First law thermal performance improvement of vapour compression refrigeration using nano materials mixed in R718 in secondary circuit and eco-friendly refrigerant in primary circuit
In past time, HFC refrigerants were used in refrigeration process and they were having a global warming potential at high level. Now, as time change, and due to the modern techniques are coming into existence with the help of them the refrigeration process become more efficient and safe as compare to previous in atmospheric prospective.
The nanotechnologies used in present time in the vapor compression refrigeration system. The nano refrigerant is nothing but the combined form of nano particle with the refrigerant. The nano refrigerant can be formed by two ways (1) by mixing nano particles with refrigerant in gaseous form, (2) by mixing nano particles to lubricant. We will combine different nano particles such as copper, Al2O3having the same diameter and same volume fraction with the R718 in the secondary circuit of evaporator and to study the nature of thermo-physical properties in refrigeration process which improves the first law performance of vapour compression refrigeration system The nano particles like AL2O3, CuO and TiO2 mixed in R718 and used in secondary circuit of evaporator gives better around 95% more improvements in heat transfer coefficient which improves 11.8% to 19.05% first law thermal performances as presented in this paper
Abstract: The art of refining liquid hydrocarbons (crude oil) into diesel, gasoline, and fuel oils was commercially scaled decades ago. Unfortunately, refineries are technologically limited to accepting only a very narrow range of liquid hydrocarbons with very specific properties and minimal contaminates. Unrecyclable, hydrocarbon-based waste is a significant environmental problem increasing every year. According to the Environmental Protection Agency’s 2010Facts and Figures report, over 92% of waste plastic is not recycled and with a growth rate of approximately 8% per year, there exists a critical need for a viable and environmentally sound, general purpose hydrocarbon-based recycling process. Hydrocarbon streams that fall outside of accepted refinery standards have traditionally been land filled or melted into products of low value. Environmental concern and availability of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the search for alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. Conversion of waste to energy is one of the recent trends in minimizing not only the waste disposal but also could be used as an alternate fuel for internal combustion engines. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. In this context, waste plastics are currently receiving renewed interest. In the present paper waste plastic pyrolysis oil, waste plastic pyrolysis oil of petrol grade and diesel grade and its blend with diesel and petrol respectively has been introduced as an alternative fuel. In this study, a review of research papers on various operating parameters have been prepared for better understanding of operating conditions and constrains for waste plastic pyrolysis oil of both grade fuel and its blends fuelled in compression and spark ignition engine.
Abstract: The art of refining liquid hydrocarbons (crude oil) into diesel, gasoline, and fuel oils was commercially scaled decades ago. Unfortunately, refineries are technologically limited to accepting only a very narrow range of liquid hydrocarbons with very specific properties and minimal contaminates. Unrecyclable, hydrocarbon-based waste is a significant environmental problem increasing every year. According to the Environmental Protection Agency’s 2010Facts and Figures report, over 92% of waste plastic is not recycled and with a growth rate of approximately 8% per year, there exists a critical need for a viable and environmentally sound, general purpose hydrocarbon-based recycling process. Hydrocarbon streams that fall outside of accepted refinery standards have traditionally been land filled or melted into products of low value. Environmental concern and availability of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the search for alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. Conversion of waste to energy is one of the recent trends in minimizing not only the waste disposal but also could be used as an alternate fuel for internal combustion engines. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. In this context, waste plastics are currently receiving renewed interest. In the present paper waste plastic pyrolysis oil, waste plastic pyrolysis oil of petrol grade and diesel grade and its blend with diesel and petrol respectively has been introduced as an alternative fuel. In this study, a review of research papers on various operating parameters have been prepared for better understanding of operating conditions and constrains for waste plastic pyrolysis oil of both grade fuel and its blends fuelled in compression and spark ignition engine.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS –PETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
Uma Converters is one of the leading flexible packaging companies. It faced serious and multiple issues due to heat. The HMX-Ambiator, a unique cooling solution, addressed all the issues in one stroke. The management, employees, and the customers are now happy with this change.
For more information visit us at: http://ategroup.com/
To know more about the HMX-Ambiator visit http://ategroup.com/hmx/product-family/product-description/hmx-ambiator/
Download the complete case study: http://ategroup.com/wp-content/uploads/case-studies/CS1-Uma-Converters.pdf
Presented at the HMX IDECool Launch for Channel Partners, Pune, 10-11 February 2017, "Trends in Comfort Cooling" discusses the history of cooling, the contribution of cooling to global warming, trends, and more. Visit http://ategroup.com/hmx/why-evaporative/ to learn more or e-mail us at contactus(at)ateindia(dot)com.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier Using Suga...IJSRD
The process by which biomass can be converted to a producer gas by supplying less oxygen than actually required for complete combustion of the fuel is known as gasification. It is a thermo-chemical process and it is performed by a device known as gasifier. For executing the gasification experiments nowadays single throated gasifier uses sugarcane industry waste. In the present study we get to know that sugarcane briquettes are manufactured from residue of sugarcane which is used as a biomass material for the gasification process. Briquettes are formed by extruding the sugar which is extracted from the residue of sugarcane (bagasse) dried in the sun. Equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency are certain grounds for estimating the performance of the biomass gasifier. The experiential results are compared with those reported in the literature.
Design and Performance Analysis of a LCD Laboratory LanternYogeshIJTSRD
This paper presents the performance of a LCD laboratory lantern designed to combust varieties of biofuels. The burner was designed as a laboratory scale standard model for experimental purposes. The effect of biofuel atomization on the temperature and structure of flame in the near burner region of a multi fuel stabilised burner of a laboratory scale lantern was investigated experimentally with the help of a microcontroller made of pic 16F877. The laboratory scale lantern is of two litres capacity and was designed and constructed at the department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University to be used for laboratory combustion analysis, such as flame stability, temperature, height etc with the help of microcontroller made of pic 16F877 which takes temperature reading between 0 150oC and content of flame in order to determine its structure. A 16 by 2 liquid crystal display was used to read out the values of the temperature read by the LM35. The LCD was interfaced to the microcontroller in a 4bit mode. The LM35 Temperature Sensor used in this design has Zero offset voltage, which means that the Output = 0V at 0 °C. The design of the fuel level detector unit was achieved using BC548 NPN transistor connected via collector to the microcontroller unit. The burner was designed to atomize and ignite a combination of gaseous, liquid and biofuels. Detailed fuel flow rate and flame temperature measurements were obtained by means of a regression model and a LM35 thermocouple. The measurements aim to provide additional understanding on the efficiency and combustion process interaction in laboratory scale burners which can lead to useful conclusions about the properties and structure of flames produced from different biofuels to ascertain their different areas of industrial applications. Nwadike Emmanuel Chinagorom | Azaka Onyemazuwa Andrew "Design and Performance Analysis of a LCD Laboratory Lantern" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/40033/design-and-performance-analysis-of-a-lcd-laboratory-lantern/nwadike-emmanuel-chinagorom
Digital Simulation of Suction Process with Delayed Entry Technique and Compre...AM Publications
The rapidly increasing world wide demand for energy and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels has led to
an intensive research for alternative fuels which can be produced on a renewable basis. Hydrogen in the form of energy
will almost certainly be one of the most important energy components of the early next century. Hydrogen is a clean
burning and easily transportable fuel. Most of the pollution problems posed by fossil fuels at present would practically
disappear with Hydrogen since steam is the main product of its combustion. This Paper deals with the modeling of Suction
and Compression Processes for Hydrogen Fuelled S.I.Engine and also describes the safe and backfire free Delayed entry
Technique. A four stroke, Multicylinder, Naturally aspirated, Spark ignition engine, water cooled engine has been used to
carrying out of investigations of Suction Process. The Hydrogen is entered in the cylinder with the help of Delayed Entry
Valve. This work discusses the insight of suction process because during this process only air and Hydrogen enters in to
cylinder, which after combustion provides power. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and
conduction experiment with it, for the purpose of understanding the behavior of the design. The advent of computers and
the possibilities of performing numerical experiments may provide new way of designing S.I.Engine. In fact stronger
interaction between Engine Modelers, Designers and Experimenters may results in improved engine design in the not-todistant
future. A computer Programme is developed for analysis of suction and Compression processes. The parameter
considered in computation includes engine speed, compression ratio, ignition timing, fuel-air ratio and heat transfer. The
results of computational exercise are discussed in the paper.
The use of Cooking Gas as Refrigerant in a Domestic RefrigeratorIJERA Editor
The application of cooking gas refrigerants in refrigeration system is considered to be a potential way to improve
energy efficiency and to encourage the use of environment-friendly refrigerants. Refrigeration operation has
been met with many challenges as it deals with environmental impact, how it affects humans and how it
contributes to the society in general. Domestic refrigerators annually consume several metric tons of traditional
refrigerants, which contribute to very high Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential
(GWP). The experiment conducted employs the use of two closely linked refrigerants, R600a (Isobutene) and
cooking gas which is varied in an ideal refrigerant mixture of 150 g of refrigerant and 15 ml of lubricating oil (to
a rating of 40 wt % expected in the compressor). The Laboratory process involved the use of Gas
Chromatography machine to ascertain the values of the mole ratio, molecular weight and critical temperatures.
Prode properties and Refprop softwares were used to ascertain other refrigerant properties of the mixture. The
results indicated that the mixture of R600a with lubricant confirm mineral oil as being the most appropriate for
the operation. The experimental results indicated that the refrigeration system with cooking gas refrigerant
worked normally and was found to attain high freezing capacity and a COP value of 2.159. It is established that
cooking gas is a viable alternative refrigerant to replace R600a in domestic refrigerators. Hence, its application
in refrigerating systems measures up to the current trend on environmental regulations with hydrocarbon
refrigerants
To study the application of nanorefrigerant in refrigeration system a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract In past time only refrigerants were used in refrigeration process and they were having a global warming coefficient at high level. Now, as time change the modern techniques are coming into existence with the help of them the refrigeration process become more efficient and safe as compare to previous in atmospheric prospective. This review paper is based on the nanotechnologies used in present time in refrigeration system like vapour compression refrigeration system, domestic refrigerator and air conditioner etc. The nano refrigerant is nothing but the combined form of nano particle with the refrigerant. The nanorefrigerant can be formed by two ways (1) by mixing nano particles with refrigerant in gaseous form, (2) by mixing nano particles to lubricant. We will combine different nano particles having the same diameter and same volume fraction with the lubricant to study the nature of thermo-physical properties in refrigeration process. There would be some parameters that can be studied by this experiment like energy consumption, heat transfer, cop etc. Keywords: nano particles, nano refrigerant, heat transfer coefficient, COP, Energy consumption.
Design of waste heat driven vapour adsorption cooling system for vehicle air ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present era more & more focus is to be given on energy conservation. Refrigeration & air conditioning is one of the growing field of engineering, the existing system are hampering the environment as they are suffering from various environmental problems such as depletion of ozone layer & global warming due to emission of harmful gases such as HFC’s ,CFC’s & CO2 as they were using traditional refrigerants. Waste heat driven Vapour adsorption cooling system is eco-friendly, efficient, & reliable in nature. But on the other hand this system having lowers COP as compare to existing systems which is Due to the lack of research and advancement in the system. By considering the environmental aspects & need of energy conservation it is necessary to design and developed the VAR’s system which will successfully compete the existing systems. This paper will give the idea about the Design of waste heat driven vapour adsorption system of 2KW capacity for vehicle air-conditioning & refrigeration application. The adsorber bed is the heart of the cooling system and it can affect the performance of the system to the greater extent. So that while designing the VAR cooling system more focused is given on design and selection of adsorber bed. This article mainly focused on the various and important design parameters of the vapour adsorption cooling system Such as Adsorber bed design, adsorber and adsorbate mass, design of evaporator & condenser, Coefficient of performance(COP), Specific cooling power (SCP) and the other performance affecting parameters. Keywords: Vapour Adsorption, Design Parameters, Low Grade Thermal Energy, Adsorbate & Adsorbent.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS –PETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
Uma Converters is one of the leading flexible packaging companies. It faced serious and multiple issues due to heat. The HMX-Ambiator, a unique cooling solution, addressed all the issues in one stroke. The management, employees, and the customers are now happy with this change.
For more information visit us at: http://ategroup.com/
To know more about the HMX-Ambiator visit http://ategroup.com/hmx/product-family/product-description/hmx-ambiator/
Download the complete case study: http://ategroup.com/wp-content/uploads/case-studies/CS1-Uma-Converters.pdf
Presented at the HMX IDECool Launch for Channel Partners, Pune, 10-11 February 2017, "Trends in Comfort Cooling" discusses the history of cooling, the contribution of cooling to global warming, trends, and more. Visit http://ategroup.com/hmx/why-evaporative/ to learn more or e-mail us at contactus(at)ateindia(dot)com.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION,gasification and gasifier.
A slide about biomass gasification including brief description about thermo-chemical conversion process and applications
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Downdraft Biomass Gasifier Using Suga...IJSRD
The process by which biomass can be converted to a producer gas by supplying less oxygen than actually required for complete combustion of the fuel is known as gasification. It is a thermo-chemical process and it is performed by a device known as gasifier. For executing the gasification experiments nowadays single throated gasifier uses sugarcane industry waste. In the present study we get to know that sugarcane briquettes are manufactured from residue of sugarcane which is used as a biomass material for the gasification process. Briquettes are formed by extruding the sugar which is extracted from the residue of sugarcane (bagasse) dried in the sun. Equivalence ratio, producer gas composition, calorific value of the producer gas, gas production rate and cold gas efficiency are certain grounds for estimating the performance of the biomass gasifier. The experiential results are compared with those reported in the literature.
Design and Performance Analysis of a LCD Laboratory LanternYogeshIJTSRD
This paper presents the performance of a LCD laboratory lantern designed to combust varieties of biofuels. The burner was designed as a laboratory scale standard model for experimental purposes. The effect of biofuel atomization on the temperature and structure of flame in the near burner region of a multi fuel stabilised burner of a laboratory scale lantern was investigated experimentally with the help of a microcontroller made of pic 16F877. The laboratory scale lantern is of two litres capacity and was designed and constructed at the department of Mechanical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University to be used for laboratory combustion analysis, such as flame stability, temperature, height etc with the help of microcontroller made of pic 16F877 which takes temperature reading between 0 150oC and content of flame in order to determine its structure. A 16 by 2 liquid crystal display was used to read out the values of the temperature read by the LM35. The LCD was interfaced to the microcontroller in a 4bit mode. The LM35 Temperature Sensor used in this design has Zero offset voltage, which means that the Output = 0V at 0 °C. The design of the fuel level detector unit was achieved using BC548 NPN transistor connected via collector to the microcontroller unit. The burner was designed to atomize and ignite a combination of gaseous, liquid and biofuels. Detailed fuel flow rate and flame temperature measurements were obtained by means of a regression model and a LM35 thermocouple. The measurements aim to provide additional understanding on the efficiency and combustion process interaction in laboratory scale burners which can lead to useful conclusions about the properties and structure of flames produced from different biofuels to ascertain their different areas of industrial applications. Nwadike Emmanuel Chinagorom | Azaka Onyemazuwa Andrew "Design and Performance Analysis of a LCD Laboratory Lantern" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/40033/design-and-performance-analysis-of-a-lcd-laboratory-lantern/nwadike-emmanuel-chinagorom
Digital Simulation of Suction Process with Delayed Entry Technique and Compre...AM Publications
The rapidly increasing world wide demand for energy and the progressive depletion of fossil fuels has led to
an intensive research for alternative fuels which can be produced on a renewable basis. Hydrogen in the form of energy
will almost certainly be one of the most important energy components of the early next century. Hydrogen is a clean
burning and easily transportable fuel. Most of the pollution problems posed by fossil fuels at present would practically
disappear with Hydrogen since steam is the main product of its combustion. This Paper deals with the modeling of Suction
and Compression Processes for Hydrogen Fuelled S.I.Engine and also describes the safe and backfire free Delayed entry
Technique. A four stroke, Multicylinder, Naturally aspirated, Spark ignition engine, water cooled engine has been used to
carrying out of investigations of Suction Process. The Hydrogen is entered in the cylinder with the help of Delayed Entry
Valve. This work discusses the insight of suction process because during this process only air and Hydrogen enters in to
cylinder, which after combustion provides power. Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and
conduction experiment with it, for the purpose of understanding the behavior of the design. The advent of computers and
the possibilities of performing numerical experiments may provide new way of designing S.I.Engine. In fact stronger
interaction between Engine Modelers, Designers and Experimenters may results in improved engine design in the not-todistant
future. A computer Programme is developed for analysis of suction and Compression processes. The parameter
considered in computation includes engine speed, compression ratio, ignition timing, fuel-air ratio and heat transfer. The
results of computational exercise are discussed in the paper.
Similar to First law thermal performance improvement of vapour compression refrigeration using nano materials mixed in R718 in secondary circuit and eco-friendly refrigerant in primary circuit
The use of Cooking Gas as Refrigerant in a Domestic RefrigeratorIJERA Editor
The application of cooking gas refrigerants in refrigeration system is considered to be a potential way to improve
energy efficiency and to encourage the use of environment-friendly refrigerants. Refrigeration operation has
been met with many challenges as it deals with environmental impact, how it affects humans and how it
contributes to the society in general. Domestic refrigerators annually consume several metric tons of traditional
refrigerants, which contribute to very high Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential
(GWP). The experiment conducted employs the use of two closely linked refrigerants, R600a (Isobutene) and
cooking gas which is varied in an ideal refrigerant mixture of 150 g of refrigerant and 15 ml of lubricating oil (to
a rating of 40 wt % expected in the compressor). The Laboratory process involved the use of Gas
Chromatography machine to ascertain the values of the mole ratio, molecular weight and critical temperatures.
Prode properties and Refprop softwares were used to ascertain other refrigerant properties of the mixture. The
results indicated that the mixture of R600a with lubricant confirm mineral oil as being the most appropriate for
the operation. The experimental results indicated that the refrigeration system with cooking gas refrigerant
worked normally and was found to attain high freezing capacity and a COP value of 2.159. It is established that
cooking gas is a viable alternative refrigerant to replace R600a in domestic refrigerators. Hence, its application
in refrigerating systems measures up to the current trend on environmental regulations with hydrocarbon
refrigerants
To study the application of nanorefrigerant in refrigeration system a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract In past time only refrigerants were used in refrigeration process and they were having a global warming coefficient at high level. Now, as time change the modern techniques are coming into existence with the help of them the refrigeration process become more efficient and safe as compare to previous in atmospheric prospective. This review paper is based on the nanotechnologies used in present time in refrigeration system like vapour compression refrigeration system, domestic refrigerator and air conditioner etc. The nano refrigerant is nothing but the combined form of nano particle with the refrigerant. The nanorefrigerant can be formed by two ways (1) by mixing nano particles with refrigerant in gaseous form, (2) by mixing nano particles to lubricant. We will combine different nano particles having the same diameter and same volume fraction with the lubricant to study the nature of thermo-physical properties in refrigeration process. There would be some parameters that can be studied by this experiment like energy consumption, heat transfer, cop etc. Keywords: nano particles, nano refrigerant, heat transfer coefficient, COP, Energy consumption.
Design of waste heat driven vapour adsorption cooling system for vehicle air ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present era more & more focus is to be given on energy conservation. Refrigeration & air conditioning is one of the growing field of engineering, the existing system are hampering the environment as they are suffering from various environmental problems such as depletion of ozone layer & global warming due to emission of harmful gases such as HFC’s ,CFC’s & CO2 as they were using traditional refrigerants. Waste heat driven Vapour adsorption cooling system is eco-friendly, efficient, & reliable in nature. But on the other hand this system having lowers COP as compare to existing systems which is Due to the lack of research and advancement in the system. By considering the environmental aspects & need of energy conservation it is necessary to design and developed the VAR’s system which will successfully compete the existing systems. This paper will give the idea about the Design of waste heat driven vapour adsorption system of 2KW capacity for vehicle air-conditioning & refrigeration application. The adsorber bed is the heart of the cooling system and it can affect the performance of the system to the greater extent. So that while designing the VAR cooling system more focused is given on design and selection of adsorber bed. This article mainly focused on the various and important design parameters of the vapour adsorption cooling system Such as Adsorber bed design, adsorber and adsorbate mass, design of evaporator & condenser, Coefficient of performance(COP), Specific cooling power (SCP) and the other performance affecting parameters. Keywords: Vapour Adsorption, Design Parameters, Low Grade Thermal Energy, Adsorbate & Adsorbent.
Thermal Performance of Diffusion Bonded Compact Heat Exchangers using Al2O3 W...ijtsrd
The value of compact heat exchangers CHEs has been recognised in aerospace, automotive, gas turbine power station, and other industries for the last 50 years or more. This is attributed to many reasons, for example manufacturing restrictions, often high efficiency requirements, low cost, and the use of air or gas as one of the fluids in the exchanger. Together with new and improved forms of CHEs, these advances are an excellent opportunity to bring compact heat exchangers into the process industry, particularly where saving energy is an essential target. High energy prices are also encouraging companies to use energy saving strategies at their plants as much as possible. During decades, attempts to increase heat transfer, decrease heat transfer times and eventually improve energy efficiency have been made. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have facilitated the creation of a new type of liquids called nanofluids. Most theoretical and computational experiments have shown that nanofluids demonstrate an improved coefficient of heat transfer relative to their base fluid. This CFD research explores the impact on the performance of straight square compact heat exchangers from Al2O3 water nanofluid flow. The Al2O3 water nanofluids with three weight fractions of nanoparticles i.e. 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 percent were used. The effect of nanofluid were measured and observed to influence the heat transfer and flow of fluids in a straight square compact heat exchanger. The following conclusions can be drawn based on the provided results, the thermal conductance are approximately 29 higher and the heat transfer are approximately 35 higher in comparison with the conventional fluid i.e. water. Vishal Deshmukh | Prof. Animesh Singhai "Thermal Performance of Diffusion-Bonded Compact Heat Exchangers using Al2O3/Water Nanofluid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33508.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33508/thermal-performance-of-diffusionbonded-compact-heat-exchangers-using-al2o3water-nanofluid/vishal-deshmukh
To study the behaviour of nanorefrigerant in vapour compression cycle a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Nanofluid is an advanced kind of fluid, which contain nanometer sized (10-9 m) solid particles that are known as nanoparticles. Nanoparticles enhance the property of normal fluid. In past five years, nanorefrigerant has become the input for large number of experimental and vapour compression systems because of shortage of energy and environmental considerations. The conventional refrigerants have major role in global warming and depletion of the ozone layer. Therefore, there is need to improve the performance of vapour compression refrigeartion system with the help of using suitable refrigerant. Nearly all the works carried out in relation with nanofluids in vapour compression is regarding their applications in systems like domestic refrigerators and industrial purposes etc. The present paper investigate the performance of the nanorefrigerant in vapour compression cycle and the challenges of using nanorefrigerants in vapour compression cycle. Keywords: Nanofluids, nanoparticles, nanometer, nanorefrigerants, vapour compression, ecofriendly, domestic refrigerator
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed”- first law of thermodynamics. the energy
potential of the world is constant , so we have to save the energy as much as possible .as the refrigeration
is needed everywhere in the world and it is the major user of energy. The energy that could be used for
the adsorption refrigeration is powered by low grade heat. the low grade heat can be obtain from
industrial waste heat, exhaust gases from the engines or heat from solar thermal collector. Moreover it
uses environment kindly refrigerants and avoids the global warming and ozone depletion.
IJREI_A thermodynamic analysis of ejector type vapour refrigeration system us...Husain Mehdi
A thermodynamic analysis on Ejector Refrigeration Cycle (ERC), have been performed using eco-friendly refrigerants (i.e.R-404A, R-410A, R-407C, R-423A, R-500, R-502 and R-507C ) A numerical computation is carried out for finding COP, Second Law Efficiency (ηII) , Refrigeration Effect (RE) and Heat Input (Qin) of the ERC along with the variation in boiler temperature (Tb) , condenser temperature (Tc) and evaporator temperature (Te) for ecofriendly refrigerants for the ranges of the temperatures where the evaporator temperature is varying from 253K to 273K, with varying condenser temperature from 313K to 328K and with varying boiling temperature from 320 K to 345K. The maximum first Law Efficiency (ηI) is found in the range of 1.5-1.8 with fluid R-404A and condenser temperature 328K. At 253K evaporator temperature R-404A is working with maximum Second Law Efficiency (ηII) 37%. For the entire range of boiling temperature R-410A is having maximum Second Law Efficiency (ηII) except at 345K where R-404A is highest. The refrigeration effect is the maximum and is in the range of 200kW to 220kW for R-410A for all the ranges of temperatures. The highest COP is associated with R-404A with temperature variations
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review Paper on Design of Generator in Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systemijtsrd
In vapour absorbtion refrigeration system an absorber, a pump, a generator and a pressure reducing valve replace the compressor. We can also operate the generator with low thermal energy by exhaust heat of IC engine. The fossil fuel remain main source of energy but contribute a tremendous amount of pollutants in the environment leading to global warming ,so for the purpose of refrigerator and air conditioning a vapour absorption refrigeration system could be used. this system utilizes the wasteful heat from heavy vehicle exhaust and work on VARS which provides the cooling and reducing various costs like fuel and maintenance. The research has been done in order to recover maximum waste heat and then analyzing the system performance. Through this system the researchers has tried to find out the maximum COP. It has been found by research that generator temperature has the most effect on the release of the system. Alok Kumar Gupta | Laraib Ahamad | Prabhat Kumar Yadav | Paurush Pandit "A Review Paper on Design of Generator in Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31321.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31321/a-review-paper-on-design-of-generator-in-vapour-absorption-refrigeration-system/alok-kumar-gupta
Design &Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery System for Domestic RefrigeratorIJMER
Heat is energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters from view point of fuel consumption
and for the protection of global environment. So it is necessary that a significant and concrete effort should
be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. The main objective of this paper is to study
“Waste Heat recovery system for domestic refrigerator”. An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat
from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for number of domestic and industrial purposes. In
minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is much useful for domestic purpose. It
is valuable alternative approach to improve overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has
shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable.
IJREI_Thermodynamic study of R134a in Vapour Compression Refrigeration System...Husain Mehdi
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
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First law thermal performance improvement of vapour compression refrigeration using nano materials mixed in R718 in secondary circuit and eco-friendly refrigerant in primary circuit
2. R.S. Mishra / International journal of research in engineering and innovation (IJREI), vol 1, issue 2 (2017), 29-32
30
will not only reduce the cooling capacity but also
increase the size of evaporator. This problem can be
eliminated by adopting multi-stage expansion with
flash chamber where the flash vapours is removed
after each stage of expansion as a consequence there
will be increase in cooling capacity and reduce the
size of the evaporator.
(iv) Work input can also be reduced by replacing multi-
stage compression or compound compression with
single stage compression.
(v) Refrigeration effect can also be increased by passing
the refrigerant through sub cooler after condenser to
evaporator.
3. Use of Nano materials
The most common refrigerant in current time is R134a in
all vapour compression refrigeration systems. But the only
problem with this type of refrigerant is they need the large
amount of electric power. Now for the time demand we
need something new that will be able to replace alternative
refrigerant such as R1234yf and R1234ze or with some
advanced thermo-physical properties nano materials which
increase high heat transfer coefficient, low power
consumption in order to make the refrigeration process
more effective and efficient to save the environment. The
new nano materials mixed in R718 used in secondary
circuit of evaporator technology is being introduced in the
present investigation and using this nano technology the
performance of VCRS improves significantly.
Nano refrigerant is the combination of nano particle to the
refrigerant. As compared to alternative refrigerant. The
nano particles like AL2O3, CuO and TiO2 mixed in R718
and used in secondary circuit of evaporator gives better
around 95% more improvements in heat transfer
coefficient.
4. Literature Review
Vapour compression refrigeration system based
applications make use of refrigerants which are responsible
for greenhouse gases, global warming and ozone layer
depletion. Montreal protocol was signed on the issue of
substances that are responsible for depleting Ozone layer
and discovered how much consumption and production of
ozone depletion substances took place during certain time
period for both developed and developing countries.
Another protocol named as Kyoto aimed to control
emission of greenhouse gases in 1997[1]. The relationship
between ozone depletion potential and global warming
potential is the major concern in the field of GRT (green
refrigeration technology) so Kyoto proposed new
refrigerants having lower value of ODP and GWP.
Internationally a program being pursued to phase out
refrigerants having high chlorine content for the sake of
global environmental problems [2].Due to presence of high
chlorine content ,high global warming potential and ozone
depletion potential after 90’s CFC and HCFC refrigerants
have been restricted. Thus, HFC refrigerants are used
nowadays, showing much lower global warming potential
value, but still high with respect to non-fluorine
refrigerants. Lots of research work has been done for
replacing “old” refrigerants with “new” refrigerants [3-6].
Mishra [7] carried out numerical analysis of vapour
compression refrigeration system using R134a, R143a,
R152a, R404A, R410A, R502 and R507A for finding the
effect of evaporator temperature, degree of sub cooling at
condenser outlet, superheating of evaporator outlet, vapour
liquid heat exchanger effectiveness and degree of
condenser temperature on COP and exergetic efficiency.
They concluded that evaporator and condenser temperature
have significant effect on both COP and exergetic
efficiency and also found that R134a gives the better
performance while R407C has poor performance in all
respect. Kapil chopra [5] have designed domestic
refrigerator which was used R134a as ecofriendly
refrigerant and also compared the thermal performance of
the system with using another ecofriendly refrigerant as
hydrogen mixture (i.e. R290/R600a mixture) and found
that R290/R600a hydrocarbon mixture gives better
performance in terms of higher COP and exergetic
efficiency than R134a. They also concluded that highest
irreversibility obtained in the compressor compare to
condenser, expansion valve and evaporator in the domestic
refrigeration system. Mishra [8] analytically found the
considerable effect on system irreversibility by change in
evaporator and condenser temperatures of two stage
vapour compression refrigeration Mishra [9] concluded
that there is need for optimizing condenser and evaporator
conditions. Mishra [10] carried out energy and exergy
analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system using
of energy-exergy analysis They also used detailed first law
analysis for calculating the coefficient of performance and
second law analysis for evaluating irreversibility in terms
of various losses occurred in different components of
vapour compression cycle using R718 as secondary circuit
of evaporator and found improvements in the first law
efficiency using ecofriendly R134a refrigerant
experimentally..
Based on the literature it was observed that researchers
have gone through detailed first law analysis in terms of
coefficient of performance and second law analysis in term
of exergetic efficiency of simple vapour compression
refrigeration system with single evaporator. Researchers
did not go through the irreversibility analysis/ second law
analysis of: simple vapour compression refrigeration
systems using nano material mixed R718 in secondary
circuit of evaporator.
5. Results and Discussion
To improve thermal performance of vapour compression
refrigeration systems by improving: (i) first law efficiency
(ii) second law efficiency (iii) reduction of system defect
in components of system which results into the mixing of
nano particles in secondary fluid R-718 in the evaporator
3. R.S. Mishra / International journal of research in engineering and innovation (IJREI), vol 1, issue 2 (2017), 29-32
31
circuit and detailed analysis of vapour compression
refrigeration systems using ecofriendly refrigerants
Following input values have been selected for finding
thermal performance of vapour compression refrigeration
system with and without nano fluid in secondary circuit of
evaporator.
Length of Evaporator=0.72m,
Length of condenser=1.2m,
Water mass flow rate in condenser=0.008 Kg/sec.
Inlet temperature of flowing water in condenser
=270
C.
Inlet temperature of flowing brine solution mixed
with nano materials in the secondary circuit of
evaporator=270
C.
Inlet Pressure of water in condenser =2 bar.
Inlet Pressure of brine solution in secondary circuit
of evaporator=2 bar
Inlet pressure of air =1.013 bar, Air temperature
=30+273.15 K
Acceleration due to gravity= 9.81 m/sec2
Table-1 shows the physical properties of nano materials
used in the modelling of vapour compression Refrigeration
system (VCRS) and numerical computation have been
carried out and performance of vapor compression
refrigeration system using eco-friendly refrigerants in the
primary circuit and different nano particles mixed in R718
is used in the secondary circuit of evaporators with varying
brine mass flow rate are shown in Table-(2).) respectively
and it was found that First law efficiency in terms of COP
increases with increasing mass flow rate of brine flowing
in the secondary circuit of evaporator. For 0.007 kg/sec
brine mass flow rate, the first law thermal performance is
found as 19.044% using copper nano material and 18.02%
using Al2O3 and 11.847% using TiO2 Table- :explaining
the variation of condenser temperature with first and
second law performance parameters and it was observed
that increasing condenser temperature reduces first and
second law performances and also increases exergy
destruction ratio while Table-3shows the variation of
evaporator temperature with first and second law
performance parameters and it was found that first law
performance in terms of coefficient of performance and
second law efficiency increases and exergy destruction
ratio of system decreases
Table-1 Physical properties of nano materials used
vapour compression Refrigeration system (VCRS)
Nano
materials of
0.00001m
size
Cp_nf Ro_nf Mu_nf K_nf Pr_nf
Copper 2965 1293 0.003653 31.33 0.3457
Al2O3 3590 1145 0.003653 16.83 0.7795
TiO2 3558 1155 0.003653 9.727 1.336
Table-2: Effect of Brine mass flow rate in secondary
circuit of evaporator on First law thermal performance
for Design of vapour compression Refrigeration system
(VCRS) using First Method (For different nano particles
of 0.00001 m diameter mixed in R718 in the secondary
circuit and ecofriendly (R-134a) refrigerant in primary
evaporator circuit)
Mass flow
rate in
Evaporato
r Mbrine
(Kg/sec)
First law
Efficiency
/
Coefficien
t of
Performan
ce
(COP)
using
Copper
First law
Efficienc
y/
Coefficie
nt of
Performa
nce
(COP)
using
Al2O3
Coefficien
t of
Performan
ce
Coefficien
t of
Performan
ce
(COP)
using
TiO2
First law
Efficiency
/
Coefficien
t of
Performan
ce
(COP)
without
nano
materials
0.007 3.507 3.477 3.295 2.946
0.008 3.58 3.549 3.504 3.013
0.009 3.64 3.604 3.563 3.069
0.010 3.689 3.658 3.612 3.119
6. Conclusions
Extensive numerical studies have been conducted to
evaluate thermal performance parameters of a vapour
compression refrigeration system with different
nanomaterials mixed in R718 which was used in the
secondary circuit of evaporator. The conclusions derived
out of the present study are
(i) The R134a refrigerant used in evaporator primary
circuit with nano-particles mixed in the secondary circuit
of evaporator improves first law thermal performance
significantly normally (ii) Thermal performance of the
vapour compression refrigeration system is higher with
R718 mixed with copper nanoparticles as compared to the
TiO2 mixed in R718 used in secondary circuit of
evaporator in VCRS (iii) The Al2O3 mixed in R718 used in
secondary circuit of evaporator in VCRS also gives better
performance than using TiO2 mixed in R718 used in
secondary circuit of evaporator in VCRS (iv) The
coefficient of performance of the refrigeration system also
increases by 11.84% to 19% as compared to without nano
particles mixed refrigerant.
References
[1] Ahamed, et.al. A review on exergy analysis of vapor
compression refrigeration system. Int J Renewable and
sustainable energy reviews, 15, 2011, 1593-1600.
[2] Anand et.al, Exergy analysis and experimental study of a
vapour compression refrigeration cycle.Int J Therm Anal
Calorim, 110, 2012, 961-971
[3] Arora, et.al. Theoretical analysis of a vapour compression
refrigeration system with R502, R404A and R507A. Int J
Refrigeration, 31, 2008, 998-1005.
4. R.S. Mishra / International journal of research in engineering and innovation (IJREI), vol 1, issue 2 (2017), 29-32
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[4] B.O. Bolaji et.al, Comparative analysis of performance of
three ozone-friends HFC refrigerants in a vapor
compression refrigerator. Int J Sustainable Energy &
Environment, 2, 2011, 61-64.
[5] Chopra et.al., Energetic and Exergetic Based Comparison
Multiple Evaporators with Compound Compression and
Flash Intercooler with Individual or Multiple Throttle
Valves International Journal of Advance Research &
Innovations, 1, 2013, 73-81.
[6] Han, et.al, Cycle performance study on R32/R125/R161 as
an alternative refrigerant to R407C. Int J Applied Thermal
Engineering, 27, 2007, 2559-2565.
[7] Mishra et.al, Methods for improving thermal performances
of vapour compression Refrigeration system using eleven
ecofriendly refrigerants, ISTE conference on
“Technological Universities and Institutions in New
Knowledge Age: Future Perspectives and Action plan”
ISTE paper NO:149pp-9, at Delhi Technological
University on September 5-6, 2013.
[8] Mishra, Irriversibility Analysis of Multi-Evaporators
Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems Using New
and Refrigerants: R134a, R290, R600, R600a, R1234yf,
R502, R404a and R152a and R12, R502, International
Journal of Advance Research & Innovations International
Journal of Advance Research & Innovations, 1, 2013, 180-
193.
[9] Mishra, Thermodynamic performance evaluation of
multiple evaporators, single compressor, single expansion
valve and liquid vapour heat exchanger in vapour
compression refrigeration systems using thirteen
ecofriendly refrigerants for reducing global warming and
ozone depletion, International Journal of Advance
Research & Innovations( IJARI-Vol-1), ISSN No: 2347-
3258, PP-163-171.
[10] Mishra, Thermodynamic performance evaluation of
multiple evaporators, single compressor, single expansion
valve and liquid vapour heat exchanger in vapour
compression refrigeration systems using thirteen
ecofriendly refrigerants for reducing global warming and
ozone depletion” International ResearchJournal of
Sustainable Science & Engineering (Monthly Peer Review
Journal , IRJSSE, 2(3), 2014, 1-10.