Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins or glyco-proteins binding selectively without the involvement of enzymes, Gene responsible for expression lection found in chromosome 10q11.2-q21
Found in plnats grains, legume, soy bean, kidney bean
Lectins recognize tumor marker which play important role for diagnosing tumor cell, screening tumour and able to detect subtle neoplastic changes
Myself Omkar Tipugade , PG Student of Department of Pharmaceutics. today I will discus on the topic Gene Therapy . In that we discus about the method for gene therapy & its application for disease treatment.
Gene therapy is the process of inserting genes into cells to prevent, treat or cure wide range of diseases. Gene therapy primarily involves genetic manipulations in animals or humans to correct a disease. Gene augmentation therapy: a DNA is inserted into the Genome to replace the missing gene product.Gene inhibition therapy: the antisense gene inhibits the expression of the dominant gene.
Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
Myself Omkar Tipugade , PG Student of Department of Pharmaceutics. today I will discus on the topic Gene Therapy . In that we discus about the method for gene therapy & its application for disease treatment.
Gene therapy is the process of inserting genes into cells to prevent, treat or cure wide range of diseases. Gene therapy primarily involves genetic manipulations in animals or humans to correct a disease. Gene augmentation therapy: a DNA is inserted into the Genome to replace the missing gene product.Gene inhibition therapy: the antisense gene inhibits the expression of the dominant gene.
Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
Gene Therapy, Somatic cell gene therapy, germ line gene therapy, classical gene therapy, non-classical gene therapy, targets of gene therapy, barriers of gene therapy, ex vivo gene therapy, in vivo gene therapy, vectors for gene delivery, antisense therapy
Suicide gene therapy is based on the delivery of a gene encoding a cytotoxic protein into tumor cells.
For this, there are two possible strategies:
1. Indirect gene therapy using enzyme-activated pro-drug, which allows the conversion of a pro-drug into a lethal drug into cells.
2. Direct gene therapy using a toxin gene, whose expression can change the stability of the cell membrane and reduce the viability of tumor cells, or correct mutated pro-apoptotic genes, generally tumor suppressor genes that in normal condition induce cell suicide.
In this slide, You will get to learn abut Gene Therapy and different types of gene therapy. Various method of Gene Therapy and Advantage & Disadvantage and Recent advances in Gene Therapy.
GENE THERAPY: TYPES, METHODS, FACTORS AND STANDARDS AND ITS APPLICATION IN HEALTHCARE FIELD
INVIVO THERAPY AND EXVIVO THERAPY
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS TO CARRY ON GENE THERAPY
DEFECTIVE GENE IDENTIFICATION IN GENE THERAPY AND TREATMENT OF GENETICALLY AFFECTED GENE BY GENE THERAPY
Gene therapy of genetic disorders like hepatitis, neuroblastoma, thalassemiaD.R. Chandravanshi
Gene therapy is the modern techniques of treatment of various diseases and disorders.
Gene therapy is the introduction of genes into existing cells to prevent or cure a wide range of diseases.
It is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development.
Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly.
The first approved gene therapy experiment occurred on September1990 in US, when Ashanti DeSilva was treated for ADA-SCID.
Under the direction of William French Anderson, at the National Institutes of Health (NIH),
Gene Therapy, Somatic cell gene therapy, germ line gene therapy, classical gene therapy, non-classical gene therapy, targets of gene therapy, barriers of gene therapy, ex vivo gene therapy, in vivo gene therapy, vectors for gene delivery, antisense therapy
Suicide gene therapy is based on the delivery of a gene encoding a cytotoxic protein into tumor cells.
For this, there are two possible strategies:
1. Indirect gene therapy using enzyme-activated pro-drug, which allows the conversion of a pro-drug into a lethal drug into cells.
2. Direct gene therapy using a toxin gene, whose expression can change the stability of the cell membrane and reduce the viability of tumor cells, or correct mutated pro-apoptotic genes, generally tumor suppressor genes that in normal condition induce cell suicide.
In this slide, You will get to learn abut Gene Therapy and different types of gene therapy. Various method of Gene Therapy and Advantage & Disadvantage and Recent advances in Gene Therapy.
GENE THERAPY: TYPES, METHODS, FACTORS AND STANDARDS AND ITS APPLICATION IN HEALTHCARE FIELD
INVIVO THERAPY AND EXVIVO THERAPY
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS TO CARRY ON GENE THERAPY
DEFECTIVE GENE IDENTIFICATION IN GENE THERAPY AND TREATMENT OF GENETICALLY AFFECTED GENE BY GENE THERAPY
Gene therapy of genetic disorders like hepatitis, neuroblastoma, thalassemiaD.R. Chandravanshi
Gene therapy is the modern techniques of treatment of various diseases and disorders.
Gene therapy is the introduction of genes into existing cells to prevent or cure a wide range of diseases.
It is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development.
Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly.
The first approved gene therapy experiment occurred on September1990 in US, when Ashanti DeSilva was treated for ADA-SCID.
Under the direction of William French Anderson, at the National Institutes of Health (NIH),
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Lectins - The target specific proteins. The next generation cancer target.Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This presentation encompasses the description and classification of plant and animal lectins, with special reference to its role in cancer progression.
Microbial Biotechnology Scope, Technique and Examples in Therapeutics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Genetic engineering enables us to produce a large number of proteins in bacterial cell that were originally encoded by human genes. For example a landmark in this case is production of insulin in bacterial cell in 1982. It is first case of genetically engineered therapeutic protein used for clinical purposes. Insulin produced in this way is widely used in curing diabetes and is same in all forms as compared to original insulin
7 кроків щоб зробити наступний рік особливимUnivero
Інтенсивність нашого життя не завжди дає можливість усвідомити процеси, які відбуваються всередині нас, провести ревізію наших цілей, усвідомити свої справжні пріоритети і цінності.
Ці питання направлені на аналіз ваших досягнень минулого року і визначення цілей на майбутній рік. Відповідь на них дасть вам можливість зазирнути у новий рік, завершити справи минулого року і відпустити його з легкістю. Можливо, ця робота, вплине на події вашого наступного року.
Gene therapy is the process of inserting therapeutic genes into cells to prevent or cure wide range of diseases. The newly introduced genes will encode proteins and correct the deficiencies that occur in genetic diseases. Gene therapy primarily involves genetic manipulations in animals or humans to correct a disease, and keep organism in good health. It is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease and development.
A good comprehensive review of gene delivery and gene therapy. especially for master of pharmacy 2nd-semester students as per the PCI syllabus of subject Molecular pharmaceutics.
List of contents under this ppt :
{A} GENE THERAPY
(1) Definition
(2) Introduction
(3) History
(4) Ex-Vivo gene therapy
(5) In-Vivo gene therapy
(6) Germline gene therapy
(7) Advantages of gene therapy
(8) Disadvantages of gene therapy
(9) Potential target diseases for gene therapy
a. inherited disorders :- ADA SCID, Chronic granulomatous, Hemophelia
b. Cancer
{B} GENE DELIVERY
(1) Definition
(2) Introduction
(3) Types of vectors
a. Viral :- Retrovirus, Adenovirus, Adeno associated virus, Herps simplex virus
b. Non viral :-
Physical methods - Gene gun, Microinjection, Electroporation, Sonoporation
Chemical methods - Oligonucleotides, Lipoplexes, Polyplexes, Dendrimers, Nanoparticles.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. What is the Gene Therapy?
It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are
responsible for disease development, it mean using genes to
treat or prevent disease
• There are three approaches:
1. Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy
copy of the gene.
2. Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is
functioning improperly.
3. Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.
3. In the future, this
technique may allow
doctors to treat a
disorder by inserting a
gene into a patient’s
cells instead of using
drugs or surgery,
Gene Therapy
4. 1. Scientists focused on diseases caused by single-gene defects, such as
* cystic fibrosis
* haemophilia
* thalassemia
* sickle cell anemia
2. Treatment other diseases
• inherited disorders
• some types of cancer
• viral infections
Which diseases can be treated?
5. • The first gene therapy was performed on
September 14th, 1990
– Ashanti DeSilva was treated for SCID
• Sever combined immunodeficiency
– Doctors removed her white blood cells,
inserted the missing gene into the WBC, and
then put them back into her blood stream.
– This strengthened her immune system
– Only worked for a few months
The First Case
6. • Gene transplantation
(to patient with gene deletion)
• Gene correction
(To revert specific mutation in the gene of interest)
• Gene augmentation
(to enhance expression of gene of interest)
Gene therapy could be
very different for different diseases
7. the therapeutic genes are transferred into the somatic cells of a
patient. Any modifications will be restricted to the individual patient
only, and will not be inherited to offspring.
Several experiments are currently in clinical
trials with varied success. Over 600 clinical trials
utilizing somatic cell therapy are underway in
the United States
Somatic gene therapy
8. Germ cells (sperm or eggs) are modified by the introduction of functional
genes, which are integrated into their genomes. if a germ cell is genetically
modified then all the cells in the organism will contain the modified gene.
This would allow the therapy to be heritable and passed on to later
generations. Although this should be highly effective in counteracting
genetic disorders and hereditary diseases, some country prohibit this
application in human beings, at least for the present, for technical and
ethical reasons, including insufficient knowledge about possible risks to
future generations and higher risk than somatic gene therapy,
Germline gene therapy
11. In these process bacterial DNA is moved from one
bacterium to another by a virus (a bacteriophage).
Methods of gene therapy
12.
13. Methods of gene therapy
This process is relatively common in
bacteria, but less so
in eukaryotes. Transformation is often
used in laboratories to insert novel
genes into bacteria for experiments or
for industrial or medical applications.
17. All viruses bind to their hosts and introduce their genetic material into
the host cell as part of their replication cycle, First removing the viral
DNA that cause disease replace those genes with genes encoding
the desired effect and using the virus as a vehicle to deliver the
therapeutic DNA. This genetic material contains basic 'instructions' of
how to produce more copies of these viruses,the host cell will carry
out these instructions and produce additional copies of the virus,
leading to more and more cells becoming infected.
A number of viruses have been used for human gene therapy,
including
retrovirus
adenovirus
lentivirus
herpes simplex virus
pox virus
adeno-associated virus.
Viral vectors
21. P53 tumor suppressor gene
• When in mutates, p53 can lose its
suppressive powers which effects of
abnormal cell growth
• P53 is the most commonly mutated
gene found in human tumors
26. •Over 16,000 patients alteady treated
•No serious side effects
•Common side effects is self limited fever
P53 gene therapy is safe?
27. 1. Viruses can usually infect more than one type of cell. when
viral vectors are used to carry genes into the body, they might infect
healthy cells as well as cancer cells
2. the new gene might be inserted in the wrong location in the DNA,
possibly causing harmful mutations to the DNA .
3. there is a slight chance that this DNA could be introduced into the
patient’s reproductive cells. If this happens, it could produce changes
that may be passed to offspring
4. transferred genes could be overexpressed, producing so much of the
missing protein as to be harmful.
5. the viral vector could cause an immune reaction;
6. and that the virus could be transmitted from the patient to other
individuals or into the environment.
28. Disease Defect Target cell
immunodeficiency Bone marrow cells
T-lymphocytes
Hemophilia Liver, muscle
Cystic fibrosis Lung Cells
Cancer Many cell types
Neurological diseases Parkinson’s/
Alzheimers
Nerve Cells
Infectious diseases AIDS, hepatitis B White Blood Cells
30. Is a technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in
order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane,
allowing DNA to be introduced into the cell
Electroporation
33. To improve and facilitated the delivery of the new DNA into the cell, the DNA must be
protected from damage. DNA can be covered with lipids like a liposome, is complex
DNA with liposome is called lipoplex
The most common use of lipoplexes has been in gene transfer into cancer cells, where
activated tumor suppressor genes in the cell and decrease the activity of oncogenes
34. Called naked DNA or vector DNA, it is histone
free DNA that is passed from cell to cell during a gene
transfer
Direct injection of free DNA into certain tissues,
particularly muscle, the simplicity of this technique has
led to its adoption in a number of clinical protocols,
this technique has been applied to the gene therapy of
cancer where the DNA can be injected directly into the
tumour
35. DNA plasmid vector vaccines carry the genetic
information encoding an antigen, allowing the
antigen to be produced inside of a host cell,
leading to a cell-mediated immune response
via the MHC I pathway. The plasmid DNA
vaccine carries the genetic code for a piece of
pathogen or tumor antigen. The plasmid
vector is taken up into cells and transcribed in
the nucleus
DNA vaccines or plasmid vector
36. 1. amplifying bacterial plasmid, The bacterial
plasmids inserts using recombinant DNA
technology, where bacterial growth produces
multiple plasmid copies. The plasmid DNA is then
purified from the bacteria, by separating the
circular plasmid from bacterial DNA and other
bacterial impurities. This purifies DNA acts as the
vaccine
2.delivery of plasmids through intramuscular,
intradermal and intravenous injection. The skin
and mucous membranes are the best site for
immunization due to the high concentrations of
dendritic cells (DC), macrophages and
lymphocytes . Intradermal injection of DNA with a
gene gun have been used.
Mechanisms
37. 1. The single stranded mRNA
2. is translated into protein in the
cytoplasm. The DNA vaccine-derived
protein antigen
3. is then degraded by proteases into
intracellular peptides
4. The vaccine derived-peptide binds
MHC class I molecules
5. Peptide antigen/MHC I complexes are
presented on the cell surface
6. binding cytotoxic CD 8+ lymphocytes,
and inducing a cell-mediated immune
response., . CTLs inhibit viruses
through both cytolysis or by cytokine
production
( chemokines, interferons,interleukins,
lymphokines, tumour necrosis factor)
Mechanisms
38. • The foreign protein can also be presented by the MHC class II pathway by APCs
which elicit helper T cells (CD4+) responses. These CD4+ cells are able to recognize
the peptides formed from exogenous proteins that were endocytosed or
phagocytosed by APC, then degraded to peptide fragments and loaded onto MHC
class II molecules. Depending on the the type of CD4+ cell that binds to the
complex, B cells are stimulated and antibody production is stimulated. This is the
same manner in which traditional vaccines work
39. • induce the expression of antigens that resemble native viral epitopes more
closely than standard vaccines do since live weakened or killed vaccines are
often altered in their protein structure and antigenicity.
• Plasmid vectors can be constructed and produced quickly and the coding
sequence can be manipulated in many ways, costs lower than traditional
vaccines.
• DNA vaccines encoding several antigens or proteins can be delivered to the
host in a single dose.
• they are also very temperature stable making storage and transport much
easier.
• The continues expression of the viral antigen caused by gene vaccination in
an environment containing many APCs (antigen processing cell) may
promote successful therapeutic immune response which cannot be
obtained by other traditional vaccines .
Advantages
40. Although DNA can be used to raise immune responses against pathogenic proteins,
certain microbes have outer capsids that are made up of polysaccharides. This
limits the extent of the usage of DNA vaccines because they cannot substitute for
polysaccharide-based subunit vaccines .
Limitations
41.
42. • Short Lived
– Hard to rapidly integrate therapeutic DNA into genome and rapidly
dividing nature of cells prevent gene therapy from long time
– Would have to have multiple rounds of therapy
• Immune Response
– new things introduced leads to immune response
– increased response when a repeat offender enters
• Viral Vectors
– patient could have toxic, immune, inflammatory response
– also may cause disease once inside
• Multigene Disorders
– Heart disease, high blood pressure, Alzheimer’s, arthritis and diabetes
are hard to treat because you need to introduce more than one gene
• induce a tumor if integrated in a tumor suppressor gene because
insertional mutagenesis
Problems with Gene Therapy
44. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins or glyco-
proteins binding selectively without the involvement of
enzymes specific for carbohydrate ligands. Lectins are
present in organisms and play very important roles in life,
Lectins' functioning mechanism is based on the reaction of
glycolysation
Gene responsible for expression
lection found in chromosome 10q11.2-
q21
Found in plnats grains, legume, soy
bean, kidney bean
45. • Recognition of cells, carbohydrates, and proteins
• Bind soluble extracellular and intercellular glycoproteins.
• The regulation of cell adhesion
• Cell differentiation
• lectins are found on the surface of liver cells that specifically
recognize galactose residues. It is believed that these cell-
surface receptors are responsible for the removal of certain
glycoproteins from the circulatory system.
• Control of protein levels in the blood.
46. Lectins recognize tumor marker which play important
role for diagnosing tumor cell, screening tumour and
able to detect subtle neoplastic changes
Tumour marker are molecules that can be detected in
blood fluids or tissue, which are produced as a
response to cancer or by caner cells themselves
47. mannose-bindig lectins are interacting with
the carbohydrate chains Lectin has
glycoconjugates property which bind to
different carbohydrate, lectins bind to cell
membrane carbohydrate (antigen), tumor cell
has altered antigen with the use of lectin affinity
chromatography (LAC) and histochemistry
methods by comparing tumor antigen with
normal cell antigen, lectins provide practical
application during observation of changes
occurring in the cell membrane in different
stages of physiological and pathological
development of human cell, and tumour
diagnosis and scanning
48. Lectin suppress cancer cell growth and
metastasis by blocking polyamines
• Polyamines growth factor are synthesized in the body or
derived form the diet, or produce by bacteria in the gut, or
by cancer cell they are essential to cellular proliferation and
differentiation
• Lectin cause (polyamine deprivation) by decreasing
digestion of polyamines then cell growth is stopped
49. • Cancer cell produce polyamines, which adsorbed by lymphocyte lead to
1. inhibit anti-tumor cells called natural Killer cells
2. metastasis (tumor cell spread) when polyamines level increase
immune cells fail to recognize cancer cell antigen and decreased cytotoxic
activity of killer cell
50. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), is a lectin that is induce innate immunity, a low
expression of an MBL1 was detected in liver.
• mutations in exon 1 of the human MBL2 gene at codon 52 reduce the level of
functional serum MBL by disrupting the collagenous structure of the protein.
• nucleotide substitutions in the promoter region of the MBL2 gene affect the MBL
serum concentration
MBL belongs to the class of collectins in the C-type lectin, whose function is
carbohydrate antigen recognition of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. MBL in the first
line of defense results in activation of the lectin pathway of the complement
system.
The polymorphisms of exon 1 cause susceptibility to various common infections,
including meningococcal disease.
51.
52. lectins inducing apoptosis , lectin found in the seeds of the castor plant.
Has cytotoxic effect that kill human cell , a lethal dose of purified ricin is
approximately 1 milligram per kilogram of body weight.
• Lectin toxicity is by inhibiting protein synthesis
1. with immuno-modulatory or antiproliferative activity lectin belonging to
II-RIP class (Ribosome Inactivating Proteins)
2. prevent assembling amino acids to proteins during translation of mRNA or
by cause cell death (a ppotosis) this cell-killing activity of lectin make it
useful for treatment of tumor cell.
1. Cancer treatment by castor Lectins
53. Lectins found in Mistletoe plant induce apoptosis by
1. inhibition of telomerase activity
2. promote of p53- and p21 independent pathway
(suppresser gene)
Telomerase Is the enzyme that add
repeats DNA sequence to
the 3' end of DNA strands that
promote chromosomal stability,
Telomere shortness in human is a
marker of disease and cancer.
2. Cancer treatment by Mistletoe Lectins
54. Plant Lectin PHA (phytohaemagglutinin) found in legume has
carbohydrate-binding specificity for a complex oligosaccharide
containing galactose, and mannose, possess anticancer properties in vitro,
in vivo, bind to cancer cell membranes or their receptors, causing
cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor growth.
• Has mitogenic effect in lymphocyte which trigger lymphocyte differentiate
and produce T cell and which increase immune response to tumour
3. Cancer treatment by legume Lectins
55. 1. Lectins mediate attachment and binding of bacteria and viruses
2. Plant Lectin PHA (phytohaemagglutinin) has mitogenic effect in lymphocyte
which trigger lymphocyte differentiate and produce T cell.
3. lectin is a receptor that recognizes hydrolytic enzymes containing mannose-6-
phosphate, and targets these proteins for delivery to the lysosomes.
4. Lectins play important roles in the immune system by recognizing carbohydrates
that are found on pathogens, Examples are the lectin complement activation
pathway and mannose-binding lectin.
5. A lectin (BanLec) from bananas inhibits HIV-1 in vitro
6. They also affect the immune system by altering the production of interleukins, or
activating protein kinases
56. • Lectins may be disabled by specific charbohydrate which bind to ingested
lectins from grains, legume plants and dairy; binding can prevent their
attachment to the carbohydrates within the cell membrane. Cause
intestinal irritation
• Some lectins may be powerful toxins , have been incorporated
into genetically engineered crops to transfer traits, such as resistance to
pests and resistance to herbicides.