Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to 422675304-1-Female-pelvis-pppppppppppppppppppptx.nnpptx
422675304-1-Female-pelvis-pppppppppppppppppppptx.nnpptx
- 1.
- 2. INTRODUCTION Females are thecreatures by the god where they are giving birth to new generation. Through pelvis the fetus must pass down during childbirth with several physiological changes and adaptations to expel into new world.
- 3. Overview • Pelvic bones •Pelvic ligaments • Planes of the pelvis • Diameters of the true pelvis • Landmarks of the pelvis • Variations in pelvis shape
- 4. Learning Objectives • Bythe end of the class, students will be able to, Describe about pelvic bones and joints Explains about the planes and diameters of the true pelvis Mention the variations in the pelvis shape
- 5. TERMINOLOGIES • Pelvis Pelvis isthe hip bone which acts as the ridge between the trunk and the lower extremities. • Joints Joint is an articulation where two or more bones meet together. • Ligaments It is a connective tissue at the junction of the joints.
- 6. PELVIS • The truepelvis is the hollow bony canal consists of innominate bone, sacrum and the coccyx through which the fetus must pass during birth. It has a brim, cavity and outlet.
- 7. FUNCTIONS OF PELVIS •Allows movements of the body like walking, sitting etc • Adapts during child bearing • Acting as a bridge between the trunk and femur • Protects the pelvic organs and lesser extent of abdominal contents
- 8. PELVIC BONES Pelvic bonesconsists of four bones • Two innominate bones or hip bones • One sacrum • One coccyx
- 9. INNOMINATE BONES Each innominateconsists of three parts: • The ilium • The ischium • The Pubic bone
- 10. ILIUM • The iliumis large flared-out part. When the hand is placed on the hip it rests on the iliac crest, which is the upper border. • At the front of the iliac crest can be felt a bony prominence known as the anterior superior iliac spine. • A short distance below it is the anterior inferior iliac spine.
- 11. Posterior view ofpelvis
- 12. Cont.., • There aretwo similar points at the other end of the iliac crest, namely the posterior superior and the posterior inferior iliac spines. • The concave anterior surface of the ilium is the iliac fossa.
- 13. ISCHIUM • The ischiumis the thick lower part. It has a large prominence known as the ischial tuberosity, on which the body rests when sitting.
- 14. Cont.., • Behind anda little above the tuberosity is an inward projection, the ischial spine. • In labour, the station of the fetal head is estimated in relation to the ischial spines.
- 15. PUBIC BONE • Pubicbone forms the anterior part. • It has a body and two oar-like projections, the superior ramus and the inferior ramus. • The two pubic bones meet at the Symphysis pubis and the two inferior rami form the pubic arch, merging into a similar ramus on the ischium.
- 16. Cont.., • The spaceenclosed by the body of the pubic bone, the rami and the ischium is called the obturator foramen. • The innominate bone contains a deep cup to receive the head of the femur. This is termed as the acetabulum. • All three parts of the bone contribute to the acetabulum in the following proportions: two- fifths ilium, two-fifths ischium and one-fifth pubic bone.
- 17. Cont.., • On thelower border of the innominate bone are found two curves. • One extends from the posterior inferior iliac spine up to the ischial spine and is called the greater sciatic notch is wide and rounded. • The other lies between the ischial spine and the ischial tuberosity and is the lesser sciatic notch.
- 18. THE SACRUM • Thesacrum is a wedge- shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebraes. • The upper border of the first sacral vertebra just forward and is known as the sacral promontory. • The anterior surface of the sacrum is concave and is referred to as the hollow of the sacrum.
- 19. Cont.., • Laterally thesacrum extends into a wing or ala. • Four pairs of holes or foramina pierce the sacrum and, through these, nerves from the cauda equine emerge to supply the pelvic organs. • The posterior surface is roughened to receive attachments of muscles.
- 20. THE COCCYX • Thecoccyx is a vestigial tail. • It consists of four fused vertebrae, forming a small triangular bone.
- 21. PELVIC JOINTS There arefour pelvic joints: • One Symphysis pubis • Two sacro-iliac joints • One sacro-coccygeal joint
- 22. Cont.., • The Symphysispubis The Symphysis pubis is formed at the junction of the two pubic bones, which are united by a pad of cartilage. • The sacro-iliac joints These are the strongest joints in the body. They join the sacrum to the ilium and thus connect the spine to the pelvis.
- 23. Cont.., • The sacro-coccygealjoint This joint is formed where the base of the coccyx articulates with the tip of the sacrum.
- 24. PELVIC LIGAMENTS Pelvic ligamentsare, • The Inter pubic ligaments at the Symphysis • The Sacro-iliac joints • The Sacro-coccygeal ligaments • The sacrotuberous ligaments • The sacrospinous ligaments
- 25.
- 26. LANDMARKS OF PELVIS •Sacral promontory • Sacral ala or wing • Sacro-iliac joint • Ilio-pectineal line • Ilio-pectineal eminence • Superior ramus of the pubic bone • Upper inner border of the body of the pubic bone • Upper inner border of the Symphysis pubis
- 27. Diameters of thepelvis
- 28. BRIM • Antero-posterior diameter When the line is taken to the uppermost of the Symphysis pubis, it is called the anatomical conjugate and measures about 12cms. When it is taken to the posterior border of the upper surface, which is about 1.25cms lower, called as obstetrical conjugate measures about 11cms (true conjugate).
- 29. CONT.., The diagonal conjugateis also measured antero-posteriorly from the lower border of the Symphysis pubis to the sacral promontory measures about 12-13cms.
- 30. Cont.., • The obliquediameter The diameter is a line from one sacroiliac joint to the Ilio-pectineal eminence on the other side of the pelvis measures about 12cms. • The transverse diameter The diameter is a line between the points furthest apart on the Ilio-pectineal lines measures about 13cms.
- 31. THE PELVIC CAVITY •The cavity extends from the brim above to the outlet below. The anterior is formed by the pubic bones and the Symphysis pubis and its depth is 4 cm. • The posterior wall is formed by the curve of the sacrum, which is 12cms in length. • The cavity is circular in shape and although it is not possible to measures its diameters exactly, they are all considered to be 12cms.
- 32. THE OUTLET • Anatomicaloutlet is formed by the lower borders of each of the bones together with the sacrotuberous ligaments. • The obstetrical outlet is the space between the narrow pelvic strait and the anatomical outlet is diamond in shape. • The narrow strait lies between the sacrococcygeal joint, the two ischial spines and the lower border of the Symphysis pubis.
- 33. Cont.., • The antero-posteriordiameter This is a line from the lower border of the Symphysis pubis to the sacro- coccygeal joint measures about 13cms. • The oblique diameter The line between the obturator foramen and the sacro- spinous ligaments, although there is no fixed points measures about 12cms. • The transverse diameter The line between the two ischial spines measures about 10-11cms
- 34.
- 35. Gynaecoid Anthropoid AndroidPlatypelloid Shape Round AP oval Triangular Transversely oval Inlet Ant & Post segment Almost equal and spacious Both increased with anterior narrowing Post – short & ant – narrow Both reduced flat Sacrum Sacral angle > 90` , inclined backwards. Sacral angle > 90` , inclined posteriorly Sacral angle < 90` , inclined forwards Sacral angle > 90` , inclined posteriorly
- 36. Cavity Sacro- sciatic notch Wide and shallow Morewide and shallow Narrow and deep Slightly narrow and small Side walls Straight or divergent Straght or divergent Convergent Divergent Outlet Ischial spines Not prominent Not prominent Prominent Not prominent Pubic arch Curved Long and curved Long and straight Short and curved Sub pubic angle Wide(85`) Slightly narrow Narrow Very wide (>90`) Bituberous diameter Normal Normal or short Short wide
- 38. Evaluation • Define truepelvis? • What is anatomical conjugate? • List out the diameters of the pelvic brim • Mention the landmarks of the pelvis • What are the various types of the pelvis?
- 39. •Assignment: write about pelvimetry •Demonstrate on female pelvis and its parts
- 40. References • D CDutta, “Textbook of obstetrics”, 6th edition(2004), published by new central book agency (P) ltd, calcutta • Myles, “Textbook for midwives”, 14th edition (2006), published by churchill livingstone, philadelphia. • T.S.Ranganathan, “ A textbook of human anatomy”, 1st edition jaypee brothers, New delhi.