The document discusses spectrally flexible optical networking and the activities of the EU FOX-C project. FOX-C aims to develop technologies for flexible transponders, switching nodes, and networking studies to demonstrate the benefits of flexible optical networks. Key developments include spectrally flexible super-channel transceivers, nodes for all-optical add/drop of sub-channels, and studies showing the optimal sub-channel grid size is 12.5 GHz. Techno-economic analyses show the FOX-C solution can provide significant network-wide capital expenditure savings compared to legacy fixed-grid networks.
Implications of super channels on CDC ROADM architecturesAnuj Malik
OFC 2014 Presentation
This study proposes CDC ROADM architecture compatible with emerging DWDM super-channel technology. A real world network model is used to quantify that this architecture requires fewer network components leading to less capital and operational costs.
Implications of super channels on CDC ROADM architecturesAnuj Malik
OFC 2014 Presentation
This study proposes CDC ROADM architecture compatible with emerging DWDM super-channel technology. A real world network model is used to quantify that this architecture requires fewer network components leading to less capital and operational costs.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
All components of the 5G platform is in place, we are making our system truly end-to-end with the new products we are introducing. With two new 5G Radios, AIR 6488 and AIR 5121 that, together with the AIR 6468, launched 2016, give us a complete portfolio of 5G radios for Massive MIMO with new mid-band and high-band versions.
The session begins with an overview on the basic impairments in a fiber based optical network. It will then cover what technologies are available to alleviate these linear and non-linear impairments. The fundamental components of DWDM (ie filters, optical amplifiers, lasers, & receivers) will also be covered. The basic design principles that go into designing DWDM networks will be discussed. Converged platforms based on OTN infrastructures have been introduced into the transport network recently and this will be covered. Lastly, innovations in DWDM transport such as 200G transmission, Flex Spectrum ROADM and control plane integration will be summarized.
Presented by Mark Boxer & Jeff Bush of OFS
Agenda:
• Why Fiber?
• Fiber Feeds Everything
• Nuts and Bolts -The Components
• Installation Techniques
• Network Architectures and Planning
Drivers for FTTx
Why fiber
Fiber feeds everything
Flavors of FTTX
Nuts and bolts – the components
Installation techniques
Network design configurations
Machines & Tool
FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Outside Plant Fiber Optic Cable
Fibre entering in Building design
Aerial Cable Construction Tool
Spicing Machines & Other Tools
Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) is a communication technology used in wireless networking to achieve high bandwidth connections with low power spectral density.
- What is UWB?
- Why UWB?
- How it works?
- Conclusion
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
All components of the 5G platform is in place, we are making our system truly end-to-end with the new products we are introducing. With two new 5G Radios, AIR 6488 and AIR 5121 that, together with the AIR 6468, launched 2016, give us a complete portfolio of 5G radios for Massive MIMO with new mid-band and high-band versions.
The session begins with an overview on the basic impairments in a fiber based optical network. It will then cover what technologies are available to alleviate these linear and non-linear impairments. The fundamental components of DWDM (ie filters, optical amplifiers, lasers, & receivers) will also be covered. The basic design principles that go into designing DWDM networks will be discussed. Converged platforms based on OTN infrastructures have been introduced into the transport network recently and this will be covered. Lastly, innovations in DWDM transport such as 200G transmission, Flex Spectrum ROADM and control plane integration will be summarized.
Presented by Mark Boxer & Jeff Bush of OFS
Agenda:
• Why Fiber?
• Fiber Feeds Everything
• Nuts and Bolts -The Components
• Installation Techniques
• Network Architectures and Planning
Drivers for FTTx
Why fiber
Fiber feeds everything
Flavors of FTTX
Nuts and bolts – the components
Installation techniques
Network design configurations
Machines & Tool
FTTx Roll out /Delivery Mechanism
Outside Plant Fiber Optic Cable
Fibre entering in Building design
Aerial Cable Construction Tool
Spicing Machines & Other Tools
Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) is a communication technology used in wireless networking to achieve high bandwidth connections with low power spectral density.
- What is UWB?
- Why UWB?
- How it works?
- Conclusion
The advent of spectrally flexible (a.k.a. elas-
tic) optical networking is widely identified as the
next generation optical network solution that
permits varying bandwidth demands to be
dynamically assigned over flexible spectral con-
tainers, targeting optimum use of the available
network resources. Additionally, the adoption of
the space dimension is identified as a promising
solution for the capacity expansion of future net-
works, while novel spatial-spectral switching
solutions show that the flexible networking con-
cept can be further expanded over both the spa-
tial and spectral dimensions. This article provides
an overview of the latest developments and pos-
sible approaches with respect to flexible optical
networking and the emerging benefits that spa-
tially flexible networking approaches can offer.
The focus is on the network planning and
resource optimization functions, the main net-
work operations related to fragmentation and
IP/optical layer integration, and the control
plane solutions.
- Seminar, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Eng., University of California, Davis, CA, USA, May 14, 2004.
- Seminar, Dept. of Electrical and Systems Eng., Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA, Dec. 3, 2004.
A Detailed Discussion of Free Space Optical Communication Systems A Reviewijtsrd
Free space optical communication FSOC is a potential technique for high speed, secure data transmission. It has the capacity to serve a huge number of people and deliver a large amount of bandwidth. FSOC is utilized in locations where optical fiber is difficult to deploy and saves time while also being license free. FSO networks have a wide range of possible applications, from house to satellite. FSO networks, on the other hand, have not gained traction due to a lack of availability and dependability. In order to take use of the features of wireless optical channels, researchers have concentrated on challenges in the physical layer. However, recent technical advancements with positive outcomes have made it feasible to investigate the benefits of high bandwidth. In FSO networks, several researchers have begun to focus on network and higher layer issues. In this review article, FSO systems are elaborated and discussed its history technologies in FSO, comparison to RF, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Further, discussion on the utmost important performance limiting factor such as atmospheric turbulence is done and moreover beam divergence, scattering, dispersion in FSO, absorption, line of sight misalignment etc are also explained. Fog, haze, rain and their intensities such as low, medium and heavy ranges affect the FSO performance prominently. Different studies are reported in the literature to increase speed, capacity, and performance and also to perform better under the effects of different atmospheric turbulences using different modulations, multiple transmitters, optical amplifiers, wavelength windows, large antenna sizes, relay communication etc. However, FSO systems still need improvement in speed, capacity and performance. Shivam Vats | Arvind Kumar | Amit Chaudhary | Richa Tejpal "A Detailed Discussion of Free Space Optical Communication Systems: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/50065/a-detailed-discussion-of-free-space-optical-communication-systems-a-review/shivam-vats
Opening Keynote Lecture
15th Annual ON*VECTOR International Photonics Workshop
Calit2’s Qualcomm Institute
University of California, San Diego
February 29, 2016
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Secondary User Access for IoT Applications in the FM Radio band using FS-FBMCKenneth Barlee
Presentation by Kenny Barlee (University of Strathclyde) from the First IEEE 5G World Forum in Santa Clara 2018 (5GWF'18). Technical paper will soon be released via IEEE Xplore.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/kennethbarlee
Optical Wireless Communications - from the space to the chip.Joaquin Perez
A short introduction to the applications of the OWC in to the short-range to the deep-space applications. Form visible light communications to wearables, OWC is a way to reuse our natural space of communications the free space and the light.
Seminar presented at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain during the OQCG regular seminars' series, March 2014. by Dr Joaquin Perez
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
Flexible optical networking with spectral or spatial super-channels
1. 1
“Networks and Optical Communications” research group – NOC
Flexible optical networking with
spectral or spatial super-channels
Presented by: Dr. Ioannis Tomkos (itom@ait.gr)
Co-Authors: P. S. Khodashenas, J.M. Rivas-Moscoso, D. Klonidis,
D. M. Marom, G. Thouénon, A. Ellis, D. Hillerkuss, J. Zhao, D. Siracusa, F. Jiménez, N. Psaila
IV International Workshop on trends in optical technologies
Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil – May 27th & 28th 2015
2. 2
AIT’s role in the optical network evolution
Scope:
Research on architectures,
protocols, algorithms, transmission
systems and technologies for high-
speed telecommunication systems
applicable in backbone networks,
access networks and
interconnection of servers (DCNs)
and processors (HPC)
Scientific Results (2003-2015):
Over 150 publications in archival
scientific journals and magazines
(including best paper awards and
highly cited papers)
Over 400 publications in major
international conferences and
workshops
Participated in over 25 research
projects: 5 projects within FP6 and 12
projects within FP7 and 1 H2020
Led 8 EU research projects as
Technical Manager of the entire
consortium: 2 FP6 and 6 FP7
4. 4
Presentation overview
Evolution of Optical Communication Systems & Networks
Spectrally flexible optical networking
• The activities of EU project FOX-C
Spectrally flexible super-channel transceivers
Nodes for all-optical add/drop of sub-channels
Networking studies to demonstrate the benefits of FOX-C solution
Spatially flexible optical networking
• The activities of EU project INSPACE
Nodes for independent or joint switching of SDM super-channels
Networking studies to demonstrate the benefits of INSPACE solution
Development of an SDN-based control plane for SDM-based networks
Summary & Conclusions
5. 5
Historical evolution of optical communications system
capacity and bit-rate distance product
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015
TotalFibreCapacity(Tbit/s)
BitRateDistanceProduct
(Gbit/s.Mm)
Year Published
WDM
TDM
OFDM/CoWDM
Coherent Detection
Spatial Multiplexing
Total capacity
• Traffic increases at a rate of 20-40%
per year, while capacity of deployed
SMF-based networks approaches
fundamental limits…
• New traffic characteristics lead to
new network requirements:
• Rapidly changing traffic patterns
• High peak-to-average traffic ratio
• Ultra-large data-chunks transfers
• Asymmetric traffic between nodes
• Increasing high-QoS traffic
• Fiber bandwidth was consider for many years as an abundant resource, but we have
almost utilized to the maximum extend the EDFA amplifiers bandwidth (i.e. while
approaching the fundamental SE limits)
• A short-term solution is to utilize the available fiber spectrum more efficiently/wisely as is
the case in wireless networks where bandwidth was always a limited/scarce resource -
(Spectrally flexible systems/networks)
• A forward-looking option is to deploy new fibers (or use strands of available SMF fibers)
that can support multi-cores or/and multi-modes per core (SDM/Spatially-flexible systems/
networks)
Data from Prof. Andrew Ellis
7. 7
Main building blocks to enable spectrally
flexible optical networking
Flexible Optical Networking
Flexible
transponders
Strong research
field over last 5
years
Network planning
and control plane
issues
Networking
studies have proved
the benefits of flexible
networking
Flexible switching
nodes
Limited number of
demos showing
mostly “drop”
function
Ioannis Tomkos et. al., “A Tutorial on the Flexible Optical Networking Paradigm: State-of-the-Art, Trends, and
Research Challenges”, Invited paper at the “Proceedings of the IEEE” (Impact Factor: 6.91) 05/2014
9. 9
How to add/drop sub-channels out of super-channels
in a three-level spectrally flexible optical node?
Level 3 Express through or add/drop of Tb super-channels (via conventional WSSs)
Level 2 Processing (add/drop/erase) of super-channel contents
• Offers grooming capabilities in the optical domain! – How to do it?
Level 1 Generation/Detection and regeneration of sub-channel contents
• Electronic processing
10. 10
The FOX-C project consortium
Optronics Technologies S.A
• Mr. George Papastergiou (Coordinator)
• Dr. Marianna Angelou
• Dr. Thanasis Theocharidis
Finisar Israel LTD • Dr. Shalva Ben-Ezra
W-Onesys S.L. • Dr. Jordi Ferré Ferran (WP6 Leader)
Orange Labs – FT
• Dr. Erwan Pincemin (WP5 Leader)
• Dr. Christophe Betoule
• Dr. Gilles Thouenon
Athens Information Technology
The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem
Eidgenössische Technische
Hochschule Zürich
University College Cork
Aston University
• Dr. Ioannis Tomkos (Technical Mngr)
• Dr. Dimitrios Klonidis (WP2 Leader)
• Dr. Pouria S. Khodashenas
• Dr. José M. Rivas-Moscoso
• Prof. Dan Marom (WP4 Leader)
• Prof. Juerg Leuthold
• Dr. David Hillerkuss (WP3 Leader)
• Mr. Benedikt Bäuerle
• Dr. Jian Zhao
• Prof. Andrew Ellis
• Dr. Stylianos Sygletos
• Dr. Simon Fabbri
• Dr. Andreas Perentos
14. 14
The FOX-C node architecture for N-WDM super-channels
Enables all-optical add/drop of sub-channels out of
non-spectrally-overlapping (q)N-WDM super-channels
15. 15
FOX-C’s novel ultra-fine spectral resolution filters
Based on a state-of-the-art phased array
implemented with a high resolution AWG
Achieved record resolution and addressability
values
• Record resolution: <1GHz
• Record addressability (spectral granularity): 200MHz
* Roy Rudnick, et. al., “One GHz Resolution Arrayed Waveguide Grating Filter with LCoS Phase Compensation”,
in proc. OFC/NFOEC 2014, paper Th3F.7
16. 16
The EU project FOX-C node architecture
for AO-OFDM super-channels
Enables all-optical add/drop of sub-channels out of
spectrally-overlapping OFDM super-channels
17. 17
Novel all optical ROADM for OFDM signals
* S. Sygletos et al., “A Novel Architecture for All-Optical Add-Drop Multiplexing of
OFDM Signals”, in proc. ECOC 2014, Sept. 2014.
18. 18
Results demonstrate that, in the case of qN-WDM, there is negligible reach
penalty when the FOX-C nodes are considered along the signal path
Transmission studies with cascaded FOADMs
N-WDM qN-WDM
f = 25 GHz f = 25.9 GHz f = 26.8 GHz
19. 19
Nyquist WDM super-channel composed of Nyquist-
shaped sub-channels: Do we need “Gridless”?
12.5GHz
187.5 GHz
200 GHz
134 GHz
150 GHz
(*) P. Sayyad Khodashenas et al., “Evaluating the Optimum Filter Resolution and Sub-Channel Spectrum Granularity
for Flexible Super-Channels”, OFC 2015, paper W1I.5.
Sub-band allocation options according to frequency slot width
• ITU-T 12.5 GHz grid
• Gridless
The super-channel bandwidth depends on the chosen sub-channel granularity.
Two examples are shown above:
Super-channels allocated on ITU-T 12.5 GHz grid (including GB = 12.5GHz).
“Gridless” operation – Does it offers significant advantages?
* P. S. Khodashenas, J. M. Rivas-Moscoso, D. Klonidis, D. M. Marom and I. Tomkos, “Evaluating the Optimum Filter
Resolution and Sub-Channel Spectrum Granularity for Flexible Super-Channels”, in proc. OFC/NFOEC 2015, paper W1I.5.
20. 20
Networking studies to derive specifications
Optimized sub-channel slot size from a network-level perspective:
• Flex-grid qN-WDM systems with frequency-slot size of 12.5 GHz and coarse
switching in GÉANT2 pan-EU network topology.
• Optimum sub-channel grid was investigated:
Best
compromise
* P. S. Khodashenas, J. M. Rivas-Moscoso, D. Klonidis, D. M. Marom and I. Tomkos, “Evaluating the Optimum Filter
Resolution and Sub-Channel Spectrum Granularity for Flexible Super-Channels”, in proc. OFC/NFOEC 2015, paper W1I.5.
21. 21
Techno-economic studies – FOX-C vs legacy solutions
Is the FOX-C solution worth considering for real deployments?
• Are the resulting network-wide capital expenditure savings significant
enough to justify a FOX-C-like solution?
• Inputs for the analysis:
Network topology, traffic matrix (FT/Orange national network)
Cost model *
It requires also a novel routing, modulation level and spectrum allocation algorithm that
matches the FOX-C networks solution characteristics (AOTG-RMLSA) **
• Outputs from the analysis:
Utilized resources (such as transceivers, nodes and spectrum) to guarantee blocking-free
connection establishment, while minimizing the spectral occupancy.
– Benchmarks:
» SLR over fixed-grid (widely deployed network solution)
» MLR over flexi-grid (common understanding of flexible optical networks)
* Ref: J. Rivas-Moscoso, S. Ben-Ezra, P. Khodashenas, D. Marom, D. Klonidis, P. Zakynthinos & I. Tomkos “Cost & Power
Consumption Model for Super-channel Transmission with All-Optical Sub-channel Add/Drop Capability” ,(Invited) ICTON 2015.
** Ref: P. S. Khodashenas, J. M. Rivas-Moscoso, D. Klonidis, G. Thouénon, C. Betoule and I. Tomkos, “Impairment-aware
Resource Allocation over Flexi-grid Network with All-Optical Add/Drop Capability”, submitted to ECOC 2015.
22. 22
FOX-C cost & power consumption model
Cost and power consumption model:
• Benchmark: Single carrier 100G transceiver
• Tb/s super-channel transceiver based on:
Electrical multiplexing schemes:
– NFDM, NWDM with electrical filtering, MB-e(f)OFDM
Optical multiplexing schemes:
– (q)NWDM with optical filtering
– Conventional AO-OFDM with DSP
• ROADM implementations:
Supporting non-overlapping sub-channel A/D
Supporting overlapping and non-overlapping sub-channel A/D
• Sensitivity analysis
J. Rivas-Moscoso, S. Ben-Ezra, P. Khodashenas, D. Marom, D. Klonidis, P. Zakynthinos & I. Tomkos “Cost & Power
Consumption Model for Super-channel Transmission with All-Optical Sub-channel Add/Drop Capability” ,(Invited) ICTON 2015.
23. 23
Benchmark: 100G transceiver
SLR/MLR 100G transceiver:
DSPchip
Datain/out
/2
Q I
/2
DP IQ Mod
Q I
DAC
DAC
DAC
DAC
ADC
ADC
ADC
ADC
ECL
LO
Drivers
RF LP filters
RF LP filters (optional)
PBS
PBS
Sx
Sy
LOy
LOx
Ix
Qx
Iy
Qy
Balanced
photodetector
DFB
Intensity
modulatorsplitter
50/50
211
-1PRBS
(3.5or7)
Gb/s
BPG
4:1
MUX
QPSK↔16QAM
to
Balanced
photodetector
DFB
Intensity
modulatorsplitter
50/50
211
-1PRBS
(3.5or7)
Gb/s
BPG
4:1
MUX
QPSK↔16QAM
to
Balanced
photodetector
DFB
Intensity
modulatorsplitter
50/50
211
-1PRBS
(3.5or7)
Gb/s
BPG
4:1
MUX
QPSK↔16QAM
to
Balanced
photodetector
DFB
Intensity
modulatorsplitter
50/50
211
-1PRBS
(3.5or7)
Gb/s
BPG
4:1
MUX
QPSK↔16QAM
to
90º Hybrid
TIA
DP coherent receiver
24. 24
Benchmark: 100G transceiver
SLR/MLR transceiver:
(*) Relative to cost of 100G transceiver.
(**) Relative to cost of 10G transceiver
SLR/MLR TRx
Component
Relative Unit
cost (*)
Power (W)
[max]
#
Relative
cost (*)
Relative
cost (**)
Total
power (W)
DSP Chip 0.36 38.5 1 0.36 1.9 38.5
PM IQ Mod 0.22 0.0 1 0.22 1.1 0.0
Laser (Tx & Rx LO) 0.05 1.5 2 0.11 0.3 3.0
4-Port Modulator Driver 0.07 6.0 1 0.07 0.4 6.0
RF LP filter 0.004 0.0 8 0.03 0.0 0.0
DP Coherent Receiver 0.22 1.5 1 0.22 1.1 1.5
1.00 5.2 49.0
Actual cost (not
price!) in the range
of 25-30K!!!
25. 25
Cost/power comparison of spectrally
flexible super-channel transceivers
Cost/power per sub-channel for super-channel transceivers
capable of generating different numbers of sub-channels:
(*) Relative to cost of 100G transceiver.
Electrical
multiplexing
schemes
NWDM with
optical filters
AO-OFDM
Number of
sub-
channels
Cost (*) P (W) Cost (*) P (W) Cost (*) P (W)
4 0.80 50.8 0.98 52.8 0.79 50.8
6 0.76 49.2 0.84 50.5 0.75 49.2
8 0.74 48.4 0.77 49.4 0.73 48.4
10 0.73 47.9 0.73 48.7 0.72 47.9
12 0.72 47.6 0.71 48.3 0.71 47.6
26. 26
Non-overlapping sub-channel A/D capable OXC node
Node with D=3 degrees:
W Sch Tx
NRxSRx
N Sch Tx
S Sch TxW Rx
Switches with
D-1 switching
states
Sbch Tx
Sbch Tx
Drop Add
Sbch
Tx
W
S
N
A/D
+22
+10
+22+10
+22+10
-5
-5
-5 -5
-5 -5
+8 +14 -0.5 -0.5-15
-22 dBm/50 GHz
-2 dBm/C-band
0
20
-5 / 15
-5
-10 / 10
0 / 20
0
-15
-10
0
-5
Numbers in
black: dB
Numbers in
green: dBm
A/D
A/D
Number of sub-channel
add/drop cards M = 3
A/D card
based on
HSR filter in
R. Rudnick,
ECOC 2014,
PD.4.1
27. 27
Non-overlapping sub-channel A/D capable OXC node
Node with D=3 degrees and M = 3 A/D cards:
(*) Cost relative to 100G transceiver cost
(**) Cost relative to 10G transceiver cost
(***) Cost relative to cost of an OXC node of degree D without sub-channel A/D capability
(^) Due to sharing of management between amplification modules. Factor is applied to number of amplifiers minus 1
F-OXC with degree D and M HSR filters
Component
Relative
unit cost (*)
Power
(W)
#
Relative
cost (*)
Relative
cost (**)
Relative
cost (***)
Power
reduction
factor (^)
Total Power
(W)
1×20 WSS 0.54 4.00 6 3.24 16.92 0.86 24.0
1x1 HSR filter 0.54 4.00 3 1.62 8.46 0.43 12.0
Variable gain dual-stage
amplifier
0.18 12.00 6 1.08 5.64 0.29 0.10 66.0
1x(D-1) switch 0.01 0.00 6 0.09 0.45 0.02 0.0
6.02 31.47 1.59 102.0
Note: A similar investigation was performed for nodes suitable for overlapping sub-channels
28. 28
Overlapping sub-channel A/D capable OXC node
Node with D=3 and M=3 for an A/D card implementation based on N gates
F-OXC with degree D and M TIDE filters
TIDE with N gates
Component
Unit
cost (*)
Power
(W)
#
Cost
(*)
Cost
(**)
Cost
(***)
Power
reduct.
factor
(^)
Total
Power
(W)
1×20 WSS 0.54 4.00 6 3.24 16.9 0.9 24.0
1x1 HSR filter 0.54 4.00 0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0
1xN HSR filter 0.72 4.00 4 2.88 15.0 0.8 16.0
Integrated TIDE 0.11 4.00 2 0.22 1.1 0.1 8.0
Variable gain
amplifier
0.11 9.00 2 0.22 1.1 0.1 0.10 16.2
Variable gain dual-
stage amplifier
0.18 12.00 5 0.90 4.7 0.2 0.10 55.2
1x(D-1) switch 0.01 0.00 4 0.06 0.3 0.0 0.0
7.50 39.2 2.0 119.4
(*) Cost relative to 100G transceiver cost
(**) Cost relative to 10G transceiver cost
(***) Cost relative to cost of an OXC node of degree D without sub-channel A/D capability
(^) Due to sharing of management between amplification modules.
29. 29
Results of techno-economic studies comparing
FOX-C vs SLR/MLR legacy solutions
* P. S. Khodashenas, J. M. Rivas-Moscoso, D. Klonidis, G. Thouénon, C. Betoule, E. Pincemin and I. Tomkos, “Techno-
Economic Analysis of Flexi-Grid Networks with All-Optical Add/Drop Capability”, submitted to PS2015.
~15%
~30%
~30%
FOX-C based solutions can
offer up to 30% cost savings
compared to non-grooming
capable end-to-end solutions
using either SLR or MLR
30. 30
Techno-economic studies – FOX-C (all-optical grooming)
vs. OTN (electronic grooming ) based solutions - I
* G. Thouénon, C. Betoule, E. Pincemin, P.S. Khodashenas, J.M. Rivas-Moscoso, I. Tomkos, submitted to ECOC 2015.
S0: SLR over fixed-grid
S1: Nyquist WDM
S2: MB-OFDM
… but can FOX-C based solutions offer significant cost savings
compared to conventional OTN based grooming-capable solutions?
(study performed in collaboration with France Telecom/Orange)
31. 31
Techno-economic studies – FOX-C (all-optical grooming)
vs. OTN (electronic grooming ) based solutions - II
+37% +36%
+60%
-29%
(a) For Traffic Volume V1
+23%
+10%
-21%-18%
(b) For Traffic Volume V2
V1: 7 Tbps of ingress traffic
V2: traffic increase projection spanning roughly eight years with a constant per-year traffic
growth of 35%
Global multi-layer transport network cost comparison
33. 33
What’s next in capacity expansion… In Space
Space is the obvious yet unexplored (until 2009) dimension
• …BUT by simply increasing the number of systems, the cost and power consumption also
increase linearly!
Efficient use of the space-domain requires “spatial integration of elements”*
• Significant efforts in the development of FMF and MCF (fibre integration)
• Multi-link amplification systems have also be proposed and developed
• Tx/Rx integration is a hot and very active topic
• Optical switches are largely unexplored so far (INSPACE focus!)
MC/FM EDFA/
EDFA array
MCF/FMF/
Bundle of SMF
Tx PIC Rx PIC
* Peter J. Winzer, “Spatial Multiplexing: The next frontier in network capacity scaling”, Tutorial paper at ECOC 2013
34. 34
Degrees of freedom in SDM transmission/switching are defined by
the type of transmission medium and how crosstalk is handled
Core count
Mode count
Cladding diameter
Core layout
• Geometry
• Homo-/heterogeneous core
structure
Refractive-index profile
• Graded-index
• Step-index
• Trench-assisted
Becarefulwith:
dBUFFER=250m
dCLADDING=125m
dCORE=8m
SMF
Inter-core crosstalk
Inter-mode crosstalk
Differential mode group
delay (DMGD)
Bend loss
Nonlinearity
Process variability
35. 35
Degrees of freedom in SDM transmission
Core count
Mode count
Cladding diameter
Core layout
• Geometry
• Homo-/heterogeneous core
structure
Refractive-index profile
• Graded-index
• Step-index
• Trench-assisted
Inter-core crosstalk
Inter-mode crosstalk
Differential mode group
delay (DMGD)
Bend loss
Nonlinearity
Process variability
Becarefulwith:
dBUFFER=250m
dCLADDING=125m
dCORE=8m
SMF
36. 36
Degrees of freedom in SDM transmission
Core count
Mode count
Cladding diameter
Core layout
• Geometry
• Homo-/heterogeneous core
structure
Refractive-index profile
• Graded-index
• Step-index
• Trench-assisted
Inter-core crosstalk
Inter-mode crosstalk
Differential mode group
delay (DMGD)
Bend loss
Nonlinearity
Process variability
Becarefulwith:
Bundle of SMF
(A) Uncoupled spatial modes
37. 37
Degrees of freedom in SDM transmission
Core count
Mode count
Cladding diameter
Core layout
• Geometry
• Homo-/heterogeneous core
structure
Refractive-index profile
• Graded-index
• Step-index
• Trench-assisted
Inter-core crosstalk
Inter-mode crosstalk
Differential mode group
delay (DMGD)
Bend loss
Nonlinearity
Process variability
Becarefulwith:
Bundle of SMFMCF
(A) Uncoupled spatial modes
41. 41
Hero transmission experiments based on SDM
… BUT all these are very good for the spatial capacity increase in Point-to-Point
systems…
…WHAT ABOUT using the spatial dimension for optical networking
42. 42
Evolution from spectrum flexible to spatially (& spectrum)
flexible optical networking
Spectrum based
BW allocation
Spatial & Spectrum based
BW allocation
Spectrum Flexible Optical Networking
- Combined selection of channel
bandwidth (format/ data rate) and
spectral allocation according to:
demand, distance and required
performance
- λ + format/rate tunable TxRx
- Flexible switching of variable
spectral slots at different wavelengths
- Optimized spectral usage
Spatially and Spectrally Flexible Optical
Networking
- Extend flexibility to the space switching
domain
- Multi-dimensional switching granularity
- Channel allocation over
a. multiple Modes/Cores/fibres
b. multiple spectral slots
- Optimized system bandwidth usage
- Combined spectral – spatial optimization.
- Multi-dimensional flexible switching
43. 43
The INSPACE project consortium
Optronics Technologies S.A
• Mr. George Papastergiou (Coordinator)
• Dr. Nina Christodoulia
• Dr. Thanasis Theocharidis
Telefónica Investigación y
Desarrollo SA
• Mr. Felipe Jiménez-Arribas (WP2 Leader)
• Dr. Víctor López
• Dr. Óscar González de Dios
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem • Prof. Dan Marom (WP4 Leader)
• Dr. Miri Blau
Athens Information Technology
• Dr. Ioannis Tomkos (Technical Mngr)
• Dr. Dimitrios Klonidis (WP6 Leader)
• Dr. Pouria S. Khodashenas
• Dr. José M. Rivas-Moscoso
Optoscribe Ltd.
CREATE-NET (Center for Research and
Telecommunication Experimentation for
Networked Communities)
Aston University
Finisar Israel Ltd.
W-ONE SYS SL
• Dr. Nicholas Psaila
• Dr. John MacDonald
• Dr. Paul Mitchell
• Dr. Domenico Siracusa (WP5 Leader)
• Dr. Federico Pederzolli
• Dr. Elio Salvadori
• Prof. Andrew Ellis (WP3 Leader)
• Dr. Stylianos Sygletos
• Dr. Naoise Mac Suibhne
• Dr. Filipe Ferreira
• Dr. Christian Sánchez-Costa
• Dr. Shalva Ben-Ezra
• Dr. Jordi Ferré Ferran (WP7 Leader)
• Dr. Jaume Mariné
44. 44
INSPACE project channel allocation concept
Modes/Cores
Wavelengths
Data rate
(Modulation level)
Degrees of Flexibility
Modes
or
Cores
f
f
f
f
f
• Channels with flexible capacity can be allocated over:
– one or few modes/multi cores
– occupying a single or multiple spectral slots
: end-to-end allocated channel
“Spatial expansion of
the spectrum over
multiple modes/cores
and therefore definition
of a superchannel over
two dimensions
(instead of the
spectrum only
dimension)”
SMF-
Bundle
or
FMF
or
MCF
Frequency Frequency
ConventionalopticalOFDM OpticalfastOFDM
(N-1)/T
(N-1)/2T
Nisthechannelnumber(=7inthisexample)
(a) (b)
Frequency Frequency
ConventionalopticalOFDM OpticalfastOFDM
(N-1)/T
(N-1)/2T
Nisthechannelnumber(=7inthisexample)
(a) (b)
N-WDM
or
OFDM
or
SC-M-QAM
Fibre,
Mode
,Core
45. 45
SDM switching classification
Independent spatial/spectral channel switching Spectral channel switching
Spatial channel switching Spectral channel switching of spatial subgroups
* D. M. Marom et al.,''Switching Solutions for WDM-SDM Optical Networks'', IEEE Comm. Mag. 53, 60-68 (2015)
46. 46
SDM switching classification
Independent spatial/spectral channel switching Spectral channel switching
Spatial channel switching Spectral channel switching of spatial subgroups
(A)
R&S node
design for
independent
spatial/spectral
channel
switching
* D. M. Marom et al.,''Switching Solutions for WDM-SDM Optical Networks'', IEEE Comm. Mag. 53, 60-68 (2015)
47. 47
SDM switching classification
Independent spatial/spectral channel switching Spectral channel switching
Spatial channel switching Spectral channel switching of spatial subgroups
R&S node design for spectral channel switching across all spatial modes
(A)
R&S node
design for
independent
spatial/spectral
channel
switching
* D. M. Marom et al.,''Switching Solutions for WDM-SDM Optical Networks'', IEEE Comm. Mag. 53, 60-68 (2015)
48. 48
SDM switching classification
Independent spatial/spectral channel switching Spectral channel switching
Spatial channel switching Spectral channel switching of spatial subgroups
R&S node design for spectral channel switching across all spatial modes
(C)
OXC design for spatial channel switching across all spectral channels
* D. M. Marom et al.,''Switching Solutions for WDM-SDM Optical Networks'', IEEE Comm. Mag. 53, 60-68 (2015)
49. 49
* D. M. Marom et al.,''Switching Solutions for WDM-SDM Optical Networks'', IEEE Comm. Mag. 53, 60-68 (2015)
SDM switching classification
Independent spatial/spectral channel switching Spectral channel switching
Spatial channel switching Spectral channel switching of spatial subgroups
(C)
OXC design for spatial channel switching across all spectral channels
(D)
R&S node design for hybrid fractional space-full spectrum switching granularity
50. 50
Comparison of SDM switching options
Space-wavelength granularity Space granularity Wavelength granularity
Fractional space-full
wavelength granularity
Minimum
switching
granularity
Bandwidth of a single WDM channel
present at a single spatial mode.
Bandwidth of entire optical
communication band carried on a
single spatial mode.
Bandwidth of a single WDM
channel spanning over all spatial
modes.
Bandwidth of a single
WDM channel over a
subset of spatial modes.
Realization
With OXC: High-port count OXC and at
least 2M conventional WSS per I/O fiber
link.
Without OXC: 2M conventional WSS per
I/O fiber link. 4M if WSS placed on
add/drop.
Moderate port count OXC, and 2 WSS
per mode selected for WDM channel
add/drop.
4 joint switching WSS per I/O
fiber link in route-and-select
topology applied to all spatial
modes in parallel.
4×M/P joint switching
WSS modules per I/O fiber
link.
Flexibility
With OXC: Each mode/WDM channel
independent provisioned and routed.
Supports SDM lane change. Single point of
failure.
Without OXC: Each mode/WDM channel
independently provisioned and routed.
Spatial mode maintained. Prone to
wavelength contention.
The complete optical communication
band is routed across network. Coarse
granularity. If WDM channels need to
be extracted from many modes then
WSS count quickly escalates.
Each spatial super-channel
provisioned across all modes.
Susceptible to wavelength
contention. Add/drop bound to
direction.
Compromise solution using
small SDM groups. More
efficient when provisioning
low capacity demands.
Scaling
With OXC: Can quickly escalate to very
large port counts.
Switching node cost linearly scales with
capacity, no price benefit to SDM.
Conventional OXC can support
foreseeable mode and fiber counts.
OXC is single point of failure. Pricing
favorable but with greater add/drop
require more WSS modules.
Cost roughly independent of SDM
count. Inefficient for low capacity
connections due to minimum BW
provisioned across SDM. Large
SDM Rx/Tx are integration and
DSP challenge.
Cost scales as group count.
Groups can be turned on as
capacity grows, offering
pay-as-you-go alternative.
Maintaining small group
sizes facilitates MIMO
processing at Rx.
Estimated
loss
With OXC: 13 dB per I/O fiber link.
Without OXC: 10 dB per I/O fiber link
For MCF or FMF transmission fiber, extra 4
dB loss is induced by the spatial
MUX/DEMUX
3 dB per I/O fiber link being switched.
If add/drop from SDM fiber is
extracted, 10 dB excess loss for
through.
For MCF or FMF transmission fiber,
extra 4 dB loss is induced by the
spatial MUX/DEMUX
10 dB per I/O fiber link.
For MCF or FMF transmission
fiber, extra 4 dB loss is induced by
the spatial MUX/DEMUX
10 dB per I/O fiber link.
For MCF or FMF
transmission fiber, extra 4
dB loss is induced by the
spatial MUX/DEMUX
51. 51
SDM technology elements
INSPACE SDM Wavelength Selective Switch
• High port count WSS for joint switching of spatial modes
A conventional 120 WSS can turn into a 7-mode(12) spatial-spectral WSS.
First demonstration in OFC 2012
New port definition: S(MN)
S = nº of spatial modes
In1
Out1
Out2 M = nº of input fibre subgroups
N = nº of output fibre subgroups
52. 52
SDM technology elements
A conventional 120 WSS turns into a 7-mode(12) spatial-spectral WSS. First
demonstration in OFC 2012
New port definition: S(MN)
INSPACE SDM Wavelength Selective Switch
• High port count WSS for joint switching of spatial modes
By adding a 2-D SMF array, a higher port count can be achieved
With a fibre array of 316 (functional) fibres, a 3-mode(115)
spatial spectral high port count WSS has been designed/fabricated
S modes per input/output
M = 1 input
N outputs
2-D Fibre array
53. 53
SDM technology elements
INSPACE Mode MUX/DEMUX
• MCF breakout designed and fabricated for MCF
• FMF photonic lantern designed and fabricated
Fabrication optimisation yielded
low IL (2 dB) with a loss uniformity
of 0.8 dB
54. 54
SDM technology elements
INSPACE Mode MUX/DEMUX
• MCF breakout designed and fabricated for MCF
• FMF photonic lantern designed and fabricated
Fabrication optimisation yielded
low IL (2 dB) with a loss uniformity
of 0.8 dB
The performance of the photonic lantern is
better than competing commercial devices
and fully packaged devices are ready to be
deployed. These will be launched as an
improved product at ECOC in Sept. 2015.
55. 55
Comparison of spectral and spatial super-channel allocation
policies for SDM network operation, taking into account the
spectral efficiency/reach trade-off
First study carried out for SDM networks based on SMF
bundles
For such an SDM system, the focus is
on the comparison between two
extreme allocation strategies:
• Parallel systems with spectral super-channels (SpeF)
• Parallel systems with spatial super-channels (SpaF)
SDM resource allocation issues
• MCFs and FMFs with coupled transmission
cores/modes present special challenges in
terms of their physical layer performance and
implementation complexity
56. 56
SDM allocation options:
• A: SpeF – Spectral super-channels with flexi-grid
• B: SpaF – Spatial super-channels with fixed spectral width
SDM allocation options considered
57. 57
Super-channel allocation options:
• A: Over spectrum (SpeF)
• B: Over space (SpaF)
Resource allocation options and trade-offs
Big enough spacing to neglect
the crosstalk between adjacent
super-channels
* The GB size is the same for both cases
No
crosstalk
among
cores
Crosstalk between adjacent
sub-channels leads to optical
reach reduction
58. 58
Blocking results (under independent switching)
1.E-4
1.E-3
1.E-2
1.E-1
300 600 900 1200 1500
BP
Input Load [Erlang]
SpeF-Var
SpeF-34.375
SpeF-37.5
SpeF-WDM
SpaF-WDM
BP vs input load to the network for several SpeF and SpaF allocation options
(simulations performed for Telefónica’s Spain national network):
(a) SpeF-Var: SpeF using
variable spacing adapted to
the path length
(b) SpeF-34.375, SpeF-37.5,
SpeF-50: SpeF using fixed
spacing (34.375, 37.5 GHz
and 50 GHz) with 12.5-GHz
GB on both sides of each Sp-
Ch
(c) SpeF-WDM and SpaF-
WDM: SpeF and SpaF on
fixed-grid WDM conditions
with 50-GHz channel
spacing including GB.
* D. Siracusa, F. Pederzolli, P. S. Khodashenas, J. M. Rivas-Moscoso, D. Klonidis, E. Salvadori, I. Tomkos, “Spectral vs.
Spatial Super-Channel Allocation in SDM Networks under Independent and Joint Switching Paradigms”, ECOC 2015.
59. 59
Blocking results (under independent, joint and
fractional joint switching)
BP vs. input load to the network for several SpaF allocation
options and switching paradigms:
• Joint switching imposes a BP penalty compared to independent
switching, which can be minimised through proper traffic engineering
(better match between traffic profile and Tx maximum capacity)
1.E-4
1.E-3
1.E-2
1.E-1
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
BP
Input Load [Erlang]
SpaF-InS
SpaF-FJoS
SpaF-JoS
60. 60
Number of WSSs required (under joint and fractional
joint switching)
Joint switching can alleviate the cost problem associated with independent
switching (resulting from the requirement of one WSS per fiber and degree) by
allowing WSS-sharing between fibers.
Total number of WSSs required, under different switching paradigms, for a
colorless, directionless R&S ROADM architecture in the Telefonica Spain
national network:
Switching Number of WSS (general)
Number of WSS
(Telefónica topology)
InS 2·Nd·D·S+4·NdA/D·S 2502
JoS 2·Nd·D+4·NdA/D 278
FJoS 2·Nd·D·S/G+4·NdA/D·S/G 834
·: ceiling
S: number of fibers
Nd: total number of nodes
NdA/D: number of nodes with
A/D
D: avg. nodal degree
G: number of groups of
spatial modes (G = 3)
(For Nd = 30, NdA/D = 14, D = 3.7, S = 9, G = 3)
61. 61
Characteristic Distributed GMPLS Hybrid PCE/GMPLS Centralized SDN
Implementation
complexity
Translate network model changes to
OSPF/RSVP representation, handle
concurrent reservations in RSVP
signaling
Same as GMPLS, plus extensions
to PCEP to represent spatial
services
Develop the SDM network model
from scratch, develop or extend
controller and north-bound
interface
Computational
Capability
Typically limited in scope (source
routing based on limited
information) on multiple low power
CPUs
Conceptually encompassing
complex algorithms based on
extensive information and run on
powerful, dedicated hardware
Conceptually encompassing
complex algorithms based on
extensive information and run on
powerful, dedicated hardware
Scalability / Overhead
Slower reactivity due to large
increase in information to
disseminate
Similar to GMPLS: more
computational resource but small
pool of points of failure
Centralized controller gives high
computational resources, south-
bound protocol can limit flooding
Resiliency
High (distributed system), but
partition-crossing services fail
eventually
Only partitions which can reach the
PCEs continue to operate, partition-
crossing services fail eventually
Data plane can use hard
reservations, but CP partitioning
would prevent controlling part of
the network
Programmability
Not supported, and very difficult to
retrofit
PCEP limiting as north-bound
protocol, but could be adapted with
extra software
Supported
Multi-domain/carrier
Supported using e.g. BGP-LS to
flood information, but
confidentiality issues
Supported, if nothing else through
horizontal PCE chains
Open issue
Multi-vendor
Theoretically supported (IETF
standard), but advanced features are
mostly vendor-specific
Theoretically supported, relies on
the underlying GMPLS control
plane
Depends on south-bound protocol,
theoretically supported
INSPACE control plane framework: comparison of
architectural archetypes
IN
Hybrid PCE/GMPLS was the choice for EU projects DICONET & CHRON – INSPACE now shifts to SDN
63. 63
Summary
The activities of EU project FOX-C were presented
All possible spectrally flexible super-channel transceivers were implemented and tested
Nodes for all-optical add/drop of sub-channels (for both NWDM and AO-OFDM multiplexing)
were developed and tested
Networking studies were performed to demonstrate the benefits of FOX-C solution
The activities of EU project INSPACE were presented
Nodes for independent or joint switching of SDM super-channels were developed and tested
Networking studies were performed to demonstrate the benefits of INSPACE solution
Development of an SDN-based control plane for SDM-based networks is underway
The EU-funded projects FOX-C and INSPACE are developing the
optical networking solutions that will dominate the market after
2020!
• Stay tuned!!!
The operating principle of a high resolution switching processor [9] is quite similar to that of wavelength selective switches. However, the bulk diffraction grating dispersive element is replaced by an engineered phase array designed to provide the optical resolution over a finite bandwidth. The spectral switching element is still an LCoS, now operating under much finer spectral granularity.
The proposed architecture is depicted in Fig. 1 a). Two flexible wavelength selective switch units (WSSs), one at the input and one at the output of the node, perform the super-channel selection and re-insertion back to the network traffic. Sub-channel switching is achieved by means of a three branch interferometer structure (branch -A, -B, -C). Each interferometer is capable of single super-channel processing, however, multiple sub-channels can be added or dropped within it at the same time. At the interferometer, a portion of the selected super-channel is dropped to the local receivers and the rest is split between the two branches -A and -B. Sub-channel blocking is facilitated by replicating the corresponding signal waveform and interfering it destructively with the super-channel that propagates at branch-A. This is purely all-optical process taking place in three stages. Initially, the OFDM signal is de-multiplexed by an optical Fast-Fourier Transform processor. Subsequently, a bank of optical gates performs time sampling of the sub-channels. The optical gates are synchronized to a common clock signal, extracted from the super-channel. Fig. 1b) depicts the simulated optical spectrum of an OFDM signal consisting of 7 BPSK modulated sub-carriers at 10 Gbit/s, after the WSS selection. The optical spectrum of the middle (ch 4) sub-channel after the de-multiplexing with an 8-point optical FFT processor [3] is also depicted. The eye diagram of ch 4, see Fig. 1c), has reduced opening due to the preceded matched filtering and the inter-symbol interference (ISI) from the neighboring channels. In this example, crosstalk free regions cannot be identified, as the orthogonality condition has been violated due to the tight pass-band selection of the WSS (3rd-order Gaussian, 100GHz bandwidth) and the finite bandwidth of the transmitter.
The optical gate samples the sub-channels that need to be blocked from the through path (e.g. ch 4). A window of minimum crosstalk, see Fig. 1d) and feeds the sampled waveform to an optical i-FFT processor, with transfer function H(f)=sinc(fT), which reshapes the pulses back to their initial symbol duration T, see Fig. 1e). Finally, the recovered waveform is amplified and interfered destructively with the OFDM signal in the upper branch creating a free spectral position for a new channel to be added, see Fig. 1f). The insertion of new channels takes place on a separate branch (i.e. branch -C), with a bank of laser transmitters aligned to the sub-channel frequencies of the OFDM super-channel. For the alignment known optical carrier extraction and phase locking methods can be applied [4] In this study an ideal phase locking process has been assumed. The resulted optical spectrum, shown in Fig. 1f), and the clear eye diagrams of the added channel (see Fig. 1 h) ) and of its closest neighbors, i.e. ch 5 and ch 3 shown in Fig.1g), Fig. 1i), confirm that successful add-drop operation with low penalty.
More on the channel allocation concept.
- Interfaces have been described in the D5.1
- We plan to develop only one south-bound protocol