Article Talk Read View source View history This is a good article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Biology (disambiguation). "Biological" redirects here. For other uses, see Biological (disambiguation). Biology is the science of life. It spans multiple levels from biomolecules and cells to organisms and populations. Part of a series on Biology DNA simple.svg Science of life Index Outline Glossary History (timeline) Key components Branches Research Applications icon Biology portal Category vte Biology is the scientific study of life.[1][2][3] It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field.[1][2][3] For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary information encoded in genes, which can be transmitted to future generations. Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life.[1][2][3] Energy processing is also important to life as it allows organisms to move, grow, and reproduce.[1][2][3] Finally, all organisms are able to regulate their own internal environments.[1][2][3][4][5] Biologists are able to study life at multiple levels of organization,[1] from the molecular biology of a cell to the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, and evolution of populations.[1][6] Hence, there are multiple subdisciplines within biology, each defined by the nature of their research questions and the tools that they use.[7][8][9] Like other scientists, biologists use the scientific method to make observations, pose questions, generate hypotheses, perform experiments, and form conclusions about the world around them.[1] Life on Earth, which emerged more than 3.7 billion years ago,[10] is immensely diverse. Biologists have sought to study and classify the various forms of life, from prokaryotic organisms such as archaea and bacteria to eukaryotic organisms such as protists, fungi, plants, and animals. These various organisms contribute to the biodiversity of an ecosystem, where they play specialized roles in the cycling of nutrients and energy through their biophysical environment. History Main article: History of biology A drawing of a fly from facing up, with wing detail Diagram of a fly from Robert Hooke's innovative Micrographia, 1665. The earliest of roots of science, which included medicine, can be traced to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE.[11][12] Their contributions shaped ancient Greek natural philosophy.[11][12][13][14] Ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE) contributed extensively to the development of biological knowledge. He explored biological causation and the diversity of life. His successor, Theophrastus, began the scientific study of plants.[15] Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz (781–869), Al-Dīnawar

1. GUESS
THE
GIBBERISH

2. Sick – usual
Rape – row – duck – shown
Sexual reproduction

3. Sick – usual
Rape – row – duck – shown
Sexual reproduction

4. You – knee
Die – wreck – shown - null
Uni – directional

5. Met – thumb – more – for - sees
Metamorphosis

6. Red – gene – narration
Regeneration

7. Red – gene – narration
Regeneration

8. X
IN
ANIMALS AND PLANTS
Module 4 Unit 11
GROWTH
BEGIN

9. X
IMPORTANT NOTE
9
In this slide presentation, you will examine
topics from two lessons on growth in animals
and plants:
Module 4 Unit 11 Lesson 1
1. What is growth?
2. Evidence of Growth in Animals
3. Animal Growth Patterns
Module 4 Unit 11 lesson 2
1. Evidence of Plant Growth
2. Plant Growth patterns
3. Growth in Plants vs Growth in Animals

10. X
GROWTH IN ANIMALS
Module 4 Unit 11 Lesson 1
http://www.wildlife-pictures-online.com/image-files/xelecalf2a.jpg
10

11. X
You already know that growth is one of the life
processes of all living things!
What else doyou knowabout growth?
Howcompletelycan youdefinegrowth?
LIVING THINGS REPRODUCTION
11
RESPONSE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGES
RESPIRATION
NUTRITION
EXCRETION
MOVEMENT
GROWTH
INTRODUCTION

12. X
OBJECTIVES
12
After working through this presentation, you
will be able to:
1. define growth.
2. describe various evidence of growth in
animals.
3. investigate patterns of growth in various
animals.

13. X
WHAT IS GROWTH?
13
Click open and watch each video clip.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFCdAgeMGOA&featu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yleqMmv_vX8&feature=related
From what you observe, what do you infer
about growth? Write a definition (about one
or two paragraph/s) in your notebook. Use a
pencil so that you can erase and modify it, if
necessary!

14. X
WHAT IS GROWTH?
From this picture, what can you say about
growth? Add to your definition.
seed
germinating
shoot
roots
14

15. X
WHAT IS GROWTH?
Now, look at these pictures. What else can
you add to your definition of growth?
http://durmebugs.trip
od.com/gettingridofp
ests/id8.html
http://www.tooter4kids.com/Frogs/life_cycle_of_frogs.htm
15

16. X
WHAT IS GROWTH?
How are these plants growing? What seems to
affect their growth? Further modify or add to
your definition of growth.
http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/phototropism
16
Source:
http://cccmkc.edu.hk/
~sbj-biology/AL
%20BIO/Continuity
%20of%20life
%20growth%20and
%20development/Tr
opism
%20(phototropism)
%20experiment.htm

17. X
FEEDBACK: WHAT IS GROWTH?
Did you include any or all of these in your
definition of GROWTH?
Can be in a particular
direction in response to
external stimuli such as light
In ‘higher’ plants, there is growth of a seed into a
seedling, i.e. germination, with continued
development in body parts.
Involves an increase in size, mass or number
accompanied by development from simple to
more complex stage, body form or function
May involve change in
appearance as the young
becomes an adult
17
CHECK

18. X
WHAT IS GROWTH?
18
Growth takes place only in living
organisms that are involved in carrying
on various life processes and whose
cell(s) is/are synthesizing materials,
obtained from the environment, into
its/their own structures. Overall growth
may slow down or cease once a
maximum size is reached.
Growth does not occur in non-living
matter.

19. X
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN HUMANS
1. What evidence of growth does
this man show?
2. How do you know that you are growing?
Make a list of signs of your own growth
and compare it with others in the class.
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK TO QUESTION 1
Facial hairs have grown to form a beard and moustache.
FEEDBACK TO QUESTION 2
Head hair/nails lengthen; increase in height, mass, overall
body size; growth of body hair (in arm pits, genital area, chest
or face); enlarged genitals and breasts; menstruation starts in
females; sex cells are produced.
19

20. X
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS
Do other animals also
show signs of their
growth?
What are some?
e.g. Increased body size, growth of horns etc.
Perhaps the pictures in the next slides (13 – 17) can
help you to answer those questions.
Talk about each one within your group, then with your
teacher.
FEEDBACK
20

21. X
1. Sexually produced offspring
Describe the growth changes.
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS
21
(Note: Various stages are not to same scale)
Fertilized
egg

22. X
15
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS
In sexually produced offspring…
Metamorphosis may occur – i.e. the series
of changes in body form and functions
through which an animal goes as it grows
from fertilized egg to adult stage.
• Complete metamorphosis = egg larva
larva pupa adult/imago
(In insects, the larva is called a caterpillar; in
frogs/toads the larval stage is called a tadpole)
• Incomplete metamorphosis = egg
nymph nymph adult/imago

23. X
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS
2. Asexually produced offspring – e.g. new Hydra
may grow by budding from mature ‘parent’.
23

24. X
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN ANIMALS
3. Regeneration of body parts
A starfish can re-grow or regenerate a missing
arm. A piece of arm can even grow an entire
animal! A lizard’s tail can grow back!
24

25. X
•
•
•
•
•
•
Animals show evidence of growth by:
increasing in body size (length/mass etc.)
growing various ‘adult’ structures such as
horns, special hairs/ feathers, changing colour
becoming sexually mature and producing
eggs/sperm to reproduce themselves
going through metamorphosis to grow into
adults
asexually reproducing offspring
being able to regenerate parts and to repair
damaged tissues
CHECK YOURSELF!
25

26. X
GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS
26
All animals grow and develop during their life
cycle.
Patterns of growth vary from one type of
animal to another, e.g. animals may undergo
growth changes called metamorphosis, in
which there is either steady growth during
each stage of metamorphosis, e.g. butterflies
moths, frogs/toads or the animal grows only in
spurts at specific times called moults e.g. the
cockroach.

27. X
GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS
(Diagrams taken from: Roberts & Mitchelmore; Biology for CXC; page 253; Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd
27
e.g. Moulting in the Cockroach
Examine preserved cockroach nymphs; note the
colour, size and structure of various stages.

28. X
GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS
28
In humans and other mammals, steady
and continuous growth, plus tissue
differentiation and repair, occurs
gradually over time.
Then, at puberty there is increased
growth and development of secondary
sexual characteristics.
Check the next slide to see what the
human growth curve looks like.

29. X
GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS
The Human Growth Curve
29
Diagrams taken from: Roberts & Mitchelmore; Biology for CXC; page 253; Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd

30. X
steep increase in height?
GROWTH PATTERNS IN ANIMALS
The Human Growth Curve
On the growth curve diagram for
humans (previous slide), what happens
when there is that noticeable curve and
During puberty, at about age 11 – 15, the
teenager goes through a growth spurt with
some changes (e.g in sexual characteristics)
to begin to become an adult. So, there is a
sharp increase in growth, which levels off up
to age 20 years.
FEEDBACK
30

31. X
GROWTH IN PLANTS
Module 4 Unit 11 Lesson 2
31

32. X
OBJECTIVES
After working through this presentation,
you will be able to:
1. describe various evidence of growth in
plants.
2. investigate patterns of growth in
various plants.
3. state the main differences between
growth in plants and animals.
32

33. X
26
Cotyledon
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Seed coat
Hypocotyl
Cotyledon
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS
1. Germination/growth of seeds
Foliage leaves
Cotyledon
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
http://www.butler.edu/herba
rium/treeid/treeparts.html
In your notebook, list all the changes that you
observe as the bean seed grows and
develops into a seedlinFEgE.DBACK

34. X
FEEDBACK
34
You should have observed the following:
(1) The seed swells and the reddish-brown testa bursts open; (2) a
creamish-coloured radicle pushes through the micropyle and grows
longer quite quickly; (3) lateral roots grow from this main root (4)
the curved hypocotyl pushes up through the soil ahead of the
plumule, then pulls the cotyledons, with the plumule protected
between them, up through and above the soil surface; (5)
meantime, the testa has fallen off; (6) the two cream-coloured
cotyledons turn green; (7) the first true green leaves grow from the
plumule and open out of the cotyledons along with the stem-like
epicotyl; (8) then, as the shoot and root systems grow, the
cotyledons shrivel and eventually drop off; (9) the plumule
gradually grows to become a green stem with green leaves and
gradually begins to grow a branching shoot system; (10) the radicle
grows into the root system. Foliage leaves
Cotyledon
Hypocotyl
Cotyledon
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Seed coat
Hypocotyl
Cotyledon
Epicotyl

35. X
GROWTH IN FLOWERING PLANTS
35
In ‘higher’ (flowering) plants, growth is limited
to areas called meristems, some of which
are located in stem/root tips.
Meristem - is a region in which new cells are
formed by mitosis (a type of cell division).
In shoots, meristems are located in buds and
between vascular tissue.
In roots, meristems are found at root tips
and between vascular tissues.
On the next slide look at the types of growth in
various zones caused by various meristems.

36. X
GROWTH ZONES in a TREE
http://www.encyclopedia.com/RankImages.aspx?topicid=54953
Root
elongation
36

37. X
MERISTEMS – found in apical and lateral buds
37
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/meristem.jpg

38. X
MERISTEMS – found in root tips
38

39. X
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS
39
2. Increase in size and complexity
Meristems in buds cause growth/differentiation into
new shoots with branches, leaves and also flowers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nectarine_Fruit_Development.jpg
Click open and read from:
http://www.biology-resources.com/documents/plants-buds-twigs-1.doc

40. X
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS
2. Increase in size and complexity
Trees such as the Giant Redwood or a
Mahoe grow complex branching shoot and
root systems. They develop thick, woody
trunks because tissue called xylem has
grown in the centre of the tree trunk over
many years.
40

41. X
3. Tropic Responses /Tropisms
Tropisms are the growth of a plant part toward or
away from an environmental stimulus, and include:
Geotrophism: growth response to gravity
e.g. plant roots grow down into the soil in
response to gravity and shoots (stems) grow up
against gravity and out of the soil.
Phototropism: growth response to light
e.g. Plant shoots grow curving towards light
Thigmotropism: growth response to touch
e.g. vines grow and curl around supports; Venus
flytrap closes when leaves are touched
41
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS

42. X
GROWTH RESPONSES IN ROOTS
Describe what is happening to the radicle
in germinating seeds 2 and 3. CHECK
Seed #2 was placed on its side and #3 upside-down, so
each radicle has grown curved and bent downwards in a
positive geotropic response to the downward stimulus of
gravity (shown by the arrow at right). Note the plumules.
42
Positive Geotropism/Gravitropism
Observe ‘normal’ growth of the radicle and
plumule
1
inseed #1 as it germinates.
2 3

43. X
right side? Why do you say so?
GROWTH RESPONSES IN STEMS
Positive Phototropism
Is the light coming from the left or
FEEDBACK
43
FEEDBACK
Shoots and stems are positively
phototropic , that is, they tend to
grow towards the light source.
The light is coming from the left
side, because the shoot has grown
curved to the left. Roots are
negatively phototropic; they
normally grow away from light.

44. X
37
elated
GROWTH RESPONSES IN
STEMS
I
T
I
n
h
s
s
i
g
o
m
m
o
e
t
p
r
l
o
l
a
p
n
i
t
s
s
m
, (Touch response)
stems or tendrils
will grow to twine
around a firm object
in response to touch,
and so hold the plant
upright to support it
as it grows.
Click open and
watch the video clip
http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?
v=ymnLpQNyI6g&feature=r

45. X
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS
4. Sexual reproduction that involves flowering
then fruit and seed formation
http://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/c21/0665.jpg
45

46. X
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS
5. Asexually produced new plants that grow
from special growing areas (buds) on stems
and roots.
click4biology.info
Click open and read from:
http://www.biology-
resources.com/documents/plants-
vr-tropical-01-yam.doc
46

47. X
EVIDENCE OF GROWTH IN PLANTS
Asexually produced new plants
What evidence of new growth is shown on
this ‘Leaf-of-life’ (Bryophyllum) leaf?
tutorvista.com FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK
Formation along edge of leaf of four new
plants, each with a shoot and roots.
47

48. X
41
PATTERNS OF GROWTH IN PLANTS
‘Higher’ plants show
many different growth
forms, for example, they
can be:
a)herbaceous plants (i.e.
herbs) with soft, green
stems;
b)shrubs or bushes with
low branching woody
trunks, or else
c)trees with a single
woody trunk.
.

49. X
GROWTH IN PLANTS vs.
GROWTH IN ANIMALS
49
• There may be set ‘growing seasons’
during which new plant parts e.g.
leaves, flowers, are produced.
• Growth may be for one year only then
the plant dies (annual), two years
(biennial) or several years
(perennials), and various structures
are often grown e.g. bulbs, rhizomes
etc, and dispersed, e.g. seeds, to
ensure the continuity of the species.
Click here to watch the video at the website below>>
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-video/463192/83804/Plants-use-
their-roots-to-absorb-water-and-nutrients-from

50. X
Continuous growth in size and complexity
Perrennials such as this
Giant Redwood tree is
over 300 years old! It is
massive in size. It has
also grown so wide that
a car can be driven
through the base of its
trunk!
And, it is still growing!
50
GROWTH IN PLANTS vs.
GROWTH IN ANIMALS

51. X
GROWTH IN PLANTS vs.
GROWTH IN ANIMALS
In all animal species, growth in overall
size/mass ceases once the maximum size
for that species is reached.
Both animals live
in the ocean.
No matter how long
it lives, will the fish
ever grow as big as
the orca?
51

52. X
GROWTH IN PLANTS vs.
GROWTH IN ANIMALS
52
In ‘higher’ animals, growth in specific
tissues/organs and for specific purposes
(e.g. reproduction, repair of damaged
tissues, such as wounds healing) may
continue throughout the animal’s life
cycle.
Each animal species also grows into a
distinctly recognizable shape and often also,
with distinctive colour/s or marking /s.

53. X
SUMMARY
53
There are various kinds of evidence to
support plant growth:
•Germination and Development
•Increase in size/complexity
•Tropic growth responses
•Asexual production of plants
•Production of flowers/fruits
Following germination, the young plant
grows and differentiates to become either
a herb, shrub or tree.

54. X
Credits
54
www.worldofteaching.com
http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/guava.htm
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/gh.html
http://vle.havant.ac.uk/Biology_web/5 plant_hormones.htm