Fistulas are abnormal connections between organs or tissues. An anal fistula is a small tunnel connecting the anus to the skin around the anus. About 50% are caused by anorectal abscesses. There are several types including anorectal, rectovaginal, and colovaginal fistulas. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, imaging like MRI, and procedures like anoscopy. Treatment depends on location and severity, and may include antibiotics, surgery like fistulotomy or LIFT procedure to remove the fistula.
Prostate cancer (Carcinoma of the prostate) Presented By Mr B.Kalyan kumar ...kalyan kumar
Prostate cancer is a serious disease that affects thousands of men each year who are middle-aged or older. About 60 percent of the cases occur in men older than age 65. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 174,650 American men will be newly diagnosed with this condition in 2019.
The prostate is a small gland found in a man’s lower abdomen. It’s located under the bladder and surrounding the urethra. The prostate is regulated by the hormone testosterone and produces seminal fluid, also known as semen. Semen is the substance containing sperm that exits the urethra during ejaculation.
When an abnormal, malignant growth of cells — which is called a tumor — forms in the prostate, it’s called prostate cancer. This cancer can spread to other areas of the body.
According to the Urology Care Foundation, prostate cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths for men in the United States.
Tools for diagnosis: Digital rectal exam (DRE): With this exam, your doctor will insert a gloved finger into your rectum to inspect your prostate. They can feel if there are any hard lumps on your prostate gland that could be tumors.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: This blood test detects your levels of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate. See the following section for more information on the PSA test.
Prostate biopsy: Your doctor may order a biopsy to help confirm a prostate cancer diagnosis. For a biopsy, a healthcare provider removes a small piece of your prostate gland for examination.
Other tests: Your doctor may also do an MRI scan, CT scan, or bone scan.
Treatment: Surgery,Radiation,Cryotherapy,Hormone therapy, Chemotherapy,Stereotactic radiosurgery,Immunotherapy.
Appendicitis is characterized by inflammation of the appendix. it is most common abdominal emergency encountered in children. most common symptom is pain., vomiting and low - grade fever. Here, nurses play an important role in managing the problem before the doctor arrives. so read this out and it will help you in the future.
Prostate cancer (Carcinoma of the prostate) Presented By Mr B.Kalyan kumar ...kalyan kumar
Prostate cancer is a serious disease that affects thousands of men each year who are middle-aged or older. About 60 percent of the cases occur in men older than age 65. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 174,650 American men will be newly diagnosed with this condition in 2019.
The prostate is a small gland found in a man’s lower abdomen. It’s located under the bladder and surrounding the urethra. The prostate is regulated by the hormone testosterone and produces seminal fluid, also known as semen. Semen is the substance containing sperm that exits the urethra during ejaculation.
When an abnormal, malignant growth of cells — which is called a tumor — forms in the prostate, it’s called prostate cancer. This cancer can spread to other areas of the body.
According to the Urology Care Foundation, prostate cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths for men in the United States.
Tools for diagnosis: Digital rectal exam (DRE): With this exam, your doctor will insert a gloved finger into your rectum to inspect your prostate. They can feel if there are any hard lumps on your prostate gland that could be tumors.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: This blood test detects your levels of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate. See the following section for more information on the PSA test.
Prostate biopsy: Your doctor may order a biopsy to help confirm a prostate cancer diagnosis. For a biopsy, a healthcare provider removes a small piece of your prostate gland for examination.
Other tests: Your doctor may also do an MRI scan, CT scan, or bone scan.
Treatment: Surgery,Radiation,Cryotherapy,Hormone therapy, Chemotherapy,Stereotactic radiosurgery,Immunotherapy.
Appendicitis is characterized by inflammation of the appendix. it is most common abdominal emergency encountered in children. most common symptom is pain., vomiting and low - grade fever. Here, nurses play an important role in managing the problem before the doctor arrives. so read this out and it will help you in the future.
Prostate cancer or tumor is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
The majority (more than 75%) of cases occur in men over age 65.
Risk factors for prostate cancer including increasing age, the incidence of prostate cancer increase rapidly after the age of 50 years. And more than 70% cases occur in men older than 65 year of age.
A hernia happens when an organ or maybe fatty tissue squeezes through a weak
spot in a surrounding muscle or connective tissue called fascia.
Hernias were
once the leading cause of acute intestinal obstruction.
Public alertness of early
repair has markedly reduced the frequency of incarceration of intestine in these
musculofascial defects.
The common sites for these defects, in order of frequency,
are inguinal, umbilical, incisional and femoral. Techniques of repair continue to
evolve but tension-free, mesh repairs are the current standard.
You may have a hernia if you can feel a soft lump in your belly or groin or in a
scar where you had surgery in the past. The lump may go away when you press on
it or lie down. It may be painful, especially when you cough, bend over, or lift
something heavy.
Intestinal obstruction is a significant or mechanical blockage of intestine that occurs when food or stool can not move through the intestine.
These obstruction may be complete or partial.
Bladder injuries are rare. But when present in cases of polytrauma they pose both a diagnostic as well as surgical challenge to the attending surgeon. Understanding the mechanisms underlying bladder injuries is pivotal in developing a diagnostic algorithm in order to avoid missing of any urologic injury. Once the extent and site of damage is diagnosed then prompt surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment. The pathophysiology and management of bladder injuries is discussed in this paper.
Hiatal hernia
Synonyms Hiatus hernia
Hiatalhernia.gif
A drawing of a hiatal hernia
Specialty Gastroenterology, general surgery
Symptoms Taste of acid in the back of the mouth, heartburn, trouble swallowing[1]
Complications Iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, bowel obstruction[1]
Types Sliding, paraesophageal[1]
Risk factors Obesity, older age, major trauma[1]
Diagnostic method Endoscopy, medical imaging, manometry[1]
Treatment Raising the head of the bed, weight loss, medications, surgery[1]
Medication H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors[1]
Frequency 10–80% (US)[1]
[edit on Wikidata]
A hiatal hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest.
Intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas.
Prostate cancer or tumor is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
The majority (more than 75%) of cases occur in men over age 65.
Risk factors for prostate cancer including increasing age, the incidence of prostate cancer increase rapidly after the age of 50 years. And more than 70% cases occur in men older than 65 year of age.
A hernia happens when an organ or maybe fatty tissue squeezes through a weak
spot in a surrounding muscle or connective tissue called fascia.
Hernias were
once the leading cause of acute intestinal obstruction.
Public alertness of early
repair has markedly reduced the frequency of incarceration of intestine in these
musculofascial defects.
The common sites for these defects, in order of frequency,
are inguinal, umbilical, incisional and femoral. Techniques of repair continue to
evolve but tension-free, mesh repairs are the current standard.
You may have a hernia if you can feel a soft lump in your belly or groin or in a
scar where you had surgery in the past. The lump may go away when you press on
it or lie down. It may be painful, especially when you cough, bend over, or lift
something heavy.
Intestinal obstruction is a significant or mechanical blockage of intestine that occurs when food or stool can not move through the intestine.
These obstruction may be complete or partial.
Bladder injuries are rare. But when present in cases of polytrauma they pose both a diagnostic as well as surgical challenge to the attending surgeon. Understanding the mechanisms underlying bladder injuries is pivotal in developing a diagnostic algorithm in order to avoid missing of any urologic injury. Once the extent and site of damage is diagnosed then prompt surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment. The pathophysiology and management of bladder injuries is discussed in this paper.
Hiatal hernia
Synonyms Hiatus hernia
Hiatalhernia.gif
A drawing of a hiatal hernia
Specialty Gastroenterology, general surgery
Symptoms Taste of acid in the back of the mouth, heartburn, trouble swallowing[1]
Complications Iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, bowel obstruction[1]
Types Sliding, paraesophageal[1]
Risk factors Obesity, older age, major trauma[1]
Diagnostic method Endoscopy, medical imaging, manometry[1]
Treatment Raising the head of the bed, weight loss, medications, surgery[1]
Medication H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors[1]
Frequency 10–80% (US)[1]
[edit on Wikidata]
A hiatal hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest.
Intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas.
Fistula in ano is communication by a tract between anal canal and perianal skin. This presentation is about causes, etiology, types, classification, investigations and treatment of fistula in ano.
SLOFT (Submucosal Ligation Of Fistula Tract) is new minimally invasive method to treat fistula in ano. It is closure of internal opening, It is modification of LIFT with more simplicity, reproducibility and no limitations of those of LIFT
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
2. Fistulas
• Definition:
• It is an abnormal connection between an organ, vessel, or
intestine and another structure.
• An anal fistula is a small tunnel that connects an infected gland inside
the anus to an opening on the skin around the anus.
• An anal fistula is an abnormal connection leading from the anus or
rectum.
3. INCIDENCE
• About 50% of anal fistulas are due to anorectal abscess.
• Anal fistulas extend to the outside of the skin, vagina, or buttocks
and often precedes an abscess.
4.
5. TYPES
• Ano rectal Fistula
• Recto vaginal or Ano vaginal Fistula
• Colo vaginal Fistula
6. TYPES
• Anorectal Fistula: It occurs between the anal canal and the skin around
the anal opening.
• Rectovaginal or Anovaginal Fistula: Is a hole develops between the rectum
or anus and the vagina.
• Colovaginal Fistula: It occurs between the colon and the vagina.
7. Causes
• Crohn’s disease (an inflammatory disease of the intestine)
• Radiation (treatment for cancer)
• Trauma
• Sexually transmitted diseases
• Diverticulitis (a disease in small pouches form in the large intestine and
become inflamed)
• Rectal Cancers.
8. Pathophysiology
Due to etiological factors
Obstruction of the anal canal
Stasis and bacterial growth of anal gland
Abscess formation
Chronic phase develop
Anal fistula
9. Signs & symptoms
• Skin irritation around the anus area
• Skin redness around the anus
• Pain in the anal region which might worsen during walking, sitting or
coughing
• Fatigue
• Fever with chills
• Foul smell
• Pain during bowel movement
• Bleeding from rectum
10. Diagnostic evaluation
• History collection
• Physical examination: Rectal Examination
• An anoscopy is an instrument used to visualize the the anus and rectum.
• Ultrasound or MRI of the anal area to get a better view of the fistula
tract.
• A colonoscopy is a flexible, lighted instrument is inserted into the colon
via the anus to visualize the internal organs of the colon.
• It is performed under conscious sedation, a type of light anesthetic.
11. Medical Management
• Treatment vary depending on their location and severity of symptoms
• Antibiotics
• Immunosuppressant's like 6-Mercaptopurine
12. Surgical Management
Fistulotomy
• The most common type of surgery for anal fistulas is a fistulotomy,
involves cutting along the whole length of the fistula to open it up so
it heals as a flat scar.
13.
14. Surgical Management
• Advancement flap procedure
• This involves cutting or scraping out the fistula and covering the hole
it entered the bowel with a flap of tissue taken from inside the
rectum, which is the final part of the bowel.
15. Surgical Management
LIFT procedure
• The Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract (LIFT) procedure is a
treatment for fistulas that pass through the anal sphincter muscles.
• Is based on secure closure of the internal opening and removal of
infected cryptoglandular tissue through the intersphincteric approach.
• During the treatment, a cut is made in the skin above the fistula and
the sphincter muscles are moved apart.
16. (a) High ligation of the anal fistula tract by the
lateral approach (b). The arrows indicate the
direction of the dissection.
17. Surgical Management
• Advancement flap procedure
• This involves cutting or scraping out the fistula and covering the hole
it entered the bowel with a flap of tissue taken from inside the
rectum, is the final part of the bowel.
18. Surgical Management
• LIFT procedure
The ligation of the inter sphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure is a
treatment for fistulas that pass through the anal sphincter muscles.
• During the treatment, a cut is made in the skin above the fistula and
the sphincter muscles are moved apart.
19. Prevention
• Consuming a fiber-rich diet
• Maintain clean and dryness in the anal region.
• Avoid straining while stool passing
• Regular exercises
