A explained presentation on fire and explosion hazard and their prevention in pharmaceutical and other chemical industry and transportation of flammable and explosive goods which could be helpful for pharmaceutical and other student who has hazard and there management in their syllabus
A explained presentation on fire and explosion hazard and their prevention in pharmaceutical and other chemical industry and transportation of flammable and explosive goods which could be helpful for pharmaceutical and other student who has hazard and there management in their syllabus
Chemical based hazards in pharmaceuticalHari Haran
To convey the knowledge necessary to understand
issues related to different kinds of hazard and their management. Basic theoretical and practical discussions integrate the proficiency to handle the emergency situation in the pharmaceutical product development process.
Industrial Fire Safety is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire.
Industrial Fire Safety measures include those that are intended to prevent ignition of an uncontrolled fire, and those that are used to limit the development and effects of a fire after it starts.
Industrial fire safety is primarily a management activity which is concerned with
Reducing
Controlling &
Eliminating fire accident from the industries or industrial units.
Common Causes For Fire Hazards InIndustries - Electrical systems that are overloaded, resulting in hot wiring or connections, or failed components
Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection
Combustibles near equipment that generates heat, flame, or sparks
Candles and other open flames
Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters, etc.)
Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustible materials
Four E's of Fire Safety - Engineering: i.e. safety at the design, equipment installation stage.
Education: i.e. education of employees in fire safety practices.
Enlistment: i.e. it concerns the attitude of the employees and management towards the programmed and its purpose. This necessary arose the interest of employees in fire accident prevention and safety consciousness.
Encouragement: i.e. to enforce adherence to fire safe rules and practices.Industrial Fire Safety Instruments
Over time, an increased understanding of the many factors that contribute to the risk of fire has led to positive developments in the fire protection of industrial structures. Improvements in public fire protection systems and services, as well as increased use of private active or passive systems through fire-protection and loss-control engineering, has meant an overall decrease in the cost of industrial fire hazards. A discussion of the factors affecting insurance premium
Chemical based hazards in pharmaceuticalHari Haran
To convey the knowledge necessary to understand
issues related to different kinds of hazard and their management. Basic theoretical and practical discussions integrate the proficiency to handle the emergency situation in the pharmaceutical product development process.
Industrial Fire Safety is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire.
Industrial Fire Safety measures include those that are intended to prevent ignition of an uncontrolled fire, and those that are used to limit the development and effects of a fire after it starts.
Industrial fire safety is primarily a management activity which is concerned with
Reducing
Controlling &
Eliminating fire accident from the industries or industrial units.
Common Causes For Fire Hazards InIndustries - Electrical systems that are overloaded, resulting in hot wiring or connections, or failed components
Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection
Combustibles near equipment that generates heat, flame, or sparks
Candles and other open flames
Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters, etc.)
Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustible materials
Four E's of Fire Safety - Engineering: i.e. safety at the design, equipment installation stage.
Education: i.e. education of employees in fire safety practices.
Enlistment: i.e. it concerns the attitude of the employees and management towards the programmed and its purpose. This necessary arose the interest of employees in fire accident prevention and safety consciousness.
Encouragement: i.e. to enforce adherence to fire safe rules and practices.Industrial Fire Safety Instruments
Over time, an increased understanding of the many factors that contribute to the risk of fire has led to positive developments in the fire protection of industrial structures. Improvements in public fire protection systems and services, as well as increased use of private active or passive systems through fire-protection and loss-control engineering, has meant an overall decrease in the cost of industrial fire hazards. A discussion of the factors affecting insurance premium
A brief description on explosion,types of explosion,Physical explosion,details on chemical explosion,types,everything which is needed to understand chemical explosion properly is given here.Case study is also included.
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
More:- https://chemicalengineeringworld.com
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon distribution of the substances between a gas and liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases.
* What is distillation ?
* Types of Distillation
* Batch Distillation
* Azeotropic Distillation
* Flooding
* Priming
* Coning
* Weeping
* Dumping
* Packed Column
* Tray column
* Reflux Ratio
* Relative volatility
* Distillation column
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility (volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure.) of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction
This document is by explosives industry in which document discussed manufacturing process and flow charts details by nitric acid and sulfuric acid and tetra benzene and step by step details of explosive industry explosives industry is produced raw materials and manufacture it by manufacturing process
Wang W., Makeev A. Passive methods analysis of heat transfer intensification ...Елена Овечкина
The article analyzes the methods of passive intensification of heat exchange processes. The dependence of hydraulic resistance for fluid flow through the heat exchanger on the value of the temperature head on it is considered. The most effective ways of improvement of heat exchange processes are defined.
Fouling, in technical language, it is the general term of unwanted material which is accumulating on surfaces, such as inside pipes, machines or heat exchanger.
Role of quality system and audits in pharmamaceuticalganpat420
Introduction
cGMP Regulations
Quality Assurance Function
Quality Systems Approach
Management Responsibilities
Resources
Manufacturing Operations
Evaluation Activities
Transitioning to Quality Systems Approach
Audit Checklist for Drug Industry
NEW ERA OF DRUG PRODUCT: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGESganpat420
Abstract
Introduction
Global pharmaceutical industry
Indian pharmaceutical industry
Indian Pharmaceutical Market
Opportunities
Challenges
Conclusion
References
Definition
Regulatory Bodies that oversee Pharmaceutical Waste Management
Type of Waste
Methods of product disposal
Waste product Disposal Procedure
Scales of product disposal
Pharmaceutical Waste Management Guidelines
Records
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. FIRE AND EXPLOSION
Prepared By: Guided By:
Rajpurohit Ganpatsingh Mrs. PayalChauhan,
Roll No:10 Assistant Professor,
M.Pharm QA,2nd sem, QA Department
PARUL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, LIMDA
2. CONTENTS
▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ MECHANICAL EXPLOSION
▪ CHEMICAL EXPLOSION
▪ MULTIPHASE REACTIONS
▪ TRANSPORT EFFECTS AND GLOBAL RATES.
▪ REFERENCES
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3. INTRODUCTION
▪ An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an
extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and
the release of gases.
▪ There are three fundamental types
Mechanical,
Nuclear, and
Chemical.
▪ A mechanical explosive is one that depends on a physical reaction,
such as overloading a container with compressed air.
▪ A nuclear explosive is one in which a sustained nuclear reaction can
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4. be made to take place with almost instant rapidity, releasing large amounts of
energy.
▪ Chemical explosives are of two types:
(1) Detonating, or high, explosives and
(2) Deflagrating, or low, explosives.
Detonating explosives, such as TNT and dynamite, are characterized by
extremely rapid decomposition and development of high pressure, whereas
deflagrating explosives, such as black and smokeless powders, involve merely
fast burning and produce relatively low pressures. Under certain conditions,
such as the use of large quantities and a high degree of confinement, some
normally deflagrating explosives can be caused to detonate.
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5. ▪ Multiphase Reactions refer to reactions involving components in
different phases, and is a combination of simultaneous phase change
and conversion of some materials into others.
▪ Multiphase reactions and reactors are ubiquitous in chemical and allied
industries and are of great economic and ecological importance.
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6. MECHANICAL EXPLOSION
▪ Strictly a physical process, as opposed to chemical or nuclear, e.g., the
bursting of a sealed or partially sealed container under internal pressure is
often referred to as a 'mechanical explosion'. Examples include an
overheated boiler or a simple tin can of beans tossed into a fire.
▪ A mechanical explosion may be illustrated by the gradual buildup of
pressure in a steam boiler or pressure cooker. As heat is applied to the
water inside the boiler, steam is generated. If the boiler is not equipped
with some type of safety valve, the mounting pressure will eventually
reach a point at which it will overcome the structural or material
resistance of its container and an explosion will occur. Such a mechanical
explosion will be accompanied by high temperatures, a rapid escape of
gases or steam and a loud noise.
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9. CHEMICAL EXPLOSION
▪ A chemical explosive is a compound or mixture which, upon the
application of heat or shock, decomposes or rearranges with extreme
rapidity, yielding much gas and heat.
▪ For a chemical to be an explosive, it must exhibit all of the following:
▪ Rapid expansion (i.e., rapid production of gases or rapid heating of
surroundings)
▪ Evolution of heat
▪ Rapidity of reaction
▪ Initiation of reaction
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10. ▪ For example, at high temperatures (> 2000 °C) a mixture
of nitrogen and oxygen can be made to react rapidly and yield the
gaseous product nitric oxide; yet the mixture is not an explosive since
it does not evolve heat, but rather absorbs heat.
▪ N2 + O2 → 2 NO − 43,200 calories (or 180 kJ) per mole of N2
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11. ▪ There are many chemical reactions that will release energy. These are known
as exothermic reactions. If the reaction proceeds slowly, the released energy
will be dissipated and there will be few noticeable effects other than an
increase in temperature. On the other hand, if the reaction proceeds very
rapidly, then the energy will not be dissipated. Thus, a great quantity of energy
can be deposited into a relatively small volume, then manifest itself by a rapid
expansion of hot gases, which in turn can create a shock wave or propel
fragments outwards at high speed. Chemical explosions may be distinguished
from other exothermic reactions by the extreme rapidity of their reactions. In
addition to the violent release of energy, chemical explosions must provide a
means to transfer the energy into mechanical work. This is accomplished by
expanding product gases from the reaction. If no gases are produced, then the
energy will remain in the products as heat.
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12. ▪ Combination reactions require that two or more components react together
exothermically to produce hot gases. Some examples are ammonium nitrate
and fuel oil (ANFO), gunpowder (potassium nitrate, carbon, and sulfur), and
fireworks. In these explosions, the reactants that make up the explosive must
be carefully mixed to assure that the reaction will continue.
▪ The damage caused by an explosion depends partly on how fast the explosive
reaction occurs. Decomposition reactions generally occur much faster than
combination reactions. They are more likely to be used for military
applications because they are more destructive. They also have a stronger
shattering effect (called brisance) than combination reactions. Combination
explosions are frequently used in mining operations because they have lower
brisance and occur at slower rates.
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13. MULTIPHASE REACTIONS
▪ Multiphase Reactions refer to reactions involving components in different
phases, and is a combination of simultaneous phase change and conversion of
some materials into others.
▪ Classification Based on Number of Phases
•Gas-Solid Catalytic •Gas-Solid Non-Catalytic
•Gas-Liquid •Gas-Liquid Solid Catalytic
•Gas-Liquid with Solid Reacting •Liquid-Liquid
•Gas-Liquid-Liquid-Solid
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16. Common types of gas-solid reactors
•Packed bed
•Fluidized bed
•Monolith
•Riser and Downer
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17. Fluidized bed
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to
carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions. In this type of reactor,
a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually
a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to
suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid. This
process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the
FBR. As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial
applications.
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18. Basic principles
▪ The solid substrate (the catalytic material upon which chemical species react)
material in the fluidized bed reactor is typically supported by a porous plate,
known as a distributor.[1] The fluid is then forced through the distributor up
through the solid material. At lower fluid velocities, the solids remain in place
as the fluid passes through the voids in the material. This is known as a packed
bed reactor. As the fluid velocity is increased, the reactor will reach a stage
where the force of the fluid on the solids is enough to balance the weight of the
solid material. This stage is known as incipient fluidization and occurs at this
minimum fluidization velocity. Once this minimum velocity is surpassed, the
contents of the reactor bed begin to expand and swirl around much like an
agitated tank or boiling pot of water. The reactor is now a fluidized bed.
Depending on the operating conditions and properties of solid phase various
flow regimes can be observed in this reactor.
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19. Riser and Downer
▪ A reactor comprises a reactor vessel defining a confined reactor
volume, a support assembly extending about a periphery of the
confined reactor volume, a basket positioned within the reactor
vessel and supported by the support assembly, the basket having an
interior surface and an exterior surface, a downflow zone being
defined between the exterior surface of the basket and an interior
surface of the confined reactor volume, an inlet screen positioned
adjacent to one end of the interior surface and an outlet screen
positioned adjacent to an opposite end of the interior surface, an
upflow zone defined between the inlet screen and outlet screen, the
inlet screen and the outlet screen containing a quantity of particulate
catalyst.
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20. ▪ And a circulating device positioned above said upflow zone and
configured to continuously circulate fluid upwardly though said
upflow zone and downwardly through said downflow zone, the
support assembly and the basket configured to promote the
formation of a fluid vortex within a portion of the downflow zone.
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22. TRANSPORT EFFECTS
▪ Dangerous goods can be transported without causing unnecessary hazards if
handled properly and with care.
▪ What are dangerous goods?
Dangerous goods can be explosive, flammable, toxic, radioactive, corrosive or
harmful in some other way to humans, animals or the environment
▪ 50 per cent of transported goods are dangerous
▪ United Nations statistics show that half of all goods transported belong to the
category of dangerous goods. Petroleum products transported by tankers form
a large proportion of all transported goods, but road and railway transport is
also significant.For example, 85% of chlorine, which is one of the very
dangerous chemicals, is transported by rail.
Rajpurohit 7/23/2018 22
23. ▪ Large amounts of other highly dangerous goods, such as hydrochloric
acid, sulphuric acid, sulphuric dioxide, nitric acid, phenol and
methanol are Sregularly
▪ Small drains make a river
Rajpurohit 7/23/2018 23
24. ▪ Major accidents cause extensive damage but that is not all. We forget
easily that small amounts of oil, gasoline, battery acids and refrigerator
fluids are released to environment daily. Even small but frequent
wastes from ships, households, cars or agriculture increase the load to
the environment. For example one litre of oil can, under unfavorable
circumstances, spoil 100 000 litres of drinking water. A spill of
hydraulic fluid from a truck can lead to environmental damages
Rajpurohit 7/23/2018 24
25. ▪ Dangerous situations
▪ There is always a risk of spillage during the transport of hazardous goods.
When incompatible substances mix with each other there is a possibility of a
chemical reaction, which can produce enough heat to cause fire or explosion
and can release dangerous gases. For example, toxic nitrous oxides are
formed when ammonium nitrate (in fertilizers) decomposes in a fire. Another
example is the toxic gases which fume off when a spillage of concentrated
sulphuric acid is absorbed in sawdust
Rajpurohit 7/23/2018 25
26. ▪ Special conditions can increase the risksA chemical substance or preparation
may be hazardous in itself when it comes into contact with other chemicals
including air, water or humidity. For example, when calcium carbide (used in
the production of acetylene and pyrotechnics) comes to contact with water, it
releases the extremely flammable gas acetylene (used in welding flame) and
creates an explosion hazard
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27. Vehicle requirements
▪ Transport by road may take place as bulk materials, or in containers and
tanks.The detailed technical requirements for different transport methods are
usually given in national regulations.
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28. ▪ The transporter should check that the following documents are attached:
▪ Transport document (letter of consignment)
▪ Declaration that the packing and labelling is properly done.
▪ Transport emergency card (instructions in writing in case of accident or
emergency that may occur during transport)
▪ Driver's training certificate
▪ Certificate of approval given by technical inspection for the tank and vehicle
▪ Labels and placards for the vehicle
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31. GLOBAL RATES.
The Global Chemical Industry
•Generates > $2 trilliongross income (70,000products)
•Largest contributor to GDP
•Distribution
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32. Accident Statistics
▪ Fire and explosion contribute substantially to the risk associated with
the chemical plants.
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33. REFERENCES
▪ https://www.britannica.com/technology/explosive#ref624903
▪ .P. L. Mills and R. V. Chaudhari, “Multiphase catalytic reactor
engineering and design for pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals,”
Catalysis Today, 37(4), pp. 367-404 (1997).
▪ Daniel Crowl and Joseph Louvar “Chemical Process Safety:
Fundamentals with Applications”, Prentice Hall, 2001
▪ http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/protection/safework/cis/products/saf
etytm/transpo.htm
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