Uploaded byPallav Purohit
Flexibility Instruments of the Kyoto Protocol
The document summarizes the Kyoto Protocol's flexibility mechanisms, including the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It outlines emissions targets for countries, describes how the CDM works to generate carbon credits from emissions reduction projects in developing countries, and reviews CDM project statistics. Over 3000 CDM projects have been proposed, with over 2.7 billion credits expected. Registered projects have generated over 188 million credits so far. The CDM aims to lower compliance costs and drive sustainable development, but has also faced criticisms around additionality and effects on national strategies.
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Flexibility Instruments of the Kyoto Protocol
- 1. The Kyoto Protocol: FlexibilityMechanisms International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Pallav Purohit (APD) GGI workshop on Flexibility Mechanisms under Kyoto Protocol 24th September 2008
- 2. Structure of presentation •Background: The Kyoto Protocol • Emissions Targets under Kyoto • Flexibility Mechanisms • Key CDM terms • CDM Institutions and Administration • CDM Project Cycle • Statistics of the CDM Projects • Conclusions
- 3. The Kyoto Protocol •1992 – UNFCCC was open for signature in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • 1997 - 3rd Conference of Parties meeting in Kyoto, Japan • 2001 – Australia & United States will not ratify • 2004 – Russia ratified Kyoto Protocol in November • Protocol came into effect February 16, 2005 • GHGs defined by the Protocol are CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6. • 181 countries have ratified the Protocol to date. • 37 countries adopt limits on CO2 emissions.
- 4. Emissions target underKyoto Country Target (compared to base year) EU-15, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Monaco, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland - 8% USA** - 7% Canada, Hungary, Japan, Poland - 6% Croatia - 5% New Zealand, Russia, Ukraine 0% Norway + 1% Australia + 8% Iceland +10% **USA has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol
- 5. Flexibility Mechanisms ofthe Kyoto Protocol Aim: to lower the overall costs of achieving emission targets Approach: access cost-effective opportunities to reduce emissions or to remove carbon from the atmosphere in other countries. Motivation: while the cost of limiting emissions varies considerably from region to region, the benefit for the atmosphere is the same, wherever the action is taken.
- 6. Flexibility Mechanisms ofthe Kyoto Protocol Flexibility Mechanisms Joint Implementation (JI) <Article 6 of the Protocol> Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) <Article 12 of the Protocol> International Emissions Trading <Article 17 of the Protocol> • Annex-I Parties would be able to achieve their emission reduction targets cost-effectively, by using these mechanisms.
- 7. Economic Logic ofTradable Permits Cost/price per tonne of carbon Marginal cost of reduction for the buyer P Permit price P* Q* Q Avoided reductions: permits brought A Marginal cost of reduction for the seller P′ P* Q′ Q′* Avoided reductions: permits sold B Emission reductions Emission reductions Cost/price per tonne of carbon
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- 9. International Emissions Trading(IET) • International Emissions Trading is to trade Kyoto Protocol units including part of AAUs, CERs, ERUs etc. between Annex-I Parties. – The total amount of emission cap of Annex-I Parties will not change. – Only Annex-I Parties of the KP can participate in IET. – Minimum trading unit is 1t-CO2 equivalent. • Through market mechanism, IET can decrease total cost of Annex-I Parties to achieve their collective emission reduction targets.
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- 11. Key CDM terms- I • Baseline – Emissions level that would have existed in the business-as-usual situation (in the absence of the CDM project) • Additionality – A CDM project should be motivated by the revenue coming from the CER sales. If it is already an attractive business without the CER benefit, it is not additional Year CO2emissions Project implemented Reduced emissions when credited: CERs Business as usual: baseline
- 12. Key CDM terms- II • Crediting period – Duration for which a CDM project can generate CERs. Either 10 years or three times 7 years • Small-scale projects – Projects of less than • 15 MW for renewable energy • 60 GWh annual savings for energy efficiency • 60,000 t annual CO2 reductions for other types • SSC projects benefit from – simplified rules, especially pre-defined baseline methodologies – lower fees
- 13. Additionality of SSCproject activities • Investment barrier – a financially more viable alternative to the project activity would have led to higher emissions • Technological barrier – a less technologically advanced alternative to the project activity, that involves lower risks, and the activity would have led to higher emissions • Barrier due to prevailing practice – prevailing practice would have led to implementation of a technology with higher emissions • Other barriers – Institutional barriers, managerial resources, organizational capacity, financial resources, capacity to absorb new technologies, etc.
- 14. Transaction cost ofCDM projects • Pre-implementation costs – Search costs – Negotiation costs – Baseline determination costs – Approval costs – Validation costs – Review costs – Registration costs • Implementation costs – Monitoring costs – Verification costs – Review costs – Certification costs – Enforcement costs • Trading costs – Transfer costs – Registration costs
- 15. Project size, types& total transaction costs Size Type Reduction (t CO2 per yr) Transaction cost (€/tCO2) Very Large Large hydro, geothermal, landfill methane >200,000 0.1 Large Wind power, solar thermal, energy efficiency 20,000 – 200,000 0.3 – 1 Small Boiler conversion, DSM, small hydro 2000 – 20,000 10 Mini Energy efficiency in housing, mini-hydro 200 – 2000 100 Micro PV < 200 1000 Source: Michaelowa et al. (2003)
- 16. CDM Institutions andAdministration • COP/MOP: overall authority • CDM Executive Board (EB): supervising institution • Designated Operational Entities (DOEs): legal entities responsible for verification / validation • Designated National Authority (DNA): official government representatives for CDM • Parties: Governmental bodies, Municipalities, Private sector companies, NGOs, Financial institutions
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- 18. Key CDM Statistics •CDM project pipeline: > 3000 Expected CERs*: > 2,700,000,000 – Registered projects: 1167 • Issued CERs: 188,108,892 • Average annual CER: 223,351,524 • Expected CERs*: > 1,310,000,000 – Requesting registration: 78 • Average annual CER: 20,918,483 • Expected CERs*: > 80,000,000 *from registered projects until the end of 2012 Source: http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html accessed on 24th September 2008
- 19. Distribution of registeredproject activities by scope Source: http://cdm.unfccc.int
- 20. CERs issued ineach sector HFCs, PFCs & N2O reduction 75% Demand-side EE 0% Fuel switch 1% Renewables 12% Afforestation & Reforestation 0% Transport 0% Supply-side EE 4% CH4 reduction & Cement & Coal mine/bed 8% Source: http://cdm.unfccc.int
- 21. Approved methodologies byscope 38 2 11 21 14 0 4 1 6 6 3 0 12 15 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 E nergy industries (ren/non-ren sources) E nergy distribution E nergy dem and M anufacturing industries C hem icalindustries C onstructionTransport M ining/m ineralproduction M etalproduction Fugitive em issions from fuels Fugitive em issions from H FC s and S F6S olventuse W aste handling and disposal A fforestation and reforestationA griculture Source: http://cdm.unfccc.int
- 22. Conclusions: Pros and Consof CDM • Advantages of CDM – Better techniques, technologies and processes – Local entities learn new skills – Additional foreign investment – Cleaner and more sustainable development – Reduce greenhouse gas emissions – Increase environmental awareness • Disadvantages of CDM – Investors may favour large projects in the more industrialized developing countries – CDM credits allow developed countries to continue to emit more greenhouse gases – Fewer cheap emission reduction possibilities for future national climate action – CDM time-frame may not assist long-term development strategies – Foreign investors may dominate and crowd out domestic entrepreneurs – CDM investment could affect national development strategies
- 23. • Thank you! Furtherinformation: purohit@iiasa.ac.at