary and attitude changes, multinational agribusinesses, scientific research bodies, farmers, and international aid/development agencies. For each perspective, it identifies their beliefs and potential resolutions, and who might benefit. It also discusses issues around the role of scientific advances, climate change, economic/political structures, and the interests of different stakeholder groups in debates around food security.
The document discusses shifting from a quantitative paradigm focused on reducing hunger to a micronutrient paradigm focused on ensuring adequate micronutrient intake. It notes that over 2 billion people have micronutrient deficiencies and outlines a four-part program: 1) raising awareness, 2) taxing micronutrient-poor products, 3) encouraging small, self-sufficient agricultural units, and 4) developing knowledge databases. Food-based approaches like dietary diversification, enriching staple crops and soils, and promoting indigenous food systems can help incorporate micronutrients. Case studies from Peru and Nigeria show how assessing traditional foods and raising awareness can address micronutrient needs. Financing requires investment in education, research,
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires ensuring availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
This document discusses the issue of food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It provides background on the concepts of sustainable development and food security. The main causes of global food crisis discussed include rapid population growth, rising oil prices, commercialization of agriculture, industrialization, environmental pollution, the role of the World Trade Organization, and water scarcity. Maintaining sustainable food security requires addressing availability, access, and absorption of nutritious food for both present and future generations in an environmentally friendly way.
Towards synergies between food security and biodiversity conservation: an out...joernfischer
- production focus is too narrow
- need to look at other issues, e.g. female education
- even better, use a systems approach
- systems have leverage points (sensu Meadows 1999)
- the most influential points of intervening in systems are changing the system goals and questioning the paradigms underpinning the systems
- it follows that we ought to challenge the global systems for food security and biodiversity conservation -- they are based on paradigms that are not achieving either of these two goals very well
This document summarizes a paper about food crisis and sustainable food security in India. It begins with an introduction discussing how population growth is outpacing food production, leading to food crises. It then discusses the concept of sustainable development and how environmental, economic, and social sustainability are interrelated when it comes to agriculture and food security. Finally, it defines food security and sustainable food security, noting that the latter requires sufficient food availability now and in the future, as well as access through income or social support programs, and proper nutrient absorption.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article that discusses using entrepreneurship as a vehicle for sustainable food production in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract of the full article and introduces the topics of agriculture in Nigeria, food security, and entrepreneurship. The methodology of a narrative-textual case study is described. Key concepts are then defined, including entrepreneurship as bringing new uses of resources, and sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations. Food security is defined as all people having access to enough nutritious food. The document aims to explore how agriculture can be practiced lucratively in Nigeria and how to improve food supply sustainability.
A vehicle for sustainable food production in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article about using entrepreneurship to promote sustainable food production in Nigeria. It discusses how agriculture has historically been important but commercial farming is still developing in Nigeria. The document reviews concepts like entrepreneurship, sustainable development, and food security. It proposes that taking an entrepreneurial approach to agriculture could help address issues of unemployment, food scarcity, poverty, and increase incomes and standards of living in Nigeria.
Similar to Understanding Food Security Pillars and Some Measurements.pdf (20)
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4. “Lack of understanding in defining food security and its measurement is one
of the problems that appears when a country tries to address food
insecurity” (Drimie & Ruysenaar, 2010).
6. • Food is one of three basic needs, together with clothing and housing, that people should have
fulfilled in their daily life.
• Although clothing and shelter are also crucial for human life, food is unquestionably more important
than other needs because humans cannot substitute food for anything else.
• People face hunger and death if they do not consume food daily (Warr, 2009), whereas they
might not face death if they have not met their clothing and housing needs.
• Thus, humans are concerned about the availability of food, accessibility of food, and affordability
of food (Suryana, 2008). These three food security pillars have been used to illustrate food security
worldwide and have also been applied by both international and national institutions, including the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
• Some experts believe that food security should be achieved only by market mechanisms without
any government intervention. Meanwhile, others consider the significance of government
intervention via policies to handle food security problems to avoid failure created by the interaction
between producers and consumers (Dorosh, 2008a).
• However, the market cannot allocate economic resources efficiently, and so several strategic
policies are likely to be needed to attain an efficient allocation of economic resources.
Food
7. “Human population increases at a geometric rate while food production
increases at an arithmetic rate”
(Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798).
8. Thomas Robert Malthus, well-known as the father
of demographics, conducted a study by observing
working-class people in England during the
industrial revolution.
In his book, An Essay on the Principle of
Population, Malthus argued that population grows
faster than food production and stated that
“population increases in a geometrical ratio,
meanwhile food production increases in an
arithmetical ratio” (Malthus, 1798, p. 4).
The Malthusian perspectives treat population
growth as the dependent variable that is mainly
determined by agricultural output.
A pessimistic view that was inspired by Thomas
Robert Malthus (old Malthusian) and Paul Ehrlich
(neo-Malthusian) has been countered by an
optimistic view proposed by Ester Boserup, Julian
Simon and Simon Kuznets.
Time/years
Figure 1.1 Population growth and food supply based on Malthus’ theory
Source: An Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus, 1798) (redrawn).
Food supply/production
Unanticipated population growth
9. Quantity/size
Time/years
Figure 1.2 Population growth and food supply based on Boserup’s theory
Source: The Conditions of Agricultural Growth (Boserup, 1965) (redrawn).
Food supply
Population growth
Ester Boserup is one of the supporters of the
optimistic view that food production or supply is not
a limiting factor for population growth which is
contrary to the Malthusian perspective that mainly
focuses on how food production affects population
growth (Boserup, 1965).
Boserup’s theory shows that food supply adjusts
to the population growth trend over time. The
increase in population growth stimulates innovation
and technology use and development as well as
strategic management to enhance food production
to fulfill the demand for food (Turner II & Fischer-
Kowalski, 2010).
Boserup, Simon and Kuznets argue that zero
productivity is not relevant due to the principle
that people respond to incentives and
individuals are not only labourers but they are
also innovators and creators (Rapoport, 2011).
10. Based on the report of the World Food Conference 1974, food security was defined as “availability at all times of
sufficient world food supplies of basic foodstuff to sustain a steady growth of food consumption and to balance
fluctuations in production and prices.”
Based on a report by the Food and Agricultural Organization Director-General in 1983, “food security should ensure all
people at all times have physical and economic access to basic food.”
The concept of food security was then modified as access by all people to enough food for an active and healthy
life at all times (World Bank, 1986).
In the mid-1990s, the scope of food security broadened from an individual to the global perspective. The definition of
food security was then enriched by the issues of food safety, nutrition and food preference.
In the report United Nations Development Programme Human Development report in 1994 , food security was treated
from the perspective of human rights.
DEFINITION (1)
11. Based on the new definition (World Food Summit 1996), food security in any level is achieved “when all people, at all
times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life.”
DEFINITION (2)
Based on FAO report in 2003, the definition of food security is “a situation that exists when all people, at all times,
have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs
and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”
Most studies on food security since the reconfirmation of four pillars at the World Summit on Food Security in 2009
have highlighted all four pillars in undertaking research on food security.
16. • Constraints are commonly found in governments’ efforts to achieve food security, such
as supply shortages and lack of distribution or access.
• Simatupang and Timmer (2008) stated that the main problems faced by Indonesia in
achieving food security are low production, lack of infrastructure, lack of
innovation, transport and logistics costs, and low rate of investment in research
in agriculture.
• The risk and volatility of primary sector assets are why some investors seem to
redirect their investment preferences from the primary sector to other areas (Allen et
al., 2013).
• Costly inter-island transport results in difficulties in distributing goods to remote
areas within the country.
Problems in Achieving Food Security
17. Figure 1.4 Foreign direct investment realisation by sector, 1990–2016 (in USD millions)
Source: Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM, 2017).
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Foreign:Primary Sector(PS) Foreign:Secondary Sector(SS) Foreign:Tertiary Sector(TS)
Figure 1.5 Domestic direct investment realisation by sector, 1990–2016 (in IDR billions)
Source: Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM, 2017).
Foreign and Domestic Direct Investment Realization in Indonesia
19. Figure 2.1 Conceptual model for understanding food security
FOOD SECURITY
Adequate food
availability
Adequate food access Appropriate food
utilisation
Resources
(Natural
resource
sustainability,
productive
assets,
secure
livelihoods)
Productivity
(Labour
productivity,
livelihood
stability and
diversification)
Income
(Market
integration,
purchasing
power,
savings
potential,
credit access)
Consumption
(Equity in
intra-
household
food
distribution,
food quality,
quantity and
diversity)
Human Capital
(Nutrition,
health and
sanitation,
maternal/child
care, dignity,
education,
skills, political
voice, capacity,
indigenous
knowledge)
Enhanced community
resiliency
Enhanced livelihood
capacity
Enhanced human capital
Natural shocks
(Climatic shocks,
natural resource
mining and
degradation, yield
volatility, asset
depletion, neglect
of natural)
Economic risks
(Income fluctuation,
collapsed terms of
trade, savings
depletion, employment
insecurity, price
volatility, high
transaction costs,
information
asymmetry, inflation)
Social and health risks
(Epidemics, HIV/AIDS,
widespread untended
malnutrition, risk perceptions,
corruption, social
disintegration, predatory
extraction by armed forces,
conflict, ethnic and social
discrimination
Enhancing people’s capacities to overcome political risks
(Seeking good governance (national and local), legal recourse, representation, service provision,
accountability, public goods creation, regulation, recognition of human rights, political stability,
effective institutions)
FOOD
SECURITY
RISKS
TO
BE
TACKLED
DESIRED
PROGRAM
OUTCOMES
FOOD
SECURITY
OUTCOMES
Strategic Goal
Source: Webb and Rogers (2003, p. 6).
FOOD INSECURITY
20. Source: Adapted and modified from several sources.
FOOD
SECURITY
GOOD
GOVERNANCE
(POLITICAL
STABILITY,
REGULATORY
QUALITY,
GOVERNMENT
EFFECTIVENESS)
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
ECONOMIC
FACTORS
SOCIAL
FACTORS
food
availability
food
accessibility
food utilisation
P
I
L
L
A
R
S
F
A
C
T
O
R
S
food stability
Simplified model for understanding food security
21. OPTIMIZE THE RESOURCES
INTERNAL
➢ Agricultural infrastructure
➢ Logistics and transport
infrastructure
➢ Human resources
➢ Technology
EXTERNAL
➢ International cooperation
23. “The World Bank estimates that GDP growth driven by
agricultural sector growth is up to four times more effective
in alleviating poverty in developing countries compared to
other sectors due to the high proportion of the labour force
involved in farming” (World Bank, 2007)
24. “Countries that do not have enough agricultural land to produce
agricultural products or commodities usually rely on food or agricultural
trade to fulfil their domestic demand.”
25. “The transport and logistics services sector has become a crucial issue in
food security after the high awareness of the importance of supply chain
management and the significant growth of consumer concerns about food
safety and quality as well as the high demand for consistent and reliable
products in large volumes.”
29. • The issue of institutions is important given their role in policy decision-making
and in adapting to technical and environmental conditions.
• Mobilizing political will and building necessary institutions on food security
and agricultural policies are needed to guarantee sustainable achievement on
food security (Food and Agricultural Organization, 2009b).
• Offering investment opportunities, especially in the food and agricultural
sector.
• Actively participating in bilateral, regional, and multilateral economic
cooperation, specifically dealing with food and agricultural trade. Indonesia’s
agricultural and food trade needs to be strengthened at different levels,
particularly at the regional level.
• An efficient services industry, specifically transport services, is required to
solve the distance problem.
Some Strategic Issues