Can be used with proper citation.

1. Concept of Clean Development
Mechanism(CDM) -a Case Study
DR. KETNA ATUL MATKAR
CONSULTANT-ENVIRONMENT MICROBIOLOGIST
TRAINER-SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

2. Kyoto Protocol
• Many initiatives have been taken at global and local level to reduce
GHG emissions. At global level, an international treaty was formed
formally known as “United Nations Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)‟.
• This convention at its third meeting held at Kyoto, Japan in 1997 adopted
Kyoto protocol (KP). In KP developed countries have binding targets of
reducing their GHG emissions below 1990 levels. These targets can be
achieved with the help of three carbon emission trading mechanisms
under KP.
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3. Kyoto Protocol-carbon emission trading
mechanisms
• Under these three mechanisms for the reduced carbon emissions can be
traded in international carbon market. The carbon finance mechanisms
are:
1. Joint Implementation (JI),
2. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and
3. Emission Trading System (ETS)
• which involve trading of carbon in terms of :
• Emission Reduction Unit (ERU),
• Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) and
• Assigned Amount Units (AAU) respectively.
• JI and CDM are project-based mechanisms whereas, ETS is a scheme
which helps developed (Annex-I) countries to fulfil their short fallen
targets.
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4. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
• The clean development mechanism is one of the "flexibility mechanisms"
defined in the Kyoto Protocol Introduced by US).
• The flexibility mechanisms were designed to allow Annex B countries to
meet their emission reduction commitments with reduced impact on their
economies.
• The CDM allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to
earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one
tonne of CO2.
• These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries
to meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto
Protocol.
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5. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
• The mechanism stimulates sustainable development and emission
reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they
meet their emission reduction limitation targets.
• The CDM is the main source of income for the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund,
which was established to finance adaptation projects and programmes
in developing country Parties to the Kyoto Protocol that are particularly
vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
• The Adaptation Fund is financed by a 2% levy on CERs issued by the
CDM.
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6. CDM
• CDM is an economic instrument for inducing initiatives to meet the challenges
faced by the impending threat of climate change. CDM Helps in curbing the GHG
emissions below the “business as usual” levels.
• Some examples of CDM initiatives:
• Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste for Electricity Generation
• Wind Farms
• Waste heat recovery
• Biomass Energy Systems
• Boiler Fuel conversion project from residual Fuel oil (RFO) to Briquette
• CDM for Forestation
• Hydropower Projects
• Energy Efficiency (Power Distribution)
• Industrial Fuel Switching (Cement Metal)
• Hotel Industry (The Hotel industry offers reductions of Greenhouse gases with energy
efficiency, fuel switching)
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7. Regional Distribution of CDM projects -
Countries with less than 10 projects
• http://cdm.unfccc.int/CDMMaps/displayDNAsMap?region=ASP
• DNA (Designated National Authority)
Africa Asia and
the Pacific
Latin America
and the
Caribbean
Eastern
Europe
TOTAL
Parties to the KP with a DNA 20 15 5 9 15
and 1-9 projects
Parties to the KP with a DNA 17 13 10 9 13
with NO projects
Parties to the KP with NO
DNA - - -
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8. National Clean Development Mechanism
Authority
• The Central Government constituted the National Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) Authority for the purpose of protecting and improving
the quality of environment in terms of the Kyoto Protocol.
• Users can get information about the National Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) Authority.
• Templates of projects for approval, information about approval process
for projects and reports are available on the portal.
• https://india.gov.in/national-clean-development-mechanism-cdm-
authority
• http://ncdmaindia.gov.in/
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9. KeystagesinCDMproject
cycle(www.cdmrulebook.org/)
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10. Approved Projects (India)-activity wise
Project Activity Total Projects CER Annual CER upto 2020
Biomass Cogeneration 1 76358 305432
Cookstoves 1 11005 88040
Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) 1 126802 365316
Others 1 26681 106724
Power Generation 7 152281 769346
Solar 6 99008 384885
Waste Heat Recovery 1 51088 150000
Wind 15 643062 3592123
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11. No. Name of Sector No of
Projects
CER upto 2012
1Afforestation and Reforestation 28 108,60,666
2Agriculture 3 74,393
3Chemical Industries 18 117,93,853
4Energy Demand 224 271,09,485
5Energy Distribution 9 6,57,149
6
Energy industries(Renewable/Non-renewable
sources) 2309 4874,66,079
7Fugitive emissions from fuel(Solid, Oil and gas) 4 1,65,438
8
Fugitive emissions from production and
consumption of halocarbons and sulphur 6 820,95,771
9Manufacturing Industries 243 644,05,361
10Metal Production 5 54,25,126
11Mining/Mineral Production 4 190,53,935
12Solvent use 1 1,03,579
13Transport 13 12,38,906
14Waste handling and disposal 71 124,98,337
Total (No. of Projects) 2938 7229,48,079
No.ofCDMprojects-sector
wiseasondate(India)
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12. State wise No. of approved CDM projects-
2939
Maharashtra • 388 CER’s upto 61,620,089
Gujarat • 372
Tamilnadu • 371
Karnataka • 255
Chhattisgarh • 105
Madhya Pradesh • 74
Andhra Pradesh,
Bhutan,
Chandigarh,
Pondicherry, Tripura
• 1
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13. Large Scale Project in India (701 equivalent
to 467,179,033 of CER’s)
Project Details
Project Id 548/04/2011
Name of Project Composting Project at Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, India
Location of the Project (Village /
District / State)
Vellore/Coimbatore/Tamil Nadu
Project Description
The purpose of the project activity is to treat 600 tons per day (TPD) of Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) in the city of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, India. The total waste will be treated to
produce compost and the rejects from the process will be disposed off in the existing landfill.
This project will result in reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission due to avoidance of
methane that would have been generated from the MSW disposed off in the existing landfill in
the absence of the project activity.
No. of CERs (upto 2012) 31,837
No of CER per annum 1,21,376
No of CER upto 2020 12,13,760
Host Country Approval Status Approved
Project Proponent Coimbatore Integrated Waste Management Company Private Limited
Baseline Methodology
AM0025, version 12, Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste
treatment processes
Project Start date (dd/mm/yyyy) 06-02-2008
Project completion date
(dd/mm/yyyy)
-NA-
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14. Project Details
Project Id 945-08
Name of Project
�Energy Efficiency measures at Commerzone Industrial Park, Pune�
in Yerwada, Maharashtra by M/s K Raheja Corp.
Location of the Project (Village / District
/ State)
Maharashtra
Sectorial Scope Energy Demand
No. of CERs (upto 2012) 1,11,600
Activity Scale Small
Host Country Approval Status Approved
Project Start date (dd/mm/yyyy) March 2007.
Project completion date (dd/mm/yyyy) July 2008.
Small Scale Project in India (2235 equivalent
to 255,750,007of CER’s)
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15. India's first CDM project-
Tuesday 31 May 2005 (DTE)
• Refrigerant-gas manufacturer Gujarat Fluoro-Chemicals (GFL), based in
Vadodara, Gujarat, the first Indian company and the third in the world to have an
emission-reduction CDM project certified by the CDM executive
board , established under KP.
• GFL made HCFC22, a coolant used in air-conditioning and refrigeration
applications. HFC 23, another flurochemical and a potent GHG, is generated as a
by-product. GFL'S CDM initiative involves adapting an eco-friendly process to
ensure HFC23 is not emitted.
GFL traded its carbon emission reductions (CERS), with one CER equivalent to the
reduction of a tonne of carbon dioxide. It was likely to generate three million CER S
annually and make anything upwards of US $21 million (Rs 92.4 crore) a year, as
reported by Deepak Asher, vice president (corporate finance), GFL.
• Media reports said GFL entered into deals to sell CERS to the UK in 2005-06 and to
the Netherlands in 2006-07 at US $13.5 per tonne and US$18.9 per tonne,
respectively. "At present the average rate of CER is US$ 0.23. This is very less, as
sellers are not informed about the market and buyers are not well established,"
says Dinesh Babu, head, climate change, Asia Carbon International bv, Singapore,
a company working on KP mechanisms.
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16. Case Study- SKG Sangha Biodigester-
Background
• Although the state of Karnataka in southern India has thriving, affluent cities
such as Bangalore, most of the rural population are subsistence farmers,
growing rice, millet, vegetables and coconuts in the monsoon-watered land.
• Sale of any surplus food crops, together with cash crops such as betel nuts,
spices and tobacco, give a typical household income of only about US$320
(Rs 14,000) per year.
• The main fuel for cooking is fuelwood, used on smoky open fires and stoves.
Wood is traditionally collected from common land, but pressure on land is
making it increasingly scarce.
• The biogas programme of SKG Sangha was set up to replace fuelwood with
biogas for cooking, and also to increase household income by making a
saleable fertiliser from biogas residue and other unmanaged agricultural
organic waste.
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17. Case Study- SKG Sangha Biodigester
• SKG Sangha is a not-for-profit organisation, founded in 1993 to promote
development and the use of renewable energy technologies in South
India.
• 2007 Ashden Award winner for sustainable technology
• Money from the Ashden Award has been allocated for a residential
training centre for women.
• SKGS grew rapidly after winning the 2007 Ashden award. Most recent
funding has come from carbon finance, and government subsidies are
being reduced.
• In 2008/09 SKGS had a turnover of US$3.8 million and employed 1,100
people, with 1,600 working indirectly for the organisation.
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18. Case Study- SKG Sangha Biodigester
• SKG Sangha, is working over 20 years (working experience in the field of
Biodigester implementation).
• SKG Sangha is responsible for the overall management of the PoA and
for the coordination and the inclusion of all the CPAs under this PoA.
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19. • The objective of the small-scale programme of activities (hereafter
referred to as “the PoA”) is to install biogas digesters in rural households in
India.
• The size of biogas plant will be between 2-15m3 with production capacity
of up to 6m3 gas per day depending upon the size of the family and the
cattle they own.
• The programme will reduce the amount of fuel wood and kerosene used
for cooking and heating water and will replace inefficient traditional
cooking stoves with cleaner biogas stoves. The programme will also
reduce methane emissions from cattle manure and will contribute
strongly to the sustainable development of the rural households involved
in the programme
CaseStudy-SKGSangha
Biodigester
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20. SKG Sangha :a not-for-profit organisation which
provides renewable energy technologies for
rural households in Karnataka.
• ‘Deenbandu’ plants built by local masons and labourers trained by SKGS. Plants
produce biogas by digesting cow dung, producing biogas which replaces fuelwood
used and also kerosene for cooking. — Typical plant costs about US$380. Customers
pay 40% of the cost in kind by providing materials and labour for construction. Local
and central government subsidies provide the remainder. — 43,000 plants installed by
2007, benefitting over 210,000 people. — Each plant saves about 4 tonnes/year of CO2
by replacing the use of largely unsustainable wood, so total saving is about 170,000
tonnes/year of CO2 . — Easy disposal of kitchen waste and animal manure means that
village environment is cleaner. — Cooking with biogas instead of wood eliminates
smoke and soot, reducing incidence of respiratory complaints, eye problems and
headaches. — Biogas brings villagers more time. Two to three hours per day previously
used to collect wood and to cook are released for income generation and other
purposes. — Producing and selling vermicompost from biogas residue is a significant
income generation activity, usually for women. With their own source of income,
women have been able to obtain small loans for the first time. — SKGS biogas
programme has created work and given training to local people who might otherwise
migrate to cities in search of employment.
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21. Cost and contribution of users
• A typical 3 m3 plant costs about US$380 (Rs 16,340). The national, district and
local governments in India all subsidise biogas plants of approved designs.
• SKGS administers the process of claiming subsidy, which is paid when the
plant has been approved by a government inspector and is typically 60% of
the total cost.
• Customers usually pay the remaining 40% in kind by providing sand, gravel
and bricks for the construction, taking part in the construction and providing
food for the construction workers.
• The vermicomposting system adds an additional US$260 (Rs 11,180) to the
cost of a plant.
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22. Maintenance
• When a customer orders a biogas plant, an SKGS technician co-ordinates
the work, arranges for materials to be delivered, organises training for the
owners and checks the quality of the construction.
• The supervisor for that area will help the new user to become familiar with the
plant operation, providing each with a maintenance manual. SKGS employs
supervisors and masons from the local area to do the installation, which is
essential to ensure the long-term reliability of the digesters.
• New recruits are often unemployed young people from families with biogas
plants, so they come with practical experience of plant operation. They
initially help the trained masons in their work, until they have sufficient
experience to work independently. Both men and women are trained as
maintenance technicians. SKGS emphasises high quality installation, and
guarantees its plants for five years. Each plant has a unique serial number,
which is recorded electronically and on paper at the local and central
offices. Plants are visited regularly to check their performance. The oldest
plants have operated for over 14 years and are expected to last for at least
another 10 years. Only about 1% of plants fail to work well.
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23. Generic CPA (s)
Title, identification/
reference no./version no.
of generic CPA (s) of the
PoA
Sectoral scope(s) Applied Methodologies or
combination of
methodologies/
standardized baselines
Version 4.3 1. Energy Industries
(renewable/non
renewable sources)
2. 13. Waste handling &
disposal
AMS-I.C “Thermal Energy
for user with or without
electricity ver.19
AMS-I.E “Switch from non
renewable biomass for
thermal applications by
the end user” ver.04
AMS III.R “Methane
recovery in agricultural
activities at the
household/small farm
level”ver.2
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24. SanghaBiodigester
design
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25. Biogas Stove
• Description of biogas stove: Biogas stove used in the project is having 2
burners. Each burner is having a capacity to burn 450 litres of biogas per
hour (Biogas technology by BT Nijaguna).
• The biogas units installed in the project are having a capacity to
generate 2 or 3 cubic meters of biogas per day. The maximum size of the
biogas unit installed in the project is having a capacity to generate 3
cubic meters of biogas per day.
• This bigger size unit is installed for the households having more than 6-9
people and having more than 75 kilograms of animal dung generation
per day. The smaller size unit of 2 cubic meters is installed for the
households having less than 6 people and having more 50 kilograms of
animal dung generation per day.
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26. Installation & registration of ICS
1st
Biodigester
(1/1/14)
Last
Biodigester
(22/2/16)
Total 3059
(till
27/2/16)
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27. Total GHG reductions
9507-0001
22600
Emission
reductions
(t CO2)
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28. Central database records
Households
location
beneficiary name
Unit Size, no. of
people in HH
Animal Population
GPS data, date of
installation/end of
installation
Non operational
days
Inspection & visit
details
Repairs details
Sample database
for CPA’s
Data about no. of
operating units in
the duration of
monitoring
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29. PoA Monitoring Scheme
SKG Sangha
governing body
Head of PoA (of
SKG Sangha)
Head of CPA /
Project in-charge
(PIP)
Area in-charges of
CPA/ Taluk in-
charge (PIP)
Area supervisor of
CPA (PIP)
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30. CaseStudy-SKGSangha
Biodigester
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31. 3/26/2018 31

32. Development of Bus Rapid Transit System
(BRTS) in Indore City, India
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33. Thank you
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