Finding Sources: Trustworthy or Shady?
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This presentation provides guidelines for find credible sources. It focuses selection of sources according to up-to-date information, author, research-based information, and authoritative information. It also focuses on dealing with ambiguity when sources could be credible but do not provide data that can be cited and referenced.
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Unit II
Lesson 2: Finding Reliable Sources
Introduction
When gathering research for your paper, you want to be sure that you are collecting only the most academically valid and most relevant research about your topic. Sometimes, what is acceptable in a public sphere is not acceptable in an academic sphere, so you want to be certain that when you put your time and energy into reading, annotating, and using a source, it is the best choice for the type of genre that you are writing in—the academic argumentative research paper.
In EH 1010 and in previous lessons, we have discussed the ways in which different spheres of knowledge have different expectations about what makes for a reliable source. However, now that we are firmly rooted in the academic sphere, we need to think about audience and have audience awareness as a result.
Choosing Argument Over Opinion
Sources that you collect should make arguments based upon supporting evidence. Opinions have their place, but not in argumentative writing, such as the kind you will do in academic writing situations.
Opinion: An opinion is a belief or judgment that rests on grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty. People can have opinions about situations—social, political, economic, etc.—without having all the facts or without weighing all the facts because an opinion can be based upon someone’s personal view, attitude, or appraisal.
EXAMPLE 1:Peanut butter is the best food.
Obviously, in this example, we can see that there are faults in the statement. After all, food preferences are highly subjective. Even if you were able to find a food expert who was willing to state that peanut butter is the best food, it would still not be sufficient evidence upon which to base an argument.
EXAMPLE 2: NASA’s Space Shuttle program was a waste of taxpayer dollars.
In this second example, you can see that there is potential for an argument here. It is not always clear what is an opinion and what is an argument. The main thing to remember is that an opinion does not have backing, but an argument does. So if we were to take the statement above and add support to it, then it could become an argument because it would then have a correlation between the evidence being presented and the statement itself.
EXAMPLE 3 (revision):NASA’s Space Shuttle program was an unreasonable use of taxpayer dollars, with the final 22 flights averaging a cost of around $1.0 billion each (Pinchefsky, 2012).
As you can see here, the above example is an argument because it supplies evidence to support its claims.
Argument: An argument can be a statement, reason, or fact for or against a point. Typically, an argument is intended to convince or persuade an audience to adopt the writer’s argument.
In both of the examples below, the writer makes an assumption about what the evidence means and asserts a claim as a result.
EXAMPLE 1:Peanut butter is an excellent source of protein, with eight grams per two tablespoons. ...
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Finding Sources: Trustworthy or Shady?
- 1. FINDING SOURCES Trustworthy or Shady?
- 3. Up-To-Date Some topics—like science, technology, or medicine—are always changing. New information is discovered that contradicts previous beliefs. Look for articles that are no more than seven years old (i.e., 2010 – 2017).
- 4. Not Every Text Has an Author An Obvious Author
- 5. An Obvious Author Use sources that clearly identify the author. Use sources with authors who have written many books or articles. Use sources with authors who have degrees and credentials, who are experts in their field, and who have been cited in other works.
- 6. An Obvious Author In some cases, an online source may decide not to provide the name of an author. These sources may provide false or faulty information that cannot be trusted. However, they may just be sources which are obligated by their employer to remain anonymous. These sources might be trustworthy. Use your best judgment.
- 7. Information That Has Been Proven Research-Based Information
- 8. Research-Based Information Look for sources that cite the sources it relies upon to support its arguments. Look for sources that provide facts and statistics. Look for sources that analyze both sides of an argument.
- 9. Research-Based Information Do not use blogs, vlogs, or other personal websites. Do not use social media websites.
- 10. Respected More Than Others Authoritative Information
- 11. Authoritative Information Look for information provided by government agencies. Look for information provided by journalists from established newspapers. Look to information provided by think tanks and leading institutions.
- 12. Authoritative Information Look for a website address with .org, .edu., or .gov at the end. Avoid information provided by institutions which specialize in debunked fields of research. For example: Association for Research and Enlightenment in Virginia Beach, Virginia (USA).
- 13. Authoritative Information Except for respectable online newspapers, avoid websites with too many advertisements. Avoid websites that directly sell products, unless you are researching a manufacturer or retailer. Avoid advertorials, advertisements that are written to look like editorials.
- 17. References Amelia Earhart. (n. d.).Wikipedia. Retrieved on November 14, 2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart Asplin, W., Jacobe, M. F., & Kennedy, A. S. (2016). Comparison and contrast essays. In Final Draft 4 (pp 111-142). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Coates, S. (2011, April 29). Finding credible sources. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/evaluatingsourcecredibility/home
- 18. References Sheffield, G. (2011, May 10). The first battle of the Atlantic. British Broadcasting Corporation [BBC]. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/ battle_atlantic_ww1_01.shtml Zapato, L. (n. d.). Help save the endangered Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus from extinction! Wild Haggis Conservation Society. Retrieved from http://zapatopi.net/treeoctopus/
- 19. Citation Eggum, R. (2017, September 18). Finding sources: Trustworthy or shady? [PowerPoint]. Washington, DC: Mentora College, ESL 204 PM – Academic Writing.