This document discusses programming tools used to convert algorithms into computer programs, including flowcharts and pseudocode. It provides examples of using flowcharts and pseudocode to solve problems like determining the number of stamps needed for a letter based on the number of pages, and calculating the average grade for a class. Key programming structures like sequence, decision, and looping are also explained.
CSEC Physics Review - Introduction To Logic GatesKevin Small
www.knowledgescroll.com
This concise presentation is on the topic of Logic Gates.
This is usually a difficult topic to grasp for those studying CSEC Physics and I hope this presentation helps to clarify any misconceptions.
By viewing this presentation you should be able to:
Understand The Basics of Digital Logic Design
Construct Logical Truth Tables
Understand The Operations of the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR Logic Gates
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Computational options: Levels of Abstraction
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CSEC Physics Review - Introduction To Logic GatesKevin Small
www.knowledgescroll.com
This concise presentation is on the topic of Logic Gates.
This is usually a difficult topic to grasp for those studying CSEC Physics and I hope this presentation helps to clarify any misconceptions.
By viewing this presentation you should be able to:
Understand The Basics of Digital Logic Design
Construct Logical Truth Tables
Understand The Operations of the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR Logic Gates
Number systems - Efficiency of number system, Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimalconversion
from one to another- Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division,
representation of signed numbers, addition and subtraction using 2’s complement and I’s
complement.
Binary codes - BCD code, Excess 3 code, Gray code, Alphanumeric code, Error detection
codes, Error correcting code.Deepak john,SJCET-Pala
Introduction to Computational Intelligent
Motivation
Main umbrella: Natural Computing
Computational options: Levels of Abstraction
Definition: CI
Basic Properties of CI
CI Main Paradigms
Examples of Natural phenomenas
Computational Intelligence: Modeling Methodology
Applications of CI
Recommended References
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The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and ... Note: This page does not list esoteric programming languages. .... Computer programming portal ...
To understand algorithm and flowchart, it is better to refer this Slideshare that I have created. I have thoroughly presented the key points that make easy in remembering what algorithm and flowchart is. The slide is really simple and wonderful to use it for a quick reference.
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3. 3
Programming Tools
• Three tools are used to convert
algorithms into computer programs:
• Flowchart - Graphically depicts the logical
steps to carry out a task and shows how the
steps relate to each other.
• Pseudocode - Uses English-like phrases with
some Visual Basic terms to outline the
program.
4. 4
Problem solving example
• How many stamps do you use when
mailing a letter?
• One rule of thumb is to use one stamp
for every five sheets of paper or fraction
thereof.
5. 5
Algorithm
1. Request the number of sheets of paper;
call it Sheets. (input)
2. Divide Sheets by 5. (processing)
3. Round the quotient up to the next
highest whole number; call it Stamps.
(processing)
4. Reply with the number Stamps. (output)
11. 11
Pseudocode example
Determine the proper number of stamps for a
letter
Read Sheets (input)
Set the number of stamps to Sheets / 5
(processing)
Round the number of stamps up to the next
whole number (processing)
Display the number of stamps (output)
12. 12
Divide-and-conquer method
• Used in problem solving – take a large
problem and break it into smaller
problems solving the small ones first
• Breaks a problem down into modules
13. 13
Statement structures
• Sequence – follow instructions from one line
to the next without skipping over any lines
• Decision - if the answer to a question is
“Yes” then one group of instructions is
executed. If the answer is “No,” then another
is executed
• Looping – a series of instructions are
executed over and over
17. 17
Direction of Numbered NYC
Streets Algorithm
• Problem: Given a street number of a
one-way street in New York City, decide
the direction of the street, either
eastbound or westbound
• Discussion: in New York City even
numbered streets are Eastbound, odd
numbered streets are Westbound
19. 19
Pseudocode
Program: Determine the direction of a numbered
NYC street
Get street
If street is even Then
Display Eastbound
Else
Display Westbound
End If
20. 20
Class Average Algorithm
• Problem: Calculate and report the grade-point
average for a class
• Discussion: The average grade equals the
sum of all grades divided by the number of
students
Output: Average grade
Input: Student grades
Processing: Find the sum of the grades; count
the number of students; calculate average
22. 22
Pseudocode
Program: Determine the average grade of a class
Initialize Counter and Sum to 0
Do While there are more data
Get the next Grade
Add the Grade to the Sum
Increment the Counter
Loop
Computer Average = Sum / Counter
Display Average
23. 23
Tips and tricks of flowcharts
• Flowcharts are time-consuming to write and
difficult to update
• For this reason, professional programmers are
more likely to favor pseudocode and hierarchy
charts
• Because flowcharts so clearly illustrate the
logical flow of programming techniques, they
are a valuable tool in the education of
programmers
24. 24
Tips and tricks of pseudocode
• There are many styles of pseudocode
• Some programmers use an outline form
• Some use a form that looks almost like a
programming language
• The pseudocode in the case studies of this text
focus on the primary tasks to be performed by
the program and leaves many of the routine
details to be completed during the coding
process