This document provides information about the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. It begins by listing the objectives, which are to identify the bones and their markings, describe the divisions of the pelvis and differences between male and female pelvis. It then lists the bones of the lower limbs and provides details about the pelvic girdle bones including the ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, and gender differences in pelvis shape. It also describes some of the major lower limb bones like the femur, patella, tibia, and fibula as well as joints like the hip and sacroiliac joints.

1. (A Project of National Medical Centre Karachi)
PELVIC GIRDLE & LOWER LIMBS.
BY:
Shahzad Bashir.
Lecturer, NMC ION.
4/6/2013 1

2. O B J E C T I V ES
• Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and their
principal markings.
• Describe the division of the pelvic girdle into
false and true pelvis.
• Compare the principal differences between female
and male pelvis.
• Identify the bones of the lower limb and their
principal markings.
• Describe the joints between the upper limb bones.
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3. BONES OF THE LOWER LIMBS.
S. NO. REGION NAME NUMBER.
1. PELVIS Innominate Bone. 1
2. THIGH Femur. 1
3. KNEE Patella. 1
4. LEG Fibula/ Tibia. 1 Each
5. ANKLE Tarsals 7.
6. FOOT. Metatarsals 5.
7. TOES Phalanges 14.
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4. PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE.
• The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of the two hip
bones.
• Also called coxal or pelvic bones or coxa
(cox= hip).
• The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called
the symphysis pubic.
• They unite posteriorly with the sacrum at the
SACROILIAC JOINTS, to form Bony Pelvis.
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5. BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• Formed by two coxal (coxae) bones.
• Composed of three pairs of fused bones.
– Ilium (Superior)
– Ischium (Posterior)
– Pubis (Anterior)
• All three bones meet at a Cup- Shaped Cavity called
ACETABULAM into which fits head of the FEMUR
to form FEMURO- ACETABULUM JOINT
OR HIP JOINT.
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6. BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis.
• It protects several organs
– Reproductive organs
– Urinary bladder
– Part of the large intestine
• Functionally, the bony pelvis provides a strong and
stable support for the vertebral column and pelvic and
lower abdominal organs.
• The pelvic girdle of the bony pelvis also connects the
bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
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7. The Pelvis
Hip bone
Sacral promontory
Obturator foramen
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8. THE PELVIS
Hip bone Pelvic brim landmarks:
Pelvic
(hip) Sacroiliac joint
girdle
Sacral promontory
Sacrum
Acetabulum
Pubic crest
Pelvic brim Obturator foramen
Coccyx
4/6/2013
Symphysis Pubic 8

9. ILIUM
• It is a Flat Bone.
• Makes the upper part of PELVIC BONE.
• Ileum is the largest part of the three components of the hip
bone.
• Ilum contain FOUR major Features.
1. ILIAC CREST: (For attachment of abdominal muscles).
2. ILIAC SPINES: (For attachment of muscles).
3. ARTICULAR SURFACE: (For articulation with Sacrum to
form SACRO- ILIAC JOINT.
4. GREATER SCIATIC NOTCH: (Through which pass the
sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body)
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10. THE PELVIS: RIGHT COXAL BONE
Auricular surface
Lesser sciatic notch
Superior ramus of pubis
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11. ISCHIUM.
• Irregular bone.
• The thickest and strongest portion of PELVIC BONE.
• Ischium is comprised of a superior body and an
inferior ramus (ram= branch).
• Ischium contain three major Features.
1. ISCHIAL SPINES: (For attachment of Muscle).
2. LESSER SCIATIC NOTCH: (Through which
passes lesser sciatic nerve).
3. ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY: (Lies below at the
lowest point on which the trunk rests in the sitting
position).
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12. PUBIS
• Irregular bone.
• Consists of a body and 2 Rami (Superior & Inferior)
• The Pubis bone meet Anteriorly at SYMPHYSIS PUBIS.
• Pubis also contain three major features:
1. OBTURATOR FORAMEN: (Largest foramen in the
skeleton). A large whole through which pass the blood
vessels and nerves vessels & is cover by Obturator
membrane.
2. SYMPHYSIS PUBIS: Is the joint between the two pubes
of the hip bones consists of a disc of fibrocartilage.
3. PUBIC ARCH:
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13. OBTURATOR FORAMEN.
• Largest foramen in the skeleton.
• A large whole below the ACETABULUM
through which pass the blood vessels and
nerves vessels & is cover by Obturator
membrane.
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14. ACETABULAM
• Deep Cup-shaped Cavity formed at the union
of the 3 bones.
• Pubis forms the front part.
• Ilium form the upper part.
• Ischium form the back part.
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15. GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE
PELVIS.
• It is divided into 2 parts by the BRIUM OF THE
PELVIS.
• The GREATER OR FALSE PELVIS is above the
BRIUM.
• The LESSER OR TRUE PELVIS is below the
BRIUM.
• The female pelvis is wider than male for child birth.
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16. GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE
PELVIS
• The female inlet is larger and more circular.
• The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and
the bones are lighter and thinner.
• The female ilia flare more laterally.
• The female sacrum is shorter and less curved.
• The female ischial spines are shorter and
farther apart; thus the outlet is larger.
• The female pubic arch is more rounded
because the angle of the pubic arch is greater.
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17. GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE
PELVIS
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18. GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE
PELVIS
• Comparison of Female and Male Pelves.
S.No. POINT OF COMPARISON FEMALE MALE
1. General structure Light and thin. Heavy and thick.
2. False (greater) pelvis Shallow. Deep.
3. Pelvic brim (inlet) Larger and more oval. Smaller and heart-
shaped.
4. Acetabulum Small and faces anteriorly. Large and faces
laterally.
5. Obturator foramen Oval. Round.
6. Pubic arch Greater than 90 angle. Less than 90 angle.
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19. JOINTS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE.
• Sacro – Iliac Joint
• Symphysis Pubis.
• Femur- Acetabular
Joint. ( Hip Joint)
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20. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
Hip bone
• Each lower limb
includes a femur, FEMUR
Sacrum
patella (kneecap), tibia,
fibula, tarsals (ankle
bones), metatarsals, PATELLA
and phalanges (bones FIBULA TIBIA
of the digits).
METATARSALS
TARSALS
PHALANGES
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21. LOWER LIMB
Lower Limb Consists of :
Femur
• Femur
Femur Patella
• Patella
• Tibia Fibula
• Fibula T
Tibia
(c) Lateral view
• Tarsals Patella
• Metatarsals Fibula Femur
• Phalanges Tibia Medial
Lateral
condyle
condyle
Fibula
T
Tibia
T
Metatarsals Tarsals (d) Posterior view
4/6/2013 Phalanges 21
(b)

22. FEMUR.
• Long bone, One in number.
• Also known as THIGH BONE.
• It is the longest and Strongest & heaviest bone
of the body.
• Extends from hip to thigh.
• Has a shaft and Two Extremities.
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23. FEMUR.
• UPPER EXTREMITY:
• 2/3rd sphere head with small Depression called
FOVEA CAPITIS for attachment of TERES
LIAGMENT.
• Long Neck.
• Greater Trochanter (Laterally)
• Lesser Trochanter ( Medially)
• Inter- Trochanter Line ( Anteriorly)
• Inter – Trochanteric Crest (Posteriorly)
• Gluteal tuberosity (Posteriorly) for attachment of
thigh muscle.
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24. FEMUR.
• SHAFT:
• Cylindrical and Smooth.
• Curved forwards.
• LINEA ASPERA (Posteriorly), a rough line
posteriorly for the attachment of muscles.
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25. FEMUR
Head Neck
Fovea capitis Greater
trochanter
Head
Intertrochanteric crest
Lesser
Greater trochanter
trochanter
Gluteal
Lesser tuberosity
trochanter
Linea
aspera
Intercondylar
fossa
Medial Lateral
epicondyle epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral Lateral
epicondyle Medial condyle
condyle
4/6/2013 Patellar 25
(a) (b)
surface

26. FEMUR
Figure 5.25a–b
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27. FEMUR
View
Femur
HEAD
FOVEA CAPITIS
GREATER
TROCHANTER
INTERTROCHANTERIC NECK
CREST
LESSER TROCHANTER
(c) Medial view of proximal end of femur
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28. FEMUR.
• LOWER EXTREMITY:
• Have 2 Condyles (Medial& Lateral) for articulation
with TIBIA.
• Superior to the condyles are the medial and the lateral
epicondyle, to which ligaments of the knee joint
attach.
• PATELLA SURFACE: Anteriorly for articulation
with patella.
• INTER-CONDYLER FOSSA: Posteriorly B/W 2
Condyles.
• POPLITEAL SURFACE: Above the Fossa
Posteriorly.
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29. JOINTS OF FEMUR.
• FEMURO- ACETABULAR JOINT. (Hip Joint)
• FEMURO – TIBIAL JOINT. (Knee Joint)
• ARTICULATES WITH PATELLA.
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30. HIP JOINT.
Hip bone GREATER
GREATER TROCHANTER
TROCHANTER HEAD
NECK
INTERTROCHANTERIC GLUTEAL
LINE CREST TUBEROSITY
LESSER TROCHANTER
FEMUR
LINEA ASPERA
BODY
(SHAFT)
LATERAL
INTERCONDYLAR
EPICONDYLE
FOSSA
MEDIAL EPICONDYLE
LATERAL LATERAL
MEDIAL CONDYLE
CONDYLE CONDYLE
Patella
Fibula Fibula
Tibia
4/6/2013 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view 30

31. PATELLA.
• Triangular bone one in number.
• Sesamoid bone developed in tendons of
QUADRICEPS FEMORIS MUSLE.
• Also know as KNEE CAP.
• Lies in front of knee joint.
• BASE points upward.
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32. PATELLA.
• APEX points downwards.
• Anterior surface is rough.
• Posterior surface is smooth & contains two
articular facets, one for the medial condyle and
another for the lateral condyle of the femur to
form PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT.
• Articulates with lower extremity of femur but
does not take part in knee joint.
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33. Articular
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view facet
for lateral
femoral
Base condyle
Articular facet
for medial
femoral condyle
Apex
Patella
4/6/2013 33

34. TIBIA.
• The tibia is larger, weight-bearing bone of the leg.
• The tibia articulates at its proximal end with the
femur and fibula, and at its distal end with the
fibula and the talus bone of the ankle.
• One in number.
• Long bone.
• Also called SHIN BONE.
• MEDIAL LEG BONE.
• Two Extremities and 1 Shaft.
4/6/2013 34

35. TIBIA
Intercondylar
eminence
Lateral Medial
• Shin bone Condyle Condyle
Head of Tibial
fibula tuberosity
• Medial to fibula
Anterior
crest
• Condyles Fibula
Tibia
• Tibial tuberosity
• Anterior crest
• Makes the medial
malleolus Lateral
Medial
malleolus
4/6/2013 malleolus 35

36. TIBIA.
• UPPER EXTREMITY:
• Wide and flat.
• Medial & Lateral Condyles for articulation with Femur
to form TIBIOFEMORAL JOINTS (knee).
• Inferior surface of the lateral Condyle is FACET for
articulation with the head of the FIBULA (Laterally) to
form SUPERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT.
• CARTILAGES lies on Condyles.
• INTERCONDYLAR EMINENCE: (Slightly concave
condyles are separated by an upward projection).
• TIBIAL TUBEROSITY:(On the anterior surface is a
point of attachment for the patellar ligament).
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37. TIBIA & FIBULA.
Femur.
Patella
LATERAL INTERCONDYLAR
LATERAL
CONDYLE. EMINENCE.
CONDYLE.
HEAD. MEDIAL CONDYLE. HEAD.
TIBIAL TUBEROSITY.
TIBIA.
FIBULA.
Interosseous membrane.
FIBULA.
ANTERIOR BORDER (CREST).
MEDIAL MALLEOLUS. LATERAL
LATERAL
MALLEOLUS. Talus. MALLEOLUS.
Calcaneus.
4/6/2013 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view 37

38. TIBIA & FIBULA.

39. TIBIA.
• SHAFT:
• Triangular
• ANTERIOR BORDER (CREST) OR SHIN: (Anteriorly)
(Inferior to the tibial tuberosity is a sharp ridge that can be felt
below the skin)
• LOWER EXTREMITY:
• MEDIAL MALLEOLUS: (Articulates with the talus of the ankle,
the prominence on the medial surface of the ankle.
• FIBULAR NOTCH: (Articulates with the distal end of the fibula
to form the DISTAL/INFERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT.
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40. TIBIA.
Tibia
FIBULAR
View NOTCH
MEDIAL
MALLEOLUS
4/6/2013 40

41. JOINTS OF TIBIA.
• FEMURO-TIBIAL JOINT.(With Tibia)
• SUPERIOR- TIBIO -FIBULAR JOINT.(Between Tibia
& Fibula).
• INFERIOR TIBIO -FIBULAR JOINT. (Between Tibia
& Fibula).
• TIBIO -TARSAL-JOINT (Ankle Joint)(With Talus).
4/6/2013 41

42. FIBULA.
• One in number.
• Long bone, Lateral bone of leg.
• Fibula does not articulate with the femur, but it does help
stabilize the ankle joint.
• Shaft and 2 Extremities.
• Head of fibula articulates with the lateral Condyle of Tibia-
Forming PROXIMAL/SUPERIOR TIBIO FIBULAR
JOINT.
• Lower Extremity of Fibula have LATERAL MALLEOLUS
articulates with Talus of Ankle.
• Lower extremity of also articulate with Tibia to form
DISTAL/INFERIOR TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT.
• Lateral Malleolus forms the prominence on the lateral
surface of the ankle.
4/6/2013 42

43. TIBIA & FIBULA.

44. FIBULA.
Intercondylar
eminence
Lateral Medial
• Lateral to tibia Condyle Condyle
Head of Tibial
fibula tuberosity
• Long, slender Anterior
crest
• Head Fibula
Tibia
• Makes the lateral
malleolus
• Non-weight bearing
Medial
Lateral malleolus
4/6/2013 malleolus 44

45. JOINTS OF FIBULA.
• PROXIMAL/SUPERIOR –TIBIO-FIBULAR
JOINT.(Between Tibia & Fibula).
• DISTAL/INFERIOR- TIBIO-FIBULAR
JOINT.(Between Tibia & Fibula).
• FIBULO- TARSAL JOINT.(Ankle Joint)
4/6/2013 45

46. TARSALS
• The tarsus (ankle) is the proximal region of the
foot and consists of seven tarsal bones.
• They include the talus (ankle bone) and
calcaneus (heel), located in the posterior part
of the foot.
• The calcaneus is the largest and strongest
tarsal bone.
• Joints between tarsal bones are called
INTERTARSAL JOINTS.
4/6/2013 46

47. TARSALS.
MNEMONIC for tarsal bones:
Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Corners.
Talus Calcaneus Navicular Third cuneiform Second cuneiform First cuneiform Cuboid
Tarsals Bone: (7)
• Calcaneus
• Talus Fibula
Tibia
• Navicular
Talus
T
• Cuboid Metatarsals
Medial
Navicular
cuneiform
• Lateral (3rd) (metatarsus)
Phalanges Calcaneus
cuneiform Calcaneal
tuberosity
• Intermediate (2nd) Tarsals
(b)
cuneiform (tarsus)
• Medial (1st)
cuneiform
4/6/2013 47

48. FOOT

49. TARSALS.
• CALCANEUS OR OSCALIS:
• Largest of the Tarsals.
• Lies Posteriorly forming HEEL.
• Articulates with TALUS superiorly.
• Articulates with anteriorly with CUBOID.
4/6/2013 49

50. TARSALS.
• TALUS:
• The most superior tarsal bone, is the only bone of the foot that
articulates with the fibula and tibia.
• During walking, the talus transmits about half the weight of the
body to the calcaneus.
• Central and highest point of foot.
• Supports TIBIA , FIBULA and articulates with CALCANEUS
inferiorly.
• NAVICULAR:
• Boat-Shaped Bone.
• Lies medially, Talus behind and 3 Cuneiform in front.
4/6/2013 50

51. TARSALS.
• CUNEIFORM:
• Three in Number.
• Wedge – Shaped.
• Articulates with Navicular Posteriorly and with
Metatarsals anteriorly & with Cuboid laterally.
• CUBOID:
• One in number.
• Cube-shaped.
4/6/2013 51

52. JOINTS OF TARSALS.
• TIBIO – TARSALS JOINT.
• FIBULO – TARSALS JOINT. Ankle Joint.
• INTERTARSAL JOINTS.(Between Tarsals)
• TARSO – META – TARSAL JOINT. (With
Metatarsals)
4/6/2013 52

53. METATARSUS.
• The metatarsus, the intermediate region of the foot,
consists of five bone called Metatarsals.
• The metatarsals articulate proximally with the first,
second, and third cuneiform bones and with the cuboid to
form the TARSOMETATARSAL joints.
• Distally, they articulate with the proximal row of phalanges
to form the METATARSOPHALANGEAL joints.
• The first metatarsal is thicker than the others because it
bears more weight.
• JOINTS OF META-TARSALS.
• TARSO-META-TARSALS.(With Tarsals)
• META-TARSO- PHALANGEAL JOINT.(With Phalanges)
4/6/2013 53

54. FOOT
I
II III
IV
V

55. FOOT
Calcaneus
Talus Tarsals(tarsus)
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
5
4
3 Metatarsals (metatarsus)
2 1
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx Phalanges
4/6/2013 55
(a)

56. PHALANGES.
• The phalanges comprise the distal component of the foot.
• Each phalanx (singular) consists of a proximal base, an
intermediate shaft, and a distal head.
• The great or big toe is called hallux has two phalanges.
• The other four toes each have three phalanges—proximal,
middle, and distal.(Total 14 in numbers in each Side)
• Joints between phalanges of the foot, like those of the hand,
are called INTERPHALANGEAL joints.
• Long bone forming Toes.
• JOINTS OF PHALANGES.
• META-TARSO-PHALANGEAL JOINT.(With Metatarsals).
• INTER- PHALANGEAL JOINT.(Between Phalanges).
4/6/2013 56

57. FOOT

58. ARCHES OF THE FOOT
• Bones of the foot are arranged to form three
strong arches
• Arches are fully developed by age 12 or 13.
– Two longitudinal (Lateral & Medial).
– One transverse.
FUNCTION OF ARCHES:
Arches help the foot support and distribute the weight
of the body and provide leverage during walking.

59. ARCHES OF THE FOOT

60. JOINTS OF UPPER LIMBS.
• Acromio-Clavicular Joint.
• Sterno-Clavicular Joint.
• Humero -Scapular Joint. (Shoulder Joint)
• Humero- Ulnar Joint. (Elbow Joint)
• Humero- Radial Joint.
• Superior -Radio Ulnar Joint.
• Inferior- Radio Ulnar Joint.
• Radio –Carpal Joint. (Wrist Joint)
• Carpo –Meta-Carpal Joint.
• Meta Carpo –Phalangeal Joint.
• Inter- Phalangeal Joint.
4/6/2013 60

61. JOINTS OF LOWER LIMBS.
• Femuro - Acetabular Joint (Hip Joint)
• Femuro – Tibial Joint (Knee Joint)
• Superior – Tibial - Fibular Joint.
• Inferior – Tibial – Fibular Joint.
• Tibio Tarsals Joint. (Ankle Joint)
• Fibulo - Tarsal Joint.
• Tarso - Meta – Tarsal Joint.
• Meta – Tarso- Phalangeal Joint.
• Inter - Phalangeal Joint.
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62. REFERENCES
• Tortora, G. J. & Grabowski, S.R. (2000).
Principles of anatomy and physiology (12th
ed.). New York: John Wiley & sons Inc.
• Eline, N.M, Essential of human anatomy &
physiology (9th ed.). New York: John Wiley &
sons Inc.
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