Analysis and optimization of wireless power transfer linkAjay Kumar Sah
In this paper, a high efficiency Gallium nitride (GaN), HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) class-E power amplifier for the wireless power transfer link is designed and simulated on PSpice. A four-coil wireless power transfer link is modeled for maximum power transfer efficiency on ADS (Advanced Design System) and frequency splitting phenomenon is demonstrated, explained and analyzed. Two resonant coupling structures, series & mixed, are presented and compared. The efficiency performance of the link is studied using spiral and helical antennas of different wire make. In addition, techniques for improving efficiency of the wireless power transfer systems with changing coupling coefficient viz. frequency splitting phenomenon of the coils are proposed.
1. The document discusses transmission lines, which guide electromagnetic wave propagation between a source and load through parallel conductors.
2. Transmission lines have distributed parameters including resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. These parameters determine the line's characteristic impedance and propagation properties.
3. Lossless transmission lines have no resistance or conductance, so waves propagate without attenuation. Distortionless lines minimize signal distortion during propagation by making the attenuation and phase constants independent of frequency.
It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
Transmission lines connect generators to loads and include parallel wires, coaxial cable, microstrip lines, optical fibers, and waveguides. Transmission line effects, such as delay and dispersion, become significant for long lines or high frequencies. Different transmission modes exist, such as TEM, where electric and magnetic fields are orthogonal to each other and the direction of propagation. The transmission line model uses telegrapher's equations to describe signals on lines as traveling waves. Wave equations can be derived and solved to characterize lines and determine reflection coefficients at impedance discontinuities.
The document discusses half-wave dipole antennas. It describes the key characteristics of a half-wave dipole antenna including that its length is half the wavelength of the operating frequency. It operates within a frequency range of 3KHz to 300GHz. The document also discusses the current distribution, radiation pattern, radiation resistance and construction of half-wave dipole antennas. It provides examples of calculating parameters for a half-wave dipole antenna and compares it to a quarter-wave monopole antenna.
This document discusses transmission lines and their parameters. It begins by introducing transmission lines as guided structures that direct the propagation of energy from a source to a load. It then discusses the key parameters used to describe transmission lines - resistance, inductance, conductance and capacitance per unit length. It provides examples of how electromagnetic waves propagate through transmission lines and derives the transmission line equations. It also covers input impedance, standing wave ratio, power, and gives examples of calculating transmission line properties. The document concludes by discussing microstrip transmission lines.
This summary provides the key points about a study on frequency-tracking wireless power transfer systems using resonant coupling:
1) Detuning is a barrier to resonant coupling wireless power transfer, as changes in coil inductances can reduce transmission efficiency.
2) A new frequency tracking control method is proposed where the transmitting power source frequency tracks the natural frequency of the launching resonant circuit automatically to avoid detuning and improve efficiency.
3) An experimental 1 MHz wireless power transfer prototype was built using this frequency tracking method, and results showed it performed well in maintaining high transmission efficiency despite changes in coil inductances.
The document discusses optimizing wireless power transfer through resonant inductive coupling. It begins with an abstract discussing using a combination of inductive and resonant frequency techniques to improve power transfer efficiency. The introduction discusses how wireless power transfer can solve issues with wired charging. It then covers the theory of electromagnetic induction and inductive coupling. Key aspects discussed include inductance, mutual inductance, resonant frequency, and designing resonant inductive coupling systems using air core coils. Simulation results showed resonant inductive technique is more efficient than basic inductive power transfer.
Analysis and optimization of wireless power transfer linkAjay Kumar Sah
In this paper, a high efficiency Gallium nitride (GaN), HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) class-E power amplifier for the wireless power transfer link is designed and simulated on PSpice. A four-coil wireless power transfer link is modeled for maximum power transfer efficiency on ADS (Advanced Design System) and frequency splitting phenomenon is demonstrated, explained and analyzed. Two resonant coupling structures, series & mixed, are presented and compared. The efficiency performance of the link is studied using spiral and helical antennas of different wire make. In addition, techniques for improving efficiency of the wireless power transfer systems with changing coupling coefficient viz. frequency splitting phenomenon of the coils are proposed.
1. The document discusses transmission lines, which guide electromagnetic wave propagation between a source and load through parallel conductors.
2. Transmission lines have distributed parameters including resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. These parameters determine the line's characteristic impedance and propagation properties.
3. Lossless transmission lines have no resistance or conductance, so waves propagate without attenuation. Distortionless lines minimize signal distortion during propagation by making the attenuation and phase constants independent of frequency.
It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
Transmission lines connect generators to loads and include parallel wires, coaxial cable, microstrip lines, optical fibers, and waveguides. Transmission line effects, such as delay and dispersion, become significant for long lines or high frequencies. Different transmission modes exist, such as TEM, where electric and magnetic fields are orthogonal to each other and the direction of propagation. The transmission line model uses telegrapher's equations to describe signals on lines as traveling waves. Wave equations can be derived and solved to characterize lines and determine reflection coefficients at impedance discontinuities.
The document discusses half-wave dipole antennas. It describes the key characteristics of a half-wave dipole antenna including that its length is half the wavelength of the operating frequency. It operates within a frequency range of 3KHz to 300GHz. The document also discusses the current distribution, radiation pattern, radiation resistance and construction of half-wave dipole antennas. It provides examples of calculating parameters for a half-wave dipole antenna and compares it to a quarter-wave monopole antenna.
This document discusses transmission lines and their parameters. It begins by introducing transmission lines as guided structures that direct the propagation of energy from a source to a load. It then discusses the key parameters used to describe transmission lines - resistance, inductance, conductance and capacitance per unit length. It provides examples of how electromagnetic waves propagate through transmission lines and derives the transmission line equations. It also covers input impedance, standing wave ratio, power, and gives examples of calculating transmission line properties. The document concludes by discussing microstrip transmission lines.
This summary provides the key points about a study on frequency-tracking wireless power transfer systems using resonant coupling:
1) Detuning is a barrier to resonant coupling wireless power transfer, as changes in coil inductances can reduce transmission efficiency.
2) A new frequency tracking control method is proposed where the transmitting power source frequency tracks the natural frequency of the launching resonant circuit automatically to avoid detuning and improve efficiency.
3) An experimental 1 MHz wireless power transfer prototype was built using this frequency tracking method, and results showed it performed well in maintaining high transmission efficiency despite changes in coil inductances.
The document discusses optimizing wireless power transfer through resonant inductive coupling. It begins with an abstract discussing using a combination of inductive and resonant frequency techniques to improve power transfer efficiency. The introduction discusses how wireless power transfer can solve issues with wired charging. It then covers the theory of electromagnetic induction and inductive coupling. Key aspects discussed include inductance, mutual inductance, resonant frequency, and designing resonant inductive coupling systems using air core coils. Simulation results showed resonant inductive technique is more efficient than basic inductive power transfer.
Reduced Dielectric Losses for Underground Cable Distribution SystemsIJAPEJOURNAL
This paper describes the process to reduce dielectric losses for underground cable distribution system. As already known, that system is an alternative solution to energy distribution systems in urban areas. Influence of large capacitance is a separate issue that needs to be resolved.
Large capacitance effect on Express Feeder of 10 miles long has resulted in power losses more than 100 MW per month. In the no-load condition, current dispatch has recorded 10 Amperes, and has increased the voltage at receiving end by 200-500 Volts, with leading power factors.
Installation of the inductor to reduce cable loss dielectrics is done by changing the power factor (pf) to 0.85 lagging. After installation of the inductor, which is 5 mH/700 kVAR, dielectric losses is reduced to 3.57%, which is from 105,983 kW to 102,195 kWh per month. The capacitive leakage current has also been reduced from 249.61 Ampere to 245.17 Ampere.
This document provides definitions and explanations related to antennas. It begins by defining an antenna as a device used for transmitting or receiving radio waves. It then discusses how antennas work as transducers that convert radio signals to electromagnetic waves. The document outlines different ways to define an antenna and describes the radiation mechanisms of single wire, two wire, dipole and other antenna types. It also defines important antenna parameters like radiation patterns, beamwidth, directivity and effective aperture that are used to characterize antenna performance.
This document compares overhead transmission lines and underground cables. It discusses that overhead lines have easier fault location, lower initial cost, higher chance of faults, lower safety, shorter useful life, and lower maintenance cost than underground cables. Underground cables have more difficult fault location, higher initial cost due to trenching requirements, lower chance of faults, higher safety as cables are underground, longer useful life, and higher maintenance cost to locate and repair faults. The document also discusses power system components like transmission lines, cables, and their parameters.
Here are the key steps to solve this example:
1) The characteristic impedance of RG-58A/U is 53.5 Ω.
2) The load impedance is 40 + j30 Ω.
3) Plot 40 Ω on the resistance circle and 30 Ω on the reactance circle.
4) The intersection point gives the impedance seen by the transmitter.
So in summary, to find the impedance seen by the transmitter with a load of 40 + j30 Ω connected to a 53.5 Ω transmission line, we plot the points on the Smith Chart and find their intersection.
A practical design of lumped, semi lumped & microwave cavity filtersSpringer
This document defines and explains key terms related to RF filters and transmission lines, including impedance, characteristic impedance, and VSWR. Impedance is explained for both discrete reactive element circuits and single load resistors with distributed elements at radio frequencies. Coaxial, microstrip, and stripline transmission lines are described. VSWR is explained graphically and numerically, showing the relationship between transmission line impedance matching and power transfer efficiency.
The document compares overhead transmission lines and underground cables. It discusses that overhead lines have easier fault location, lower initial cost, higher chance of faults, lower safety, shorter useful life, and lower maintenance cost than underground cables. Underground cables have more difficult fault location, higher initial cost due to trenching requirements, lower chance of faults, higher safety as cables are underground, longer useful life, and higher maintenance cost to locate and repair faults. The document also discusses parameters of transmission lines like resistance, inductance, capacitance and classifications of transmission lines by length.
Improved Blocked Impedance Model for LoudspeakersAndy Unruh
This document presents an improved electrical circuit model for dynamic loudspeakers that incorporates semi-inductive behavior. The traditional model uses a simple inductor to model impedance, but real speakers exhibit properties not captured by this, such as eddy currents and skin effect. The improved model adds elements to represent these phenomena more accurately. It is verified through impedance measurements on a subwoofer and fitting the data to the new model. The model agrees better with physical behavior and measurement, and allows more precise derivation of loudspeaker parameters.
Application of LFAC { Hz} for electrical power transmission system: a compara...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a simulation study comparing 50Hz and 16.67Hz frequencies for electrical power transmission. Two transmission systems were modeled in MATLAB/Simulink: one at 50Hz and one at 16.67Hz. Transmission lines of 50km, 150km, and 300km were used. Simulation results showed lower losses with 16.67Hz frequency, demonstrating it is better than 50Hz for energy savings. Low frequency AC transmission is currently used in some European countries for electric vehicles, but this study examines its application for long-distance bulk power transmission.
1. The document examines the power capacity of transmission lines using coaxial cables as a case study.
2. The power capacity of transmission lines depends on cable size and type and is limited by voltage breakdown, which typically occurs at 3x106 V/m for air at sea level pressure. Reflections can further reduce capacity.
3. Larger coaxial cables and rectangular waveguides have greater power capacities than smaller ones. At 10 GHz, coaxial cables can transmit up to 520 kW peak power while rectangular waveguides can transmit up to 2,300 kW.
A Yagi-Uda array consists of an array of dipoles with one directly excited dipole and additional parasitic dipoles that are parasitically coupled. The parasitic elements influence the radiation pattern depending on their length and spacing from the driven dipole. A director element, which is shorter than the driven element, increases forward directivity, while a reflector element, which is longer, increases backward directivity. Increasing the number of directors can further increase the directivity of the Yagi-Uda array.
- Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength that occurs along transmission lines and is measured in decibels per kilometer. It is influenced by factors like line construction, frequency, weather conditions, and faults.
- The attenuation constant α determines the exponential decrease in amplitude per unit length of the line. The phase constant β determines the linear change in phase per unit length.
- Surge impedance is the characteristic impedance of a lossless line and is a measure of the maximum power that can be delivered by the line at unity power factor, known as surge impedance loading. It can be increased by raising voltages or decreasing the surge impedance through series and shunt capacitors.
Dipole Antenna / Aerial Tutorial the dipole antenna or dipole aerial is a key element in the antenna environment. It can be used on its own or as part of another antenna system.
This document discusses transmission lines and their parameters. It begins by introducing common types of transmission lines including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, and waveguides. It then describes how a transmission line can be modeled as a series of lumped inductors and shunt capacitors, known as the transmission line parameters. These parameters include the series resistance R', inductance L', shunt conductance G', and capacitance C' per unit length. Using these parameters, expressions are derived for the characteristic impedance Z0 and propagation constant γ of the transmission line.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two or more windings due to a changing magnetic field. Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating voltages in power applications. The primary winding is supplied with alternating current which produces a changing magnetic flux in the transformer core. This changing flux induces a changing voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction based on Faraday's law of induction. Real transformers have losses such as core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, as well as winding resistance losses. Transformers can be modeled using an equivalent circuit to represent these losses and other factors.
Transmission lines are used to transmit energy from one point to another effectively without power loss. They conduct alternating current of radio frequency. There are four main types of transmission lines: two-wire parallel lines, coaxial lines, strip lines, and waveguides. Transmission line theory accounts for the distributed nature of voltages and currents along the line. Key parameters are resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. The characteristic impedance is the ratio of voltages to currents with no reflections. Impedance matching minimizes reflections to maximize power transfer. Standing waves form from reflections. Losses occur due to impedance mismatch and line properties. Stub matching can be used to achieve impedance matching. Different modes of propagation include
This document presents a study of loosely coupled coils for wireless power transfer. It begins by introducing the concept of using magnetically coupled coils for nonradiative wireless power transfer. It then presents a conceptual wireless power transfer system and a tuning method for transferring a predetermined amount of power at maximum efficiency. Equations are derived for calculating inductance, resistance, coupling coefficient, power transfer capability, and efficiency. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated and verified using known experimental results and circuit simulations. Key aspects of the study include developing explicit design equations for tuning the wireless power transfer system to achieve a target power level with optimal efficiency.
Transmission lines have four parameters that characterize them: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. These distributed parameters determine the power carrying capacity and voltage drop across the line. Short lines only consider the series resistance and inductance, while medium and long lines must also account for the distributed shunt capacitance. The resistance of overhead transmission lines is affected by factors like skin effect, temperature, bundling of conductors, and proximity effect between phases.
1. The document covers basic electrical concepts including circuits, charge, voltage, current, resistance, Ohm's law, conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and measurement devices.
2. Key concepts discussed include Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, factors that influence resistance, and applications of electrical concepts like batteries and power supplies.
3. Engineering concepts such as resistivity of materials and its relationship to resistance through geometry are examined alongside historical scientists like Ohm, Ampere, and Volta who contributed to the field.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Reduced Dielectric Losses for Underground Cable Distribution SystemsIJAPEJOURNAL
This paper describes the process to reduce dielectric losses for underground cable distribution system. As already known, that system is an alternative solution to energy distribution systems in urban areas. Influence of large capacitance is a separate issue that needs to be resolved.
Large capacitance effect on Express Feeder of 10 miles long has resulted in power losses more than 100 MW per month. In the no-load condition, current dispatch has recorded 10 Amperes, and has increased the voltage at receiving end by 200-500 Volts, with leading power factors.
Installation of the inductor to reduce cable loss dielectrics is done by changing the power factor (pf) to 0.85 lagging. After installation of the inductor, which is 5 mH/700 kVAR, dielectric losses is reduced to 3.57%, which is from 105,983 kW to 102,195 kWh per month. The capacitive leakage current has also been reduced from 249.61 Ampere to 245.17 Ampere.
This document provides definitions and explanations related to antennas. It begins by defining an antenna as a device used for transmitting or receiving radio waves. It then discusses how antennas work as transducers that convert radio signals to electromagnetic waves. The document outlines different ways to define an antenna and describes the radiation mechanisms of single wire, two wire, dipole and other antenna types. It also defines important antenna parameters like radiation patterns, beamwidth, directivity and effective aperture that are used to characterize antenna performance.
This document compares overhead transmission lines and underground cables. It discusses that overhead lines have easier fault location, lower initial cost, higher chance of faults, lower safety, shorter useful life, and lower maintenance cost than underground cables. Underground cables have more difficult fault location, higher initial cost due to trenching requirements, lower chance of faults, higher safety as cables are underground, longer useful life, and higher maintenance cost to locate and repair faults. The document also discusses power system components like transmission lines, cables, and their parameters.
Here are the key steps to solve this example:
1) The characteristic impedance of RG-58A/U is 53.5 Ω.
2) The load impedance is 40 + j30 Ω.
3) Plot 40 Ω on the resistance circle and 30 Ω on the reactance circle.
4) The intersection point gives the impedance seen by the transmitter.
So in summary, to find the impedance seen by the transmitter with a load of 40 + j30 Ω connected to a 53.5 Ω transmission line, we plot the points on the Smith Chart and find their intersection.
A practical design of lumped, semi lumped & microwave cavity filtersSpringer
This document defines and explains key terms related to RF filters and transmission lines, including impedance, characteristic impedance, and VSWR. Impedance is explained for both discrete reactive element circuits and single load resistors with distributed elements at radio frequencies. Coaxial, microstrip, and stripline transmission lines are described. VSWR is explained graphically and numerically, showing the relationship between transmission line impedance matching and power transfer efficiency.
The document compares overhead transmission lines and underground cables. It discusses that overhead lines have easier fault location, lower initial cost, higher chance of faults, lower safety, shorter useful life, and lower maintenance cost than underground cables. Underground cables have more difficult fault location, higher initial cost due to trenching requirements, lower chance of faults, higher safety as cables are underground, longer useful life, and higher maintenance cost to locate and repair faults. The document also discusses parameters of transmission lines like resistance, inductance, capacitance and classifications of transmission lines by length.
Improved Blocked Impedance Model for LoudspeakersAndy Unruh
This document presents an improved electrical circuit model for dynamic loudspeakers that incorporates semi-inductive behavior. The traditional model uses a simple inductor to model impedance, but real speakers exhibit properties not captured by this, such as eddy currents and skin effect. The improved model adds elements to represent these phenomena more accurately. It is verified through impedance measurements on a subwoofer and fitting the data to the new model. The model agrees better with physical behavior and measurement, and allows more precise derivation of loudspeaker parameters.
Application of LFAC { Hz} for electrical power transmission system: a compara...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a simulation study comparing 50Hz and 16.67Hz frequencies for electrical power transmission. Two transmission systems were modeled in MATLAB/Simulink: one at 50Hz and one at 16.67Hz. Transmission lines of 50km, 150km, and 300km were used. Simulation results showed lower losses with 16.67Hz frequency, demonstrating it is better than 50Hz for energy savings. Low frequency AC transmission is currently used in some European countries for electric vehicles, but this study examines its application for long-distance bulk power transmission.
1. The document examines the power capacity of transmission lines using coaxial cables as a case study.
2. The power capacity of transmission lines depends on cable size and type and is limited by voltage breakdown, which typically occurs at 3x106 V/m for air at sea level pressure. Reflections can further reduce capacity.
3. Larger coaxial cables and rectangular waveguides have greater power capacities than smaller ones. At 10 GHz, coaxial cables can transmit up to 520 kW peak power while rectangular waveguides can transmit up to 2,300 kW.
A Yagi-Uda array consists of an array of dipoles with one directly excited dipole and additional parasitic dipoles that are parasitically coupled. The parasitic elements influence the radiation pattern depending on their length and spacing from the driven dipole. A director element, which is shorter than the driven element, increases forward directivity, while a reflector element, which is longer, increases backward directivity. Increasing the number of directors can further increase the directivity of the Yagi-Uda array.
- Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength that occurs along transmission lines and is measured in decibels per kilometer. It is influenced by factors like line construction, frequency, weather conditions, and faults.
- The attenuation constant α determines the exponential decrease in amplitude per unit length of the line. The phase constant β determines the linear change in phase per unit length.
- Surge impedance is the characteristic impedance of a lossless line and is a measure of the maximum power that can be delivered by the line at unity power factor, known as surge impedance loading. It can be increased by raising voltages or decreasing the surge impedance through series and shunt capacitors.
Dipole Antenna / Aerial Tutorial the dipole antenna or dipole aerial is a key element in the antenna environment. It can be used on its own or as part of another antenna system.
This document discusses transmission lines and their parameters. It begins by introducing common types of transmission lines including two-wire lines, coaxial cables, and waveguides. It then describes how a transmission line can be modeled as a series of lumped inductors and shunt capacitors, known as the transmission line parameters. These parameters include the series resistance R', inductance L', shunt conductance G', and capacitance C' per unit length. Using these parameters, expressions are derived for the characteristic impedance Z0 and propagation constant γ of the transmission line.
A transformer transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two or more windings due to a changing magnetic field. Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating voltages in power applications. The primary winding is supplied with alternating current which produces a changing magnetic flux in the transformer core. This changing flux induces a changing voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction based on Faraday's law of induction. Real transformers have losses such as core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, as well as winding resistance losses. Transformers can be modeled using an equivalent circuit to represent these losses and other factors.
Transmission lines are used to transmit energy from one point to another effectively without power loss. They conduct alternating current of radio frequency. There are four main types of transmission lines: two-wire parallel lines, coaxial lines, strip lines, and waveguides. Transmission line theory accounts for the distributed nature of voltages and currents along the line. Key parameters are resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. The characteristic impedance is the ratio of voltages to currents with no reflections. Impedance matching minimizes reflections to maximize power transfer. Standing waves form from reflections. Losses occur due to impedance mismatch and line properties. Stub matching can be used to achieve impedance matching. Different modes of propagation include
This document presents a study of loosely coupled coils for wireless power transfer. It begins by introducing the concept of using magnetically coupled coils for nonradiative wireless power transfer. It then presents a conceptual wireless power transfer system and a tuning method for transferring a predetermined amount of power at maximum efficiency. Equations are derived for calculating inductance, resistance, coupling coefficient, power transfer capability, and efficiency. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated and verified using known experimental results and circuit simulations. Key aspects of the study include developing explicit design equations for tuning the wireless power transfer system to achieve a target power level with optimal efficiency.
Transmission lines have four parameters that characterize them: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. These distributed parameters determine the power carrying capacity and voltage drop across the line. Short lines only consider the series resistance and inductance, while medium and long lines must also account for the distributed shunt capacitance. The resistance of overhead transmission lines is affected by factors like skin effect, temperature, bundling of conductors, and proximity effect between phases.
1. The document covers basic electrical concepts including circuits, charge, voltage, current, resistance, Ohm's law, conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and measurement devices.
2. Key concepts discussed include Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, factors that influence resistance, and applications of electrical concepts like batteries and power supplies.
3. Engineering concepts such as resistivity of materials and its relationship to resistance through geometry are examined alongside historical scientists like Ohm, Ampere, and Volta who contributed to the field.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
2. Why Folded Dipole?
To achieve good directional pattern characteristics and at the same time provide good matching
to practical coaxial lines with 50- or 75-ohm characteristic impedances, the length of a single wire
element is usually chosen to be λ∕4 ≤ l < λ. The most widely used dipole is that whose overall length
is l ≃ λ∕2, and which has an input impedance of Zin ≃ 73 + j42.5 and directivity of D0 ≃ 1.643. In
practice, there are other very common transmission lines whose characteristic impedance is much higher than 50 or 75
ohms. For example, a “twin-lead” transmission line (usually two parallel wires
separated by about 5/16 in. and embedded in a low-loss plastic material used for support and spacing)
is widely used for TV applications and has a characteristic impedance of about 300 ohms.
In order to provide good matching characteristics, variations of the single dipole element must be
Used, One such is the Folded Dipole.
it serves as a step-up impedance transformer (approximately by a factor of 4 when l = λ∕2) of the single-element impedance.
The folded dipole is a very popular wire antenna, for a number of reasons:
• Impedance properties
• Ease of construction;
• Structural rigidity ,
• Wider bandwidth than λ/2 dipole
3. STRUCTURE:
A folded dipole is an antenna, with two conductors connected on both sides,
and folded to which forms a very thin (s ≪ λ) rectangular loop This antenna, when
the spacing between the two larger sides is very small (usually s < 0.05λ) to which
feed is given at the center.
s
The common folded dipole has the same radiation pattern as a standard λ/2 dipole, since the two “arms” of the folded
dipole carry identical, half-wave sinusoidal current distributions. The currents are so close that we can treat them as a
single λ/2 length of wire.
4. How do we analyze this antenna? On the one hand it looks like a shorted transmission line; on the other, it looks like two parallel
dipoles? Which is it? It turns out that it is both: the currents on the folded dipole can be decomposed into transmission line
currents and antenna currents by superposition.
INPUT IMPEDANCE:
For the transmission-line mode the input impedance at the terminals a − b
or e − f , is obtained from the impedance transfer equation
5. For the antenna mode of Figure 9.20(c), the generator points c − d and g − h are each at the same potential and can be connected, without
loss of generality, to form a dipole. Each leg of the dipole is formed by a pair of closely spaced wires (s ≪ λ) extending from the feed
(c − d or g − h) to the shorted end. Thus the current for the antenna mode is given by
where Zd is the input impedance of a linear dipole of length l and
diameter d
The total current on the feed leg (left side) of the folded
dipole
When l = λ∕2, it reduces to ,Zin = 4Zd