Food laws and standards are necessary to protect consumers and ensure fair practices in the food industry. The key food laws and standards in India include the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, Fruit Products Order, Meat Products Control Order, Milk and Milk Products Order, Solvent Extracted Oils Order, and Vegetable Products Control Order. These establish compulsory quality criteria and safety standards. Voluntary standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards and the Agricultural Produce Grading and Marking Act also promote food quality and grading. Overall, the laws and standards aim to maintain food quality, safeguard consumer health, and prevent exploitation.
Gives information, importance and objectives of various food laws and standards of India. helps to understand indian food standards better. Functions of various food laws helps to learn to purchase food products as a consumer.
Gives information, importance and objectives of various food laws and standards of India. helps to understand indian food standards better. Functions of various food laws helps to learn to purchase food products as a consumer.
To meet a country’s sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, food must comply with the local laws and regulations to gain market access. These laws ensure the safety and suitability of food for consumers, in some countries; also govern food quality and composition standards.
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India is a statutory body established under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. The FSSAI has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which is a consolidating statute related to food safety and regulation in India.
To meet a country’s sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, food must comply with the local laws and regulations to gain market access. These laws ensure the safety and suitability of food for consumers, in some countries; also govern food quality and composition standards.
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India is a statutory body established under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. The FSSAI has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which is a consolidating statute related to food safety and regulation in India.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. Definition
⚫Food law - collection of laws and
regulations that govern food production,
distribution and consumption.
⚫Food laws aim to protect consumers and
provide for the efficient growth and use
of food in the United States.
⚫ In addition, they work on behalf of
government agencies making or
enforcing food laws and policies.
3. Reasons for Food Laws
existence
⚫Maintain food quality
⚫Prevent exploitation of the consumer of
the consumer by the sellers.
⚫Safeguard the health of the consumers.
⚫Establish criteria for food products.
Food Standards:
Protect people from health hazards
because of adulteration.
National standards are set to safeguard
consumer health and ensure fair food
trade practices.
4. Indian Standards
⚫FAO and WHO set international
standards for all the principal foods –
processed, semi-processed or raw.
⚫Indian standards are based on
international codex alimentarius with
suitable modifications
– Compulsory Standards
_ Voluntary Standards
5. Compulsory Standards
Includes set of Acts and Orders, deal with
food quality and adulteration.
1. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act,
1954
2. Essential Commodities Act, 1954
Fruit Products Order,1955
Meat Products Control Order, 1973
Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992
Solvent Extracted oils, De-oiled Meal and
Edible Flour Control Order,1967
Vegetable Products Control Order,1976
Standards on Weights and Measures
6. Prevention of Food Adulteration
Act, 1954
⚫The PFAAct was passed in 1954 and
PFA Rules were framed in 1955 to
protect the consumers against the
supply of inferior quality or adulterated
food.
⚫In recent years the Govt. of India has
enacted another Act known as “The
Food Safety and Standards Act,
2006”, abbreviated as FSS Act 2006.
⚫The regulations under this act have
come into force from Aug, 2011.
7. OBJECTIVES of PFA
⚫To protect the public from harmful and
poisonous foods.
•To prevent the sale of substandard
food containing harmful substances,
and
•To protect the society against
unscrupulous and anti-social dealers
by
eliminating fraudulent practices.
8. ⚫PFA standards are formulated and
revised by an expert body called Central
Committee for Food standards (CCFS)
under the Directorate General of health
Services, Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare.
⚫It is the CCFS which advices the Central
Govt. and the State Govt. on matters
arising out of the administration of PFA
Act.
⚫It is a very heavy committee .People
from all the States and the Union
Territories (UTs) and all the major
Ministries and departments are
9. Fruit Products Order - FP
⚫Issued by the Ministry of Food processing
Industry which also develops the standards
for this mark.
⚫The mark was named after the law called
Fruit Products offer.
⚫FPO mark guarantees that the product was
manufactured in a hygienic environment and
to the specifications and quality control
requirements, thus ensuring that the product
is fit for consumption.
10. FPO certification is mandatory for all
food processing industries
⚫Synthetic beverages, Syrups and sharbat
⚫Vinegar whether brewed or Synthetic
⚫Pickles, Dehydrated fruits and vegetables
⚫Squashes, crushes, cordials, barley water
⚫Jam, jellies and marmalades, Chutneys
⚫Tomato products, ketchup and sauces
⚫Preserved, candied and crystallised fruits and
peels
⚫Canned and bottled fruits, juices, pulps and
vegetables
⚫Frozen Fruit and vegetables
⚫Sweetened aerated water with or without fruit
juices and pulp
11. FPO - Objectives
⚫The main objective is lay down quality
standards to manufacture fruit & vegetable
products maintaining sanitary and hygienic
conditions in the premises.
⚫It is mandatory for all manufacturers of fruit
and vegetable products including some non
fruit products like non fruit vinegar, syrup and
sweetened aerated water to obtain a license
under this Order.
12. Meat Products Control Order - 1973
⚫Controls the manufacture, quality and
distribution of all raw and processed
meat and meat products.
⚫Order is regulated by Directorate of
marketing and Inspection.
⚫Requires meat to be obtained from
healthy animals, slaughtered in a
licensed slaughter house and is fit for
consumption.
13. Milk and Milk Products order -
1992
⚫Applicable to large units handling
more than 10,000 litres milk/day or
milk products containing milk solids in
excess of 500 tonnes /year.
⚫The production, sale, purchase and
distribution of milk powder and milk
powdered is covered.
14. and Edible Flour control Order 1967
and Vegetable Products Control Order
1976
⚫The manufacture of these products
controlled by this order
⚫It stipulates that any vegetable oil product,
unless if conforms to the standards of quality
and offers requirements for vanaspathi or
bakery shortening or margarine, shall not be
manufactured, stocked or sold.
15. Standards on Weights and Measures
Rules 1977
⚫It is obligatory to declare the quantity of the
packed commodity on the label.
17. Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S)
⚫It is a national standards body of India -
responsible for formulating National
Standards for various types of articles (both
edible & non-edible i.e. food & non-food
articles e.g. live stock feed, cattle housing,
equipments, dairy products, food additives,
food hygiene), testing apparatus and methods
etc.
⚫The old name of this organization was ISI
(Indian Standards Institution), which was
established in 1947. The new name i.e. BIS
came into existence from 1st April, 1987
under the BIS Act 1986.
18. OBJECTIVES and FUNCTIOS OF BIS
⚫ To formulate Indian standards for various articles, processes, methods of test, codes of
practices etc and promote their implementation.
⚫ To promote the Concepts of standardization and Quality control in industries.
⚫ To coordinate the efforts of producers and users for making improvements in the materials,
products, processes and methods.
⚫ T
o operate ISI certification scheme.
⚫ To establish testing laboratories of its own.
⚫ To operate laboratory recognition scheme to meet the requirements of testing.
⚫ To offer technical and consultancy services within and outside the country.
⚫ To have cooperation and coordination with international standard making bodies like ISO.
⚫ BIS is a member of ISO and IEC
ISO- international organization for standardization.
IEC- international electro-technical commission.
19. Agriculture Produce (Grading
and Marking) Act (AGMARK)
• Agmark stands for “Agricultural Marking”.
⚫ Indian Legislature in 1937 passed an act known as “Agriculture Produce
(Grading and Marking) Act, 1937 act is not mandatory.
Agmark is the exclusive property of Govt. of India.
⚫ Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI) is the authority on the Agmark
whose head quarter is now at Faridabad and branched head quarter is at
Nagpur.
⚫ It is the DMI which enforces theAgricultural ProduceAct, 1937.
⚫ standards are given for agricultural and allied commodities like cereals, oil
seeds, oils, creamery butter, ghee, legumes, eggs etc. Agricultural
commodities are categorized into various grades such as, special, good,
fair, ordinary etc depending upon the degree of quality (type of
composition) in each case
20. Objectives of Agmark
⚫ To assure the consumers a product of pre-
tested quality & purity.
•To enable the producer of good quality
products to have better returns.
•To have a sale of the product in the market
with a uniform composition and well defined
quality.
•To eliminate the malpractice of adulteration
in the movement of the product from
producer to consumer.