FINAL DEMO.pptx
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Renaissance art is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel wit…
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Glycolysis is an oxygen-independent metabolic pathway. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The key steps are the phosphorylation of glucose to trap it in cells, and the splitting of a six-carbon molecule into two three-carbon molecules. Under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis produces 2 ATP and pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Aerobically, glycolysis produces 8 ATP as NADH enters the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is regulated by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It occurs in the cytosol and consists of a preparatory phase requiring ATP and a payoff phase generating ATP. Key steps include phosphorylation by hexokinase, aldolase cleavage, substrate-level phosphorylation by phosphoglycerate kinase, and pyruvate formation by pyruvate kinase. Glycolytic enzymes are regulated by feedback inhibition and metabolites like fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and AMP/ATP ratios to control flux through the pathway.
Metabolism of Carbohydrate - Part-II.pptx
This document provides an overview of glycolysis. It begins by defining glycolysis as the pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. It then discusses the specific reactions of glycolysis in three phases: the energy investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase where a 6-carbon molecule splits into two 3-carbon molecules, and the energy generation phase where ATP is produced. Key points include that glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP net per glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions, or up to 8 ATP net per glucose under aerobic conditions when the NADH produced is further oxidized in the mitochondria. The document also notes some regulation and applications of glycolysis.
Glycolysis - Glucose oxidation
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated pathways that break down and synthesize glucose, respectively. Key enzymes in each pathway are regulated by allosteric effectors and hormones to ensure the pathways do not operate simultaneously. Insulin promotes glycolysis by activating phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase, while glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis by inducing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Substrate cycles like the Cori cycle couple the pathways and allow for signal amplification between tissues like muscle and liver.
glycolysis and its phase and pathway regulations
1) Glycolysis is a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP in the process.
2) The reactions are divided into two phases: the preparatory phase requires ATP investment to phosphorylate glucose, and the payoff phase generates a net production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
3) Overall, glycolysis partially oxidizes one glucose molecule to produce two pyruvate molecules, along with a net gain of two ATP per glucose molecule.
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Glycolysis is an oxygen-independent metabolic pathway. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The key steps are the phosphorylation of glucose to trap it in cells, and the splitting of a six-carbon molecule into two three-carbon molecules. Under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis produces 2 ATP and pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Aerobically, glycolysis produces 8 ATP as NADH enters the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is regulated by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It occurs in the cytosol and consists of a preparatory phase requiring ATP and a payoff phase generating ATP. Key steps include phosphorylation by hexokinase, aldolase cleavage, substrate-level phosphorylation by phosphoglycerate kinase, and pyruvate formation by pyruvate kinase. Glycolytic enzymes are regulated by feedback inhibition and metabolites like fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and AMP/ATP ratios to control flux through the pathway.
Metabolism of Carbohydrate - Part-II.pptx
This document provides an overview of glycolysis. It begins by defining glycolysis as the pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. It then discusses the specific reactions of glycolysis in three phases: the energy investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose, the splitting phase where a 6-carbon molecule splits into two 3-carbon molecules, and the energy generation phase where ATP is produced. Key points include that glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP net per glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions, or up to 8 ATP net per glucose under aerobic conditions when the NADH produced is further oxidized in the mitochondria. The document also notes some regulation and applications of glycolysis.
Glycolysis - Glucose oxidation
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated pathways that break down and synthesize glucose, respectively. Key enzymes in each pathway are regulated by allosteric effectors and hormones to ensure the pathways do not operate simultaneously. Insulin promotes glycolysis by activating phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase, while glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis by inducing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Substrate cycles like the Cori cycle couple the pathways and allow for signal amplification between tissues like muscle and liver.
glycolysis and its phase and pathway regulations
1) Glycolysis is a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP in the process.
2) The reactions are divided into two phases: the preparatory phase requires ATP investment to phosphorylate glucose, and the payoff phase generates a net production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
3) Overall, glycolysis partially oxidizes one glucose molecule to produce two pyruvate molecules, along with a net gain of two ATP per glucose molecule.
glycolysis-140509234543-phpapp01.pdf1234
1) Glycolysis is a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP in the process.
2) The reactions are divided into two phases: the preparatory phase requires ATP investment to phosphorylate glucose, and the payoff phase generates a net production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
3) Overall, glycolysis oxidizes one glucose molecule to produce two pyruvate molecules, along with a net yield of two ATP, two NADH molecules, and two hydrogen ions per glucose molecule degraded.
Glycolysis
1) Glycolysis is a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP in the process.
2) The reactions are divided into two phases: the preparatory phase requires ATP investment to phosphorylate glucose, and the payoff phase generates a net production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
3) Overall, glycolysis oxidizes one glucose molecule to produce two pyruvate molecules, along with a net gain of two ATP per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
intro of glycolysis there cycle and step - function-significance-defination-glucogenesis cycle-significance of gluconeogenesis-function of gluconeogenesis-conclusion
Glycolysis
metabolism of glucose into pyruvate or lactate depending upon the presence of oxygen. salient features of glycolysis, definition and sequence of reactions involved in glycolysis.
Carbohydrate metabolism b.pharm
Glycolysis is the pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis is tightly regulated by enzymes like hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. The regulation ensures glucose is used for energy when needed but directed to storage or other pathways when not. Excess pyruvate can be reduced to lactate under anaerobic conditions, allowing glycolysis to continue via NAD+ regeneration. Lactate produced in muscles is transported to the liver via Cori's cycle and reconverted to glucose or fed into the citric acid cycle.
Metabolism of carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the major pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and the roles of hormones. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with ATP production. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to generate more ATP. Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrates. Glycogen is stored glucose that is synthesized and broken down as needed. The hexose monophosphate shunt produces NADPH and pentoses using glucose. Hormones like glucagon and insulin regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
biochemistry of MSS prepared by Fikadu Seyoum Tola. This ppt essentially disc...
biochemistry of MSS prepared by Fikadu Seyoum Tola. This ppt essentially discuss about collegen biosnthesis, defect and muscle energy metabolism with its regulations.
Gluconeogenesis - The Pathway and Regulation
Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors in the liver and kidneys. It occurs mainly during periods of fasting and involves converting substrates like lactate, glycerol, and certain amino acids into glucose. The pathway overcomes three thermodynamic barriers of glycolysis through smaller successive steps. Regulation occurs through allosteric control of enzymes, hormonal control of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels, and transcriptional control of key genes like PEPCK and FOXO1. Together these mechanisms help direct carbon fluxes towards gluconeogenesis or glycolysis based on energy demands.
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in animals.pptx
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are two opposing metabolic pathways involved in glucose metabolism. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, generating a small amount of ATP. Gluconeogenesis requires energy in the form of ATP to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and some amino acids in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Both pathways have important functions in energy production and maintaining intermediate metabolite levels, though they differ in their directionality, location in the cell, and energy requirements.
Glycolysis | Pathway of Glycolysis |
Metabolism involves chemical reactions that occur in living systems. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in 10 steps, with 3 stages: energy investment, splitting of glucose, and energy generation. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions, and up to 8 ATP under aerobic conditions when the electron transport chain is involved. Key enzymes that regulate glycolysis include hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
glycolysis , pathway, regulations and stochemetric of glycolysis
A very good PPT which helps us to understand glycolysis very well
Carbohydrate 2
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy diet.
Gluconeogenesis
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis and its other side process
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocal pathways that respectively break down and synthesize glucose. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with ATP production in animals and fermenting organisms. Gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and amino acids, mainly in the liver and kidneys. Key enzymes in both pathways are regulated by allosteric effectors and hormones like insulin and glucagon to ensure glycolysis and gluconeogenesis do not operate simultaneously. This regulation is important for blood glucose homeostasis.
CARBOHYDRATES.pptx
Carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon (C), hydrogen & oxygen. The primary function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body.
Simple carbohydrates have one or two sugar molecules.
Complex carbohydrates have three or more sugar molecules, such as legumes, bread, rice, pasta.
Glycolysis.pptx
Glycolysis is the pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. The liver plays a key role in monitoring and stabilizing blood glucose levels. Glycolysis occurs through three phases: 1) energy investment where glucose is phosphorylated, 2) splitting of a six-carbon molecule into two three-carbon molecules, and 3) energy generation where ATP is produced from the breakdown of the three-carbon molecules. The pathway generates 2 ATP per glucose under anaerobic conditions and up to 8 ATP per glucose under aerobic conditions using shuttle pathways to further oxidize NADH in the mitochondria.
Carbohydrate
The above presentation contains detailed introduction about carbohydrates and it's various metabolism.
Gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism
Gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism allow the body to maintain blood glucose levels. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidneys and involves converting non-carbohydrate sources into glucose, especially during fasting when carbohydrate intake is low. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and acts as a reserve for glucose. Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis, while glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen into glucose. Both processes are regulated by enzymes and effectors like insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. Deficiencies in enzymes involved can cause glycogen storage diseases.
Glycolysis
This document discusses glycolysis, the pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of cells and can proceed with or without oxygen. It is an important pathway for ATP generation. The document outlines the 10 steps of glycolysis, including an energy investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose, and an energy generation phase where ATP is regenerated. Phosphofructokinase is identified as the rate-limiting step. The fate of pyruvate, the end product, depends on oxygen availability, leading to aerobic or anaerobic metabolism.
Glycolysis.pptx
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and is the first step in extracting energy from glucose under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The pathway involves a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that ultimately yield 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. Glycolysis is tightly regulated by enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase to control the rate of glucose breakdown.
Ang maikling kwento o katha ay isang uri ng panitikan na bunga ng isang maikl...
Ang maikling kwento o katha ay isang uri ng panitikan na bunga ng isang maikl...RamiscalMaChristinaM
Ang maikling kwento o katha ay isang uri ng panitikan na bunga ng isang maikling guni-guni ng may-akda. Ito ay maaring likhang isip lamang o batay sa sariling karanasan na nag-iiwan ng isang kakintalan sa isipan ng bumabasa onakikinig. Ito ay maikli lamang at matatapos basahin sa isang upuan lamang. Iilan lamang ang mga tauhan. Ang mga kawal ng pangyayari ay maingat na inihanay batay sa pagkasunod-sunod nito.
Ang isang maikling kwento ay mga kwento na mamaari mong tapusin sa isang upuan lamang ng pagbabasa o kaya'y ang mga kwento na hindi inaabot ng araw para matapos.
Mga Uri ng Maikling Kwento
Ang maikling kwento ay may mga sumusunod na uri:
Kuwentong Nagsasalaysay - masaklaw, timbang na timbang ang mga bahagi, maluwag at hindi apurahan ang paglalahad.
Kuwentong Tauhan- binibigayng diin nito ang tauhan ng mga tauhang gumagalaw sa kuwento.
Kuwentong Katutubong Kulay - binibigyang diin nito ang tagpuan at kapaligiran ng isang pook. Masusing inilalarawan ang mga tao sa isang pook, pamumuhay nila, ang kanilang mga kaugalian at gawi na napapaloob sa kuwento.
Kuwentong Sikolohiko - nilalarawang mabuti nito ang mga tauhan sa isipan ng mga mambabasa upang maipadama ang damdamin at nararanasan ng isang tao sa harap ng isang pangyayari o sitawasyon.
Kuwentong Talino - mahusay ang pagkakabuo ng balangkas nito. Kailangang lumikha ang may akda ng makasuliraning kalagayan upang mamahay sa pag-aalinlangan hanggang ang takdang oras ay sumapit ang paglalahad ng kalutasan
Kuwento ng Katatawanan- ang takbo ng pangyayari ay may kabagalan at may mangilan-ngilang paglihis sa balangkas at galaw ng mga pangyayari.
Kuwento ng Katatakutan - pinupukaw nito ang kawilihan ng mambabasa sa halip na ang kilos sa kuwento. Binibigyang diin ang mga simulaing kaisahan at bias.
Kuwento ng kababalaghan - binibigyang diin nito amg mga bagay na kapana-panabik, hindi kapani-paniwala at salungat sa hustong bait, kaisipan at karanasan ng tao. Kataka-taka ang mga pangyayari subalit magbibigay ito ng kasiyahan sa mambabasa.
Kuwento ng Madulang Pangyayari - ang mga pang-yayari ay kapansin-pansin, lubahang mahalaga, nagbunga ng isang bigla at kakaibang pagbabago sa kapalaran ng mga tauhan.
Kuwento ng Pakikipagsapalarang Maromansa - nasa balangkas ang kawilihan sa halip na sa mga tauhan ang kawilihan, sa mga kawil ng mga pangyayari ang siyang bumabalot sa pangunahing tauhan. Ang maikling kwento o katha ay isang uri ng panitikan na bunga ng isang maikling guni-guni ng may-akda. Ito ay maaring likhang isip lamang o batay sa sariling karanasan na nag-iiwan ng isang kakintalan sa isipan ng bumabasa onakikinig. Ito ay maikli lamang at matatapos basahin sa isang upuan lamang. Iilan lamang ang mga tauhan. Ang mga kawal ng pangyayari ay maingat na inihanay batay sa pagkasunod-sunod nito.
Ang isang maikling kwento ay mga kwento na mamaari mong tapusin sa isang upuan lamang ng pagbabasa o kaya'MAIKLING KWENTO ANG REGALO NG TAONG IBON
Ang maikling kuwento - binaybay ding maikling kwento - ay isang maiksing salaysay hinggil sa isang mahalagang pangyayaring kinasasangkutan ng isa o ilang tauhan at may iisang kakintalan o impresyon lamang. Isa itong masining na anyo ng panitikan. Tulad ng nobela at dula, isa rin itong paggagad ng realidad, kung ginagagad ang isang momento lamang o iyong isang madulang pangyayaring naganap sa buhay ng pangunahing tauhan. Si Deogracias A. Rosario ang tinuturing na "Ama ng Maikling Kuwento". Tinawag rin itong dagli noong panahon ng mga Amerikano at ginagawa itong libangan ng mga sundalo.
Ang alamat ay naiiba dito at sa kasaysayan bagamat may mga elemento ang dalawa. Ang ito ay di-totoo. Ang kasaysayan ay totoo, samantalang ang alamat ay may mga bahaging totoo at mayroon din naman na hindi totoo ang kuwento at kadalasang ang kuwento ay tungkol sa mga naganap sa di-totoong lugar at di-totoong panahon.
Kayarian
Bilang isang akdang pampanitikan, maaaring magsalaysay ng tuluy-tuloy ang maikling kuwento ng isang pangyayari hango sa tunay na buhay; may isa o ilang tauhan lamang, sumasaklaw sa maikling panahon, may isang kasukdulan, at nag-iiwan ng kakintalan o impresyon sa isip ng mambabasa.
Mga Elemento
Panimula- Dito nakasalalay ang kawilihan ng mga mambabasa. Dito rin kadalasang pinapakilala ang iba sa mga tauhan ng kuwento.
Saglit na Kasiglahan- Naglalahad ng panandaliang pagtatagpo ng mga tauhang masasangkot sa suliranin.
Suliranin- Problemang haharapin ng tauhan.
Tunggalian- May apat na uri: tao laban sa tao, tao laban sa sarili, tao laban sa lipunan, tao laban sa kapaligiran o kalikasan.
Kasukdulan- Makakamtan ng pangunahing tauhan ang katuparan o kasawian ng kanyang ipinaglalaban.
Kakalasan- Tulay sa wakas.
Wakas- Ito ang resolusyon o ang kahihinatnan ng kuwento.
Tagpuan- nakasaad ang lugar na pinangyayarihan ng mga aksiyon o mga insidente, gayundin ang panahon kung kailan naganap ang kuwento.
Paksang Diwa- pinaka kaluluwa ng maikling kuwento.
Kaisipan- mensahe ng kuwento.
Banghay- pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari sa kwento
Mga uri
May sampung uri ng maikling kuwento:
Sa kuwento ng tauhan inilalarawan ang mga pangyayaring pangkaugalian ng mga tauhang nagsisiganap upang mabigyan ng kabuuan ang pag-unawa sa kanila ng isang mambabasa.
Sa kuwento ng katutubong kulay binibigyang-diin ang kapaligiran at mga pananamit ng mga tauhan, ang uri ng pamumuhay, at hanapbuhay ng mga tao sa nasabing pook.
Sa kuwentong bayan nilalahad ang mga kuwentong pinag-uusapan sa kasalukuyan ng buong bayan.
Sa kuwento ng kababalaghan pinag-uusapan ang mga salaysaying hindi kapanipaniwala.
Naglalaman ang kuwento ng katatakutan ng mga pangyayaring kasindak-sindak.
Sa kuwento ng madulang pangyayari binibigyang diin ang kapanapanabik at mahahalagang pangyayari na nakapagpapaiba o nakapagbago sa tauhan.
Sa kuwento ng sikolohiko ipinadarama sa mga mambabasa ang damdamin ng isang tao sa harap ng isang
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glycolysis-140509234543-phpapp01.pdf1234
1) Glycolysis is a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP in the process.
2) The reactions are divided into two phases: the preparatory phase requires ATP investment to phosphorylate glucose, and the payoff phase generates a net production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
3) Overall, glycolysis oxidizes one glucose molecule to produce two pyruvate molecules, along with a net yield of two ATP, two NADH molecules, and two hydrogen ions per glucose molecule degraded.
Glycolysis
1) Glycolysis is a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP in the process.
2) The reactions are divided into two phases: the preparatory phase requires ATP investment to phosphorylate glucose, and the payoff phase generates a net production of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
3) Overall, glycolysis oxidizes one glucose molecule to produce two pyruvate molecules, along with a net gain of two ATP per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
intro of glycolysis there cycle and step - function-significance-defination-glucogenesis cycle-significance of gluconeogenesis-function of gluconeogenesis-conclusion
Glycolysis
metabolism of glucose into pyruvate or lactate depending upon the presence of oxygen. salient features of glycolysis, definition and sequence of reactions involved in glycolysis.
Carbohydrate metabolism b.pharm
Glycolysis is the pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis is tightly regulated by enzymes like hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. The regulation ensures glucose is used for energy when needed but directed to storage or other pathways when not. Excess pyruvate can be reduced to lactate under anaerobic conditions, allowing glycolysis to continue via NAD+ regeneration. Lactate produced in muscles is transported to the liver via Cori's cycle and reconverted to glucose or fed into the citric acid cycle.
Metabolism of carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the major pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and the roles of hormones. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with ATP production. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to generate more ATP. Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrates. Glycogen is stored glucose that is synthesized and broken down as needed. The hexose monophosphate shunt produces NADPH and pentoses using glucose. Hormones like glucagon and insulin regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
biochemistry of MSS prepared by Fikadu Seyoum Tola. This ppt essentially disc...
biochemistry of MSS prepared by Fikadu Seyoum Tola. This ppt essentially discuss about collegen biosnthesis, defect and muscle energy metabolism with its regulations.
Gluconeogenesis - The Pathway and Regulation
Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors in the liver and kidneys. It occurs mainly during periods of fasting and involves converting substrates like lactate, glycerol, and certain amino acids into glucose. The pathway overcomes three thermodynamic barriers of glycolysis through smaller successive steps. Regulation occurs through allosteric control of enzymes, hormonal control of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels, and transcriptional control of key genes like PEPCK and FOXO1. Together these mechanisms help direct carbon fluxes towards gluconeogenesis or glycolysis based on energy demands.
glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in animals.pptx
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are two opposing metabolic pathways involved in glucose metabolism. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, generating a small amount of ATP. Gluconeogenesis requires energy in the form of ATP to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and some amino acids in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Both pathways have important functions in energy production and maintaining intermediate metabolite levels, though they differ in their directionality, location in the cell, and energy requirements.
Glycolysis | Pathway of Glycolysis |
Metabolism involves chemical reactions that occur in living systems. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in 10 steps, with 3 stages: energy investment, splitting of glucose, and energy generation. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions, and up to 8 ATP under aerobic conditions when the electron transport chain is involved. Key enzymes that regulate glycolysis include hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
glycolysis , pathway, regulations and stochemetric of glycolysis
A very good PPT which helps us to understand glycolysis very well
Carbohydrate 2
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy diet.
Gluconeogenesis
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis and its other side process
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocal pathways that respectively break down and synthesize glucose. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with ATP production in animals and fermenting organisms. Gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, and amino acids, mainly in the liver and kidneys. Key enzymes in both pathways are regulated by allosteric effectors and hormones like insulin and glucagon to ensure glycolysis and gluconeogenesis do not operate simultaneously. This regulation is important for blood glucose homeostasis.
CARBOHYDRATES.pptx
Carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon (C), hydrogen & oxygen. The primary function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body.
Simple carbohydrates have one or two sugar molecules.
Complex carbohydrates have three or more sugar molecules, such as legumes, bread, rice, pasta.
Glycolysis.pptx
Glycolysis is the pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. The liver plays a key role in monitoring and stabilizing blood glucose levels. Glycolysis occurs through three phases: 1) energy investment where glucose is phosphorylated, 2) splitting of a six-carbon molecule into two three-carbon molecules, and 3) energy generation where ATP is produced from the breakdown of the three-carbon molecules. The pathway generates 2 ATP per glucose under anaerobic conditions and up to 8 ATP per glucose under aerobic conditions using shuttle pathways to further oxidize NADH in the mitochondria.
Carbohydrate
The above presentation contains detailed introduction about carbohydrates and it's various metabolism.
Gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism
Gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism allow the body to maintain blood glucose levels. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidneys and involves converting non-carbohydrate sources into glucose, especially during fasting when carbohydrate intake is low. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and acts as a reserve for glucose. Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis, while glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen into glucose. Both processes are regulated by enzymes and effectors like insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. Deficiencies in enzymes involved can cause glycogen storage diseases.
Glycolysis
This document discusses glycolysis, the pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of cells and can proceed with or without oxygen. It is an important pathway for ATP generation. The document outlines the 10 steps of glycolysis, including an energy investment phase where ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose, and an energy generation phase where ATP is regenerated. Phosphofructokinase is identified as the rate-limiting step. The fate of pyruvate, the end product, depends on oxygen availability, leading to aerobic or anaerobic metabolism.
Glycolysis.pptx
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and is the first step in extracting energy from glucose under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The pathway involves a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that ultimately yield 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. Glycolysis is tightly regulated by enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase to control the rate of glucose breakdown.
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biochemistry of MSS prepared by Fikadu Seyoum Tola. This ppt essentially disc...
biochemistry of MSS prepared by Fikadu Seyoum Tola. This ppt essentially disc...
glycolysis , pathway, regulations and stochemetric of glycolysis
glycolysis , pathway, regulations and stochemetric of glycolysis
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Ang maikling kwento o katha ay isang uri ng panitikan na bunga ng isang maikl...
Ang maikling kwento o katha ay isang uri ng panitikan na bunga ng isang maikl...RamiscalMaChristinaM
Ang maikling kwento o katha ay isang uri ng panitikan na bunga ng isang maikling guni-guni ng may-akda. Ito ay maaring likhang isip lamang o batay sa sariling karanasan na nag-iiwan ng isang kakintalan sa isipan ng bumabasa onakikinig. Ito ay maikli lamang at matatapos basahin sa isang upuan lamang. Iilan lamang ang mga tauhan. Ang mga kawal ng pangyayari ay maingat na inihanay batay sa pagkasunod-sunod nito.
Ang isang maikling kwento ay mga kwento na mamaari mong tapusin sa isang upuan lamang ng pagbabasa o kaya'y ang mga kwento na hindi inaabot ng araw para matapos.
Mga Uri ng Maikling Kwento
Ang maikling kwento ay may mga sumusunod na uri:
Kuwentong Nagsasalaysay - masaklaw, timbang na timbang ang mga bahagi, maluwag at hindi apurahan ang paglalahad.
Kuwentong Tauhan- binibigayng diin nito ang tauhan ng mga tauhang gumagalaw sa kuwento.
Kuwentong Katutubong Kulay - binibigyang diin nito ang tagpuan at kapaligiran ng isang pook. Masusing inilalarawan ang mga tao sa isang pook, pamumuhay nila, ang kanilang mga kaugalian at gawi na napapaloob sa kuwento.
Kuwentong Sikolohiko - nilalarawang mabuti nito ang mga tauhan sa isipan ng mga mambabasa upang maipadama ang damdamin at nararanasan ng isang tao sa harap ng isang pangyayari o sitawasyon.
Kuwentong Talino - mahusay ang pagkakabuo ng balangkas nito. Kailangang lumikha ang may akda ng makasuliraning kalagayan upang mamahay sa pag-aalinlangan hanggang ang takdang oras ay sumapit ang paglalahad ng kalutasan
Kuwento ng Katatawanan- ang takbo ng pangyayari ay may kabagalan at may mangilan-ngilang paglihis sa balangkas at galaw ng mga pangyayari.
Kuwento ng Katatakutan - pinupukaw nito ang kawilihan ng mambabasa sa halip na ang kilos sa kuwento. Binibigyang diin ang mga simulaing kaisahan at bias.
Kuwento ng kababalaghan - binibigyang diin nito amg mga bagay na kapana-panabik, hindi kapani-paniwala at salungat sa hustong bait, kaisipan at karanasan ng tao. Kataka-taka ang mga pangyayari subalit magbibigay ito ng kasiyahan sa mambabasa.
Kuwento ng Madulang Pangyayari - ang mga pang-yayari ay kapansin-pansin, lubahang mahalaga, nagbunga ng isang bigla at kakaibang pagbabago sa kapalaran ng mga tauhan.
Kuwento ng Pakikipagsapalarang Maromansa - nasa balangkas ang kawilihan sa halip na sa mga tauhan ang kawilihan, sa mga kawil ng mga pangyayari ang siyang bumabalot sa pangunahing tauhan. Ang maikling kwento o katha ay isang uri ng panitikan na bunga ng isang maikling guni-guni ng may-akda. Ito ay maaring likhang isip lamang o batay sa sariling karanasan na nag-iiwan ng isang kakintalan sa isipan ng bumabasa onakikinig. Ito ay maikli lamang at matatapos basahin sa isang upuan lamang. Iilan lamang ang mga tauhan. Ang mga kawal ng pangyayari ay maingat na inihanay batay sa pagkasunod-sunod nito.
Ang isang maikling kwento ay mga kwento na mamaari mong tapusin sa isang upuan lamang ng pagbabasa o kaya'MAIKLING KWENTO ANG REGALO NG TAONG IBON
Ang maikling kuwento - binaybay ding maikling kwento - ay isang maiksing salaysay hinggil sa isang mahalagang pangyayaring kinasasangkutan ng isa o ilang tauhan at may iisang kakintalan o impresyon lamang. Isa itong masining na anyo ng panitikan. Tulad ng nobela at dula, isa rin itong paggagad ng realidad, kung ginagagad ang isang momento lamang o iyong isang madulang pangyayaring naganap sa buhay ng pangunahing tauhan. Si Deogracias A. Rosario ang tinuturing na "Ama ng Maikling Kuwento". Tinawag rin itong dagli noong panahon ng mga Amerikano at ginagawa itong libangan ng mga sundalo.
Ang alamat ay naiiba dito at sa kasaysayan bagamat may mga elemento ang dalawa. Ang ito ay di-totoo. Ang kasaysayan ay totoo, samantalang ang alamat ay may mga bahaging totoo at mayroon din naman na hindi totoo ang kuwento at kadalasang ang kuwento ay tungkol sa mga naganap sa di-totoong lugar at di-totoong panahon.
Kayarian
Bilang isang akdang pampanitikan, maaaring magsalaysay ng tuluy-tuloy ang maikling kuwento ng isang pangyayari hango sa tunay na buhay; may isa o ilang tauhan lamang, sumasaklaw sa maikling panahon, may isang kasukdulan, at nag-iiwan ng kakintalan o impresyon sa isip ng mambabasa.
Mga Elemento
Panimula- Dito nakasalalay ang kawilihan ng mga mambabasa. Dito rin kadalasang pinapakilala ang iba sa mga tauhan ng kuwento.
Saglit na Kasiglahan- Naglalahad ng panandaliang pagtatagpo ng mga tauhang masasangkot sa suliranin.
Suliranin- Problemang haharapin ng tauhan.
Tunggalian- May apat na uri: tao laban sa tao, tao laban sa sarili, tao laban sa lipunan, tao laban sa kapaligiran o kalikasan.
Kasukdulan- Makakamtan ng pangunahing tauhan ang katuparan o kasawian ng kanyang ipinaglalaban.
Kakalasan- Tulay sa wakas.
Wakas- Ito ang resolusyon o ang kahihinatnan ng kuwento.
Tagpuan- nakasaad ang lugar na pinangyayarihan ng mga aksiyon o mga insidente, gayundin ang panahon kung kailan naganap ang kuwento.
Paksang Diwa- pinaka kaluluwa ng maikling kuwento.
Kaisipan- mensahe ng kuwento.
Banghay- pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari sa kwento
Mga uri
May sampung uri ng maikling kuwento:
Sa kuwento ng tauhan inilalarawan ang mga pangyayaring pangkaugalian ng mga tauhang nagsisiganap upang mabigyan ng kabuuan ang pag-unawa sa kanila ng isang mambabasa.
Sa kuwento ng katutubong kulay binibigyang-diin ang kapaligiran at mga pananamit ng mga tauhan, ang uri ng pamumuhay, at hanapbuhay ng mga tao sa nasabing pook.
Sa kuwentong bayan nilalahad ang mga kuwentong pinag-uusapan sa kasalukuyan ng buong bayan.
Sa kuwento ng kababalaghan pinag-uusapan ang mga salaysaying hindi kapanipaniwala.
Naglalaman ang kuwento ng katatakutan ng mga pangyayaring kasindak-sindak.
Sa kuwento ng madulang pangyayari binibigyang diin ang kapanapanabik at mahahalagang pangyayari na nakapagpapaiba o nakapagbago sa tauhan.
Sa kuwento ng sikolohiko ipinadarama sa mga mambabasa ang damdamin ng isang tao sa harap ng isang
BAKING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT.pptx
s a published baking cookbook author, I’ve tested out MANY baking tools. And this Best Baking Tools list is a great place to start if you’re a beginner baker, are creating a registry, or are shopping for a gift for someone who likes to bake (or wants to learn). I also have a complete Recommended Baking Tools page.
graphic displaying kitchen tools photos with text 14 must have baking tools on top.
I’ve been baking for as long as I can remember. And with more than 1,300 published recipes on my website and in my books, you can bet I’ve gone through my fair share of kitchen tools! Along the way, I’ve learned exactly what works best and why; which tools are essential for baking (and which tools you can live without); as well as which brands provide the best quality and value for the price.
Consider this your one-stop-shop for stocking a baker’s kitchen, narrowed down to the 14 most essential baking tools.
The 14 Best Baking Tools I Use
All of the baking tools in this list are items I own. I list 14 here (now with a bonus 15th recommendation) but some include more than 1 item. Use your best judgment on which items you would use based on my descriptions. None of this post is sponsored—truly just items I love and am happy to recommend to fellow home bakers. A lot of these links are affiliate links.
1. OVEN THERMOMETER
What I own and love: Rubbermaid Oven Thermometer
Quantity recommended: 1 per oven
Unless you have a brand-new or regularly calibrated oven, your oven’s temperature is likely inaccurate. When you set your oven to 350°F, it might not really be 350°F inside. It could be off by only a little—or it could be off by a lot! You could do everything the recipe instructs exactly right, but if your oven is off, you’ll be left wondering what you did wrong. Such a waste of your time and money!
The inexpensive remedy (or preventive measure) is an oven thermometer. Place it in your oven so you always know the actual temperature.
Mga Hakbang sa Pagsulat ng Pananaliksik.pptx
Marami satin ang di nakakapansin sa kagandahang dulot ng kalikasan, sabay sa di pag pansin sa taglay na kagandahan ang patuloy na pagkasira nito. Pero kung paano nga kung lahat sa atin ay nakapansin nito? Ano ang ating puwedeng gawing aksyon sa umiiral na pagkasira ng kalikasan? Kung ikaw man ay isang guro, estudyante, o isang propesyonal. Meron tayong magagawa upang pabagalin o maibsan man lang ang mabilis na pagbabago sa paligid na ating ngayo’y nararamdaman simple man o sa komplikadong paraan. Mayroon akong nakalatag na 10 simpleng paraan upang makatulong sa ating kapaligiran.
1) Magtanim ng halaman at mga puno.
0003404101_10
Image source: https://sound4good.bandcamp.com/album/this-music-plants-trees
Dahil sa pagtaas ng populasyon at pagtaas sa mga pangangailangan ng mga tao sa araw-araw, mas kinakailangan na magputol pa ng mas maraming puno upang magamit sa mga gamit pang araw-araw. Kailangan nating magtanim ng puno dahil ito’y nagbibigay oxygen na kailangan ng ating katawan upang mabuhay. Iba pang naitutulong nito ay ang paghigop ng tubig tuwing may kalamidad o baha, nagbibigay din ito ng ‘raw’ na materyales upang makagawa ng isang produkto.
2) Huwag mag aksaya ng papel.
close up photography of crumpled paper
Photo by Steve Johnson on Pexels.com
Ang pagbabawas ng paggamit ng papel ay dapat matutunan, base sa unang paraan kailangan magtanim ng puno dahil isa ito sa pinagkukunan ng materyales upang gawing papel. Kaya kung gagamitin natin ang papel sa angkop na paraan pwede tayong makamabag upang mabawasan ang pagpuputol ng puno. Ilang paraan dito ay ang paggamit sa likod ng papel, magpasa ng proyekto sa pamamagitan ng internet at marami pang iba.
3) Mag ‘recycle’ ng mga basura.
person hands on assorted color plastic lid lot
Photo by Krizjohn Rosales on Pexels.com
Araw-araw malaki ang nalilikom na plastik, biomass waste, metal at iba pa sa ating bansa. Mga basurang dahilan ng polusyon sa hangin, lupa at tubig na nakakasira ng kalikasan. Sa madaling paraan puwewede nating mabawasan ang mga basura na nakatambak sa ating tahanan. Ilan rin dito ang pagawa ng paso ng halaman,lalagyan ng mga lapis at materyales sa paggawa ng sining, parol, at marami pang bagay na puwedeng gawin sa plastik.
4) Pagbabawal sa paggamit ng plastik na supot
paper bags near wall
Photo by freestocks.org on Pexels.com
Alam naman nating lahat na ang plastik ay di mabilis matunaw kailangan ng maraming taon bago ito tuluyang mawala. Isa rin ang plastik sa pinaaraming basura sa makikita sa mga land fills. Ugaliing gumamit ng mga paper bag pag namimili o kaya naman magdala ng sariling lalagyan. At kung hindi maiiwasan, maari itong gamitin pa ulit sa pamimili para di na ulit kumonsumo ng isa pang
Pangangalaga sa Kalagayang Ekolohiko ng Asya.pptx
Marami satin ang di nakakapansin sa kagandahang dulot ng kalikasan, sabay sa di pag pansin sa taglay na kagandahan ang patuloy na pagkasira nito. Pero kung paano nga kung lahat sa atin ay nakapansin nito? Ano ang ating puwedeng gawing aksyon sa umiiral na pagkasira ng kalikasan? Kung ikaw man ay isang guro, estudyante, o isang propesyonal. Meron tayong magagawa upang pabagalin o maibsan man lang ang mabilis na pagbabago sa paligid na ating ngayo’y nararamdaman simple man o sa komplikadong paraan. Mayroon akong nakalatag na 10 simpleng paraan upang makatulong sa ating kapaligiran.
1) Magtanim ng halaman at mga puno.
0003404101_10
Image source: https://sound4good.bandcamp.com/album/this-music-plants-trees
Dahil sa pagtaas ng populasyon at pagtaas sa mga pangangailangan ng mga tao sa araw-araw, mas kinakailangan na magputol pa ng mas maraming puno upang magamit sa mga gamit pang araw-araw. Kailangan nating magtanim ng puno dahil ito’y nagbibigay oxygen na kailangan ng ating katawan upang mabuhay. Iba pang naitutulong nito ay ang paghigop ng tubig tuwing may kalamidad o baha, nagbibigay din ito ng ‘raw’ na materyales upang makagawa ng isang produkto.
2) Huwag mag aksaya ng papel.
close up photography of crumpled paper
Photo by Steve Johnson on Pexels.com
Ang pagbabawas ng paggamit ng papel ay dapat matutunan, base sa unang paraan kailangan magtanim ng puno dahil isa ito sa pinagkukunan ng materyales upang gawing papel. Kaya kung gagamitin natin ang papel sa angkop na paraan pwede tayong makamabag upang mabawasan ang pagpuputol ng puno. Ilang paraan dito ay ang paggamit sa likod ng papel, magpasa ng proyekto sa pamamagitan ng internet at marami pang iba.
3) Mag ‘recycle’ ng mga basura.
person hands on assorted color plastic lid lot
Photo by Krizjohn Rosales on Pexels.com
Araw-araw malaki ang nalilikom na plastik, biomass waste, metal at iba pa sa ating bansa. Mga basurang dahilan ng polusyon sa hangin, lupa at tubig na nakakasira ng kalikasan. Sa madaling paraan puwewede nating mabawasan ang mga basura na nakatambak sa ating tahanan. Ilan rin dito ang pagawa ng paso ng halaman,lalagyan ng mga lapis at materyales sa paggawa ng sining, parol, at marami pang bagay na puwedeng gawin sa plastik.
4) Pagbabawal sa paggamit ng plastik na supot
paper bags near wall
Photo by freestocks.org on Pexels.com
Alam naman nating lahat na ang plastik ay di mabilis matunaw kailangan ng maraming taon bago ito tuluyang mawala. Isa rin ang plastik sa pinaaraming basura sa makikita sa mga land fills. Ugaliing gumamit ng mga paper bag pag namimili o kaya naman magdala ng sariling lalagyan. At kung hindi maiiwasan, maari itong gamitin pa ulit sa pamimili para di na ulit kumonsumo ng isa pang
Interest.pptx
What Is Interest?
Interest is the monetary charge for the privilege of borrowing money. Interest expense or revenue is often expressed as a dollar amount, while the interest rate used to calculate interest is typically expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR). Interest is the amount of money a lender or financial institution receives for lending out money. Interest can also refer to the amount of ownership a stockholder has in a company, usually expressed as a percentage.
Key Takeaways
Interest is the monetary charge for borrowing money—generally expressed as a percentage, such as an annual percentage rate (APR).
Interest may be earned by lenders for the use of their funds or paid by borrowers for the use of those funds.
Interest is often considered simple interest (based on the principal amount) or compound interest (based on principal and previously-earned interest).
Interest is often associated with credit cards, mortgages, car loans, private loans, savings accounts, or penalty assessments.
Interest is highly dependent on macroeconomic policy dictated by the Federal Reserve's Federal funds rate.
SCIENCE-7_PPT_WLP1.pptx
This document discusses key characteristics of science such as objectivity, accuracy, verifiability, ethical neutrality, systematic exploration, reliability, precision, predictability, and abstractness. It provides definitions and explanations of these concepts. For example, it states that objectivity means scientific claims should not be influenced by biases or interests. Verifiability means providing evidence to support statements being true. Ethical neutrality implies research is free of bias. Precision refers to the accuracy and repeatability of measurements. The document also contains examples applying these scientific concepts.
constellation final.pptx
A constellation is a group of stars that appears to form a pattern or picture like Orion the Great Hunter, Leo the Lion, or Taurus the Bull. Constellations are easily recognizable patterns that help people orient themselves using the night sky. There are 88 “official” constellations.
MAIKLING KWENTO.pptx
Ang maikling kuwento - binaybay ding maikling kwento - ay isang maiksing salaysay hinggil sa isang mahalagang pangyayaring kinasasangkutan ng isa o ilang tauhan at may iisang kakintalan o impresyon lamang. Isa itong masining na anyo ng panitikan. Tulad ng nobela at dula, isa rin itong paggagad ng realidad, kung ginagagad ang isang momento lamang o iyong isang madulang pangyayaring naganap sa buhay ng pangunahing tauhan. Si Deogracias A. Rosario ang tinuturing na "Ama ng Maikling Kuwento". Tinawag rin itong dagli noong panahon ng mga Amerikano at ginagawa itong libangan ng mga sundalo.
Ang alamat ay naiiba dito at sa kasaysayan bagamat may mga elemento ang dalawa. Ang ito ay di-totoo. Ang kasaysayan ay totoo, samantalang ang alamat ay may mga bahaging totoo at mayroon din naman na hindi totoo ang kuwento at kadalasang ang kuwento ay tungkol sa mga naganap sa di-totoong lugar at di-totoong panahon.
Kayarian
Bilang isang akdang pampanitikan, maaaring magsalaysay ng tuluy-tuloy ang maikling kuwento ng isang pangyayari hango sa tunay na buhay; may isa o ilang tauhan lamang, sumasaklaw sa maikling panahon, may isang kasukdulan, at nag-iiwan ng kakintalan o impresyon sa isip ng mambabasa.
Mga Elemento
Panimula- Dito nakasalalay ang kawilihan ng mga mambabasa. Dito rin kadalasang pinapakilala ang iba sa mga tauhan ng kuwento.
Saglit na Kasiglahan- Naglalahad ng panandaliang pagtatagpo ng mga tauhang masasangkot sa suliranin.
Suliranin- Problemang haharapin ng tauhan.
Tunggalian- May apat na uri: tao laban sa tao, tao laban sa sarili, tao laban sa lipunan, tao laban sa kapaligiran o kalikasan.
Kasukdulan- Makakamtan ng pangunahing tauhan ang katuparan o kasawian ng kanyang ipinaglalaban.
Kakalasan- Tulay sa wakas.
Wakas- Ito ang resolusyon o ang kahihinatnan ng kuwento.
Tagpuan- nakasaad ang lugar na pinangyayarihan ng mga aksiyon o mga insidente, gayundin ang panahon kung kailan naganap ang kuwento.
Paksang Diwa- pinaka kaluluwa ng maikling kuwento.
Kaisipan- mensahe ng kuwento.
Banghay- pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari sa kwento
english past present future.pptx
People also ask
What is English in simple words?
English means belonging or relating to England, or to its people, language, or culture. It is also often used to mean belonging or relating to Great Britain, although many people object to this. ...
geologic time scale_gen bio 2.pptx
The geologic time scale, or geological time scale, (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating strata to time) and geochronology (scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by Earth scientists (including geologists, paleontologists, geophysicists, geochemists, and paleoclimatologists) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as lithologies, paleomagnetic properties, and fossils. The definition of standardized international units of geologic time is the responsibility of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), a constituent body of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), whose primary objective[1] is to precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC)[2] that are used to define divisions of geologic time. The chronostratigraphic divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units.[2]
While some regional terms are still in use,[3] the table of geologic time presented in this article conforms to the nomenclature, ages, and color codes set forth by the ICS as this is the standard, reference global geologic time scale – the International Geological Time Scale.[1][
health-intentionalinjuries-180627144350-1.pptx
One of the most enduring products of the Renaissance theatre was the opera. It grew out of experiments by the Camerata, a Florentine society of poets and musicians that at the end of the 16th century sought to revive Greek tragedy. The men who formed the Camerata believed that the Greeks had originally recited or chanted their plays to music, and in setting out to recreate these conditions, the Camerata used music to heighten the poetic qualities of the dialogue. Heavily influenced by the intermezzi that were currently in fashion, the first attempts were on mythological subjects (Daphne, Orpheus, etc.). The opera was an immediate success. The novelty impact of the music meant that the libretto diminished in importance. By 1607 Claudio Monteverdi had composed his masterpiece, Orfeo, which placed the emphasis squarely on music and established the basic form that European opera was to take for the next 300 years.
At first, opera was performed on special occasions intended to display the patron’s status and wealth; thus it was politically important. Great care was lavished on the visual aspects of the opera, and the librettos gave ample opportunities for scene painters and stage engineers to exploit their new mastery of perspective. As the scenery became more opulent, so the shape of the theatre was altered to accommodate it. The proscenium arch was developed to frame the setting and facilitate changes of scenery, while the auditorium was extended to a horseshoe shape. The earliest example of this type of theatre was the Teatro Farnese in Parma (1618–28), the prototype of the modern opera house. From its exclusive beginnings, the appeal of opera broadened, and in 1637 the first opera house was opened to the general public in Venice. By this time, the form had also caught on in Vienna.
Commedia dell’arte
Around the mid-16th century, there emerged in Italy a lively tradition of popular theatre that fused many disparate elements into a vigorous style, which profoundly influenced the development of European theatre. This was the legendary commedia dell’arte (“theatre of the professionals”), a nonliterary tradition that centred on the actor, as distinguished from the commedia erudita, where the writer was preeminent. Although the precise origins of the commedia dell’arte are difficult to establish, its many similarities with the skills of the medieval jongleurs, who were themselves descendants of the Roman mimes, suggest that it may have been a reawakening of the fabula Atellana, stimulated and coloured by social conditions in Italy during the Renaissance.
commedia dell'arte troupe
commedia dell'arte troupe
In spite of its outwardly anarchic spirit, the commedia dell’arte was a highly disciplined art requiring both virtuosity and a strong sense of ensemble playing. Its special quality came from improvisation. Working from a scenario that outlined the plot, the actors would improvise their own dialogue, striving for a balance of words and actions. Acrob
frog dissection 2014.pptx
The document outlines the key internal and external anatomy of frogs, including organs like the liver, heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, and reproductive systems. It describes external features such as the nictitating membrane that protects the eyes and the tympanum for hearing. The text also indicates how to determine the sex of a frog by examining the thumb and lists the major organs and their functions discovered during a frog dissection.
thephilippineenvironment-150312020049-conversion-gate01(1).pptx
1. The Philippines has abundant natural resources due to its geography as an archipelago, including forests, fertile agricultural lands, extensive coastlines and fisheries, and rich mineral deposits. However, many of these natural resources face threats from environmental problems like overfishing, coastal development destroying ecosystems, deforestation, and pollution.
2. To protect its natural resources, the Philippines must address challenges like weak enforcement of environmental laws, inconsistent regulations, and lack of funding for conservation efforts. Sustainable management and conservation of the country's biodiversity and ecosystems are needed to ensure natural resources can continue supporting the economy and people.
biomod4lessons1and2growthinplantsandanimals-150519163033-lva1-app6891-1.pptx
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Biology (disambiguation).
"Biological" redirects here. For other uses, see Biological (disambiguation).
Biology is the science of life. It spans multiple levels from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations.
Part of a series on
Biology
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Biology is the scientific study of life.[1][2][3] It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field.[1][2][3] For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life.[1][2][3] Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce.[1][2][3] Finally, all organisms are able to regulate their own internal environments.[1][2][3][4][5]
Biologists are able to study life at multiple levels of organization,[1] from the molecular biology of a cell to the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, and evolution of populations.[1][6] Hence, there are multiple subdisciplines within biology, each defined by the nature of their research questions and the tools that they use.[7][8][9] Like other scientists, biologists use the scientific method to make observations, pose questions, generate hypotheses, perform experiments, and form conclusions about the world around them.[1]
Life on Earth, which emerged more than 3.7 billion years ago,[10] is immensely diverse. Biologists have sought to study and classify the various forms of life, from prokaryotic organisms such as archaea and bacteria to eukaryotic organisms such as protists, fungi, plants, and animals. These various organisms contribute to the biodiversity of an ecosystem, where they play specialized roles in the cycling of nutrients and energy through their biophysical environment.
History
Main article: History of biology
A drawing of a fly from facing up, with wing detail
Diagram of a fly from Robert Hooke's innovative Micrographia, 1665.
The earliest of roots of science, which included medicine, can be traced to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE.[11][12] Their contributions shaped ancient Greek natural philosophy.[11][12][13][14] Ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE) contributed extensively to the development of biological knowledge. He explored biological causation and the diversity of life. His successor, Theophrastus, began the scientific study of plants.[15] Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz (781–869), Al-Dīnawar
chemistrystoichiometry-200828050319-1.pptx
Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationships in chemical formulas and reactions. It allows chemists to calculate amounts of reactants and products using moles, molar mass, and balanced chemical equations. Chemical reactions have fixed ratios of reactants and products that can be used to determine limiting reactants and calculate mass changes. Sample problems demonstrate how stoichiometric calculations are used to find amounts of substances involved in chemical reactions.
ALAMAT.pptx
Ang alamat ay isang uri ng kuwentong bayan at panitikan na nagsasalaysay ng mga pinagmulan ng mga bagay-bagay sa daigdig. Bagama't karaniwan nang sinasabi bilang "totoo" na mga kuwento, ang mga alamat ay kadalasang naglalaman ng mga supernatural, kakaiba, o napaka-imposibleng elemento. Ang ilan sa mga pinakatanyag na alamat sa mundo ay nabubuhay bilang mga tekstong pampanitikan, tulad ng "Odisea" (Griyego: Ὀδύσσεια, Odússeia o Odísia; Ingles: Odyssey) ni Homer at mga kuwento ni Chrétien de Troyes tungkol kay King Arthur.
Mga lahing nag-ambag sa pag-unlad ng panitikan.
Indones
Nag-impluwensya sa mga alamat nating ukol sa mga anito, santo, bathala at dakilang lumikha.
Malay
Nagdala ng "alifbata" o alibata na isang uri ng paraan nang-pagsusulat,dahil dito na isatitik ang mga panitikan sa mga kawayan,dahon,balat ng puno at sa mga bato.
Tsino, Indiano, Arabe at Persyano
Nag dala ng papel at mga kulturang nakapag ambag sa pag-unlad pa ng ating panitikan.
FILIPINO 8.pptx
Filipinos (Tagalog: Mga Pilipino)[50] are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines. The majority of Filipinos today come from various Austronesian ethnolinguistic groups, all typically speaking either Filipino, English, and/or other Philippine languages. Currently, there are more than 185 ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines; each with its own language, identity, culture, and history.
Names
See also: Name of the Philippines
The name Filipino, as a demonym, was derived from the term Las Islas Filipinas ("the Philippine Islands"),[51] the name given to the archipelago in 1543 by the Spanish explorer and Dominican priest Ruy López de Villalobos, in honor of Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II).[52] During the Spanish colonial period, natives of the Philippine islands were usually known by the generic terms chino ("Chino") [53] [54] or indigenta ("indigents").[55] However, during the early Spanish colonial period the term Filipinos or Philipinos was sometimes used by Spanish writers to distinguish the indio chino natives of the Philippine archipelago from the indios of the Spanish colonies in the Americas, which were free people and legally barred from being used as slaves, unlike Filipinos. [56] [57] [52] The term Indio Filipino appears as a term of self-identification beginning in the 18th century.[52]
In 1955, Agnes Newton Keith wrote that a 19th century edict prohibited the use of the word "Filipino" to refer to indios. This reflected popular belief, although no such edict has been found.[52] The idea that the term Filipino was not used to refer to indios until the 19th century has also been mentioned by historians such as Salah Jubair[58] and Renato Constantino.[59] However, in a 1994 publication the historian William Henry Scott identified instances in Spanish writing where "Filipino" did refer to "indio" natives.[60] Instances of such usage include the Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604) of Pedro Chirino, in which he wrote chapters entitled "Of the civilities, terms of courtesy, and good breeding among the Filipinos" (Chapter XVI), "Of the Letters of the Filipinos" (Chapter XVII), "Concerning the false heathen religion, idolatries, and superstitions of the Filipinos" (Chapter XXI), "Of marriages, dowries, and divorces among the Filipinos" (Chapter XXX),[61] while also using the term "Filipino" to refer unequivocally to the non-Spaniard natives of the archipelago like in the following sentence:
The first and last concern of the Filipinos in cases of sickness was, as we have stated, to offer some sacrifice to their anitos or diwatas, which were their gods.[62]
— Pedro Chirino, Relación de las Islas Filipinas
In the Crónicas (1738) of Juan Francisco de San Antonio, the author devoted a chapter to "The Letters, languages and politeness of the Philippinos", while Francisco Antolín argued in 1789 that "the ancient wealth of the Philippinos is much like that which the Igorots have at present".[52] These
PANG-ABAY NA PAMANAHON.pptx
Photograph your local culture, help Wikipedia and win!
Itago
Mga nilalaman
Simula
Uri ng Pang-abay
Pamanahon
Panlunan
Pamaraan
Pang-agam
Ingklitik
Benepaktibo
Kusatibo
Kondisyonal
Panang-ayon
Pananggi
Panggaano o pampanukat
Pamitagan
Mga sanggunian
Mga Sipi
Mga Pinagkukunan
Pang-abay
Artikulo
Usapan
Basahin
Baguhin
Baguhin ang wikitext
Tingnan ang kasaysayan
Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Wikibooks
Mayroon sa Wikibooks ng patungkol sa Pang-abay.
Ang pang-abay o lampibadyâ [1] ay mga salitang naglalarawan sa pandiwa, pang-uri at kapwa pang-abay.
Uri ng Pang-abay
Mayroong labing-dalawa na uri ang pang-abay ito ay:
Pamanahon
Ang pang-abay na pamanahon ay nagsasaad kung kailan naganap,ginaganap o gaganapin ang isang pangyayari o kilos.
Mayroon itong tatlong uri:
May pananda - nang, sa, noon, kung, kapag, tuwing, buhat, mula, umpisa, at hanggang
Halimbawa: "Kailangan mo bang pumasok nang araw-araw?"
Walang pananda - kahapon, kanina, ngayon, mamaya, bukas, sandali, at iba pa
Halimbawa: "Manonood kami bukas ng pambansang pagtatanghal ng dulang Pilipino."
Nagsasaad ng dalas - araw-araw, tuwing umaga, taun-taon, at iba pa
Halimbawa: "Tuwing buwan ng Mayo ay nagdaraos kami sa aming pook ng santakrusan."
Panlunan
Ito ay nagsasaad ng lugar kung saan naganap ang pangyayari. Samakatuwid, ito ay nagsasabi kung saan ginawa, ginagawa, at gagawin ang kilos sa pangungusap; sa ibang pananalita ay tumutukoy ito sa pook na pinangyarihan, o pangyayarihan ng kilos sa pandiwa. Karaniwang ginagamit ang mga pariralang may sa, kina o kay.
Ginagamit ang sa kapag ang kasunod ay isang pangngalang pambalana o isang panghalip. Ginagamit naman ang kay at kina kapag ang kasunod ay pangngalang pantangi na pangalan ng isang tao.
Halimbawa: "Maraming masasarap na ulam ang itinitinda sa kantina." ; "Nagpaluto ako kina Aling Inggay ng masarap na mamon para sa kaarawan."
Pamaraan
Ito ay naglalarawan kung paano naganap, nagaganap, o magaganap ang kilos na ipinahahayag ng pandiwa. Ginagamit sa ganitong uri ng pang-abay ang mga panandang nang, na, at -ng. Halimbawa nito ay magaling, mabilis, maaga, masipag, mabait, maganda at iba pa.
Halimbawa: "Sinakal niya ako nang mahigpit."
Pang-agam
Ito ay nagbabadya ng hindi o kawalan ng katiyakan sa pagganap sa kilos ng pandiwa. Ginagamit sa pangungusap ang mga pariralang marahil, siguro, tila, baka, wari, parang, at iba pa.
Halimbawa: "Marami na marahil ang nakabalita tungkol sa pasya ng Sandiganbayan."
Ingklitik
Ito ay mga kataga sa Filipino na karaniwang nakikita pagkatapos ng unang salita sa pangungusap. Ito ay ang man, kasi, sana, nang, kaya, yata, tuloy, lamang/lang, din/rin, ba, pa, muna, pala, na, naman at daw/raw.
Halimbawa: "Lasing na yata siya."
Benepaktibo
Ito ay nagsasaad ng benepisyo para sa isang tao. Ito ay karaniwang binubuo ng pariralang pinangungunahan ng para sa.
Halimbawa: "Ang ikinokolek
SOLUTIONS.pptx
solution, in chemistry, a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in relative amounts that can be varied continuously up to what is called the limit of solubility. The term solution is commonly applied to the liquid state of matter, but solutions of gases and solids are possible. Air, for example, is a solution consisting chiefly of oxygen and nitrogen with trace amounts of several other gases, and brass is a solution composed of copper and zinc.
A brief treatment of solutions follows. For full treatment, see liquid: Solutions and solubilities.
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- 24. •Glycolysis was the very 1st biochemistry studied and it is the 1st metabolic pathway discovered. •Louis pasture(1854-1864): observed that fermentation is caused by micro- organisms and also found that aerobic growth requires less glucose than anaerobic condition.
- 25. •Buchner(1897): found that reaction of glycolysis can be carried out in a cell-free yeast extract. •Harden and young(1905): found that (1). Inorganic phosphate is required fermentation. (2). Yeast extract could be separated in small molecular weight essential coenzymes and bigger molecules called zymase.
- 26. •There is 60% of ingested food consist of polysaccharide carbohydrates, while the disaccharide carbohydrates like sucrose and lactose are important in the diet of infants. •The end product of carbohydrate digestion is mainly glucose, fructose and galactose.
- 27. •These simple sugars are absorbed in the intestine and are carried to the liver through the blood stream. Here they are transferred into glycogen through glucose-6-phosphate. •The glycogen is stored in the liver. •The carbohydrate metabolism or digestion of carbohydrate is takes by two steps: 1. CATABOLISM 2. ANABOLISM
- 28. Glycolysis: ( Embden-meyerhof-parnas method/pathway) * Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose upto the formation of pyruvic acid. Each glucose molecules forms two molecules of pyruvic acid. * The breakdown of glucose is takes place in a series of steps, each stepwise reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. *Glycolysis may be divided into two phases : 1.Preparatory phase. 2.Oxidative phase.
- 29. 1. Preparatory phase :- The 1st four (1-4) steps in glycolysis represents the preparatory phase. In this phase breakdown of glucose and low energy phosphorylation occurs and I is expended.
- 30. • It is the first step in the breakdown of carbohydrates. •The glucose is stable compound so, it normally resist the breakdown. •The activation of glucose molecule takes place by a reaction called oxidative phosphorylation. •A phosphate group is attached to glucose by a low energy phosphate bond ( -p ), and glucose-6-phosphate is formed. • The reaction is facilitated by an enzyme called Hexokinase with mg2+ as an activator. •The phosphate group is derived from ATPwhich breakdown to ADP. example:- * The hormones insulin and estrogen promote phosphorylation of blood glucose to glucose-6- phosphate.
- 31. 2.ISOMERISATION:- •Glucose-6-phosphate undergoes internal molecular rearrangement to form Fructose-6-phosphate. • The catalytic enzyme is Phosphoglucoisomerase. •No changes takes place in the low energy value of the phosphate bond. 3.SECOND PHOSPHORYLATION :- •Fructose-6-phosphate undergoes phosphorylation to form fructose-1,6-diphosphate. • The catalytic enzyme is phosphofructokinase. •The phosphate group is derived fromATP which breaks down toADP.
- 32. 4.CLEAVAGE:- • Fructose-1,6-diphosphate splits into two halves between carbon atom 3 and 4 under the action of enzyme Aldolase. •The two halves phosphates, each contain three carbon atoms, but are not identical. • The one half is dihyroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and the other is 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. •These molecules undergoes isomerization and become identical 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) molecules. • The catalyzing enzyme is Triosephosphate isomerase. .