2. 4/6/2013 2
O B J E C T I V ES
• Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and their
principal markings.
• Describe the division of the pelvic girdle into
false and true pelvis.
• Compare the principal differences between female
and male pelvis.
• Identify the bones of the lower limb and their
principal markings.
• Describe briefly the joints between the lower limb
bones.
3. 4/6/2013 3
BONES OF THE LOWER LIMBS.
S. NO. REGION NAME NUMBER.
1. PELVIS Innominate Bone. 1
2. THIGH Femur. 1
3. KNEE Patella. 1
4. LEG Fibula/Tibia. 1 Each
5. ANKLE Tarsals 7.
6. FOOT. Metatarsals 5.
7. TOES Phalanges 14.
4. 4/6/2013 4
PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE.
• The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of the two hip
bones.
• Also called coxal or pelvic bones or coxa
(cox= hip).
• The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called
the symphysis pubic.
• They unite posteriorly with the sacrum at the
SACROILIAC JOINTS, to form Bony Pelvis.
5. 4/6/2013 5
BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• Formed by two coxal (coxae) bones.
• Composed of three pairs of fused bones.
– Ilium (Superior)
– Ischium (Posterior)
– Pubis (Anterior)
• All three bones meet at a Cup- Shaped Cavity called
ACETABULAM into which fits head of the FEMUR
to form FEMURO-ACETABULUM JOINT
OR HIPJOINT.
6. 6
BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis.
• It protects several organs
– Reproductive organs
– Urinary bladder
– Part of the large intestine
• Functionally, the bony pelvis provides a strong and
stable support for the vertebral column and pelvic and
lower abdominal organs.
• The pelvic girdle of the bony pelvis also connects the
bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
9. 4/6/2013 9
ILIUM
• It is a Flat Bone.
• Makes the upper part of PELVIC BONE.
• Ileum is the largest part of the three components of the hip
bone.
• Ilum contain FOUR major Features.
1. ILIAC CREST: (For attachment of abdominal muscles).
2. ILIAC SPINES: (For attachment of muscles).
3. ARTICULAR SURFACE: (For articulation with Sacrum to
form SACRO- ILIAC JOINT.
4. GREATER SCIATIC NOTCH: (Through which pass the
sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body)
10. THE PELVIS: RIGHT COXAL BONE
Auricular surface
Superiorramusofpubis
Lesser
sciatic
notch
4/6/2013 10
11. ISCHIUM.
• Irregular bone.
• The thickest and strongest portion of PELVIC BONE.
• Ischium is comprised of a superior body and an
inferior ramus (ram= branch).
• Ischium contain three major Features.
1. ISCHIALSPINES: (For attachment of Muscle).
2. LESSER SCIATIC NOTCH: (Through which
passes lesser sciatic nerve).
3. ISCHIALTUBEROSITY: (Lies below at the
lowest point on which the trunk rests in the sitting
position).
4/6/2013 1
1
12. 4/6/2013 12
PUBIS
• Irregular bone.
• Consists of a body and 2 Rami (Superior & Inferior)
• The Pubis bone meet Anteriorly at SYMPHYSIS PUBIS.
• Pubis also contain three major features:
1. OBTURATOR FORAMEN: (Largest foramen in the
skeleton). A large whole through which pass the blood
vessels and nerves vessels & is cover by Obturator
membrane.
2. SYMPHYSIS PUBIS: Is the joint between the two pubes
of the hip bones consists of a disc of fibrocartilage.
3. PUBICARCH:
13. 4/6/2013 13
OBTURATOR FORAMEN.
• Largest foramen in the skeleton.
• A large whole below the ACETABULUM
through which pass the blood vessels and
nerves vessels & is cover by Obturator
membrane.
14. 4/6/2013 14
ACETABULAM
• Deep Cup-shaped Cavity formed at the union
of the 3 bones.
• Pubis forms the front part.
• Ilium form the upper part.
• Ischium form the back part.
15. 4/6/2013 15
GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE
PELVIS.
• It is divided into 2 parts by the BRIUM OFTHE
PELVIS.
• The GREATER OR FALSE PELVIS is above the
BRIUM.
• The LESSER OR TRUE PELVIS is below the
BRIUM.
• The female pelvis is wider than male for child birth.
16. • The female inlet is larger and more circular.
• The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and the bones are lighter and thinner.
• The female ilia flare more laterally.
• The female sacrum is shorter and less curved.
• The female ischial spines are shorter and farther apart; thus the outlet is
larger.
• The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is
greater.
16
GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE PELVIS
18. 4/6/2013 18
GENDER DIFFERENCES OF THE
PELVIS
• Comparison of Female and Male Pelves.
S.No. POINTOFCOMPARISON FEMALE MALE
1. General structure Light andthin. Heavy and thick.
2. False(greater)pelvis Shallow. Deep.
3. Pelvicbrim(inlet) Largerandmore oval. Smallerandheart-
shaped.
4. Acetabulum Smal and faces anteriorly. Large andfaces
laterally.
5. Obturatorforamen Oval. Round.
6. Pubicarch Greater than 90angle. Lessthan 90 angle.
19. JOINTS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE.
• Sacro – Iliac Joint
• Symphysis Pubis.
• Femur-Acetabular
Joint. ( Hip Joint)
4/6/2013 19
20. LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY)
• Each lower limb
includes a femur,
patella (kneecap), tibia,
fibula, tarsals (ankle
Hip bone
Sacrum
FEMUR
bones), metatarsals,
and phalanges (bones
of the digits).
20
PATELLA
TIBIA
FIBULA
METATARSALS
TARSALS
PHALANGES
4/6/2013
22. FEMUR.
• Long bone, One in number.
• Also known as THIGH BONE.
• It is the longest and Strongest & heaviest bone
of the body.
• Extends from hip to thigh.
• Has a shaft and Two Extremities.
4/6/2013 22
23. • It has 3 surfaces:
• Anterior, Medial
and Lateral.
• It has 3 borders:
• 2 rounded medial
and lateral, and a
thick posterior
border or ridge
called linea
aspera.
Anterior view Posterior view Posterior view
Femur
24. 24
FEMUR.
PROXIMALASPECT:
• 2/3rd sphere head with small Depression called
FOVEA CAPITIS for attachment of TERES
LIAGMENT.
• Long Neck.
• Greater Trochanter (Laterally)
• Lesser Trochanter ( Medially)
• Inter- Trochanter Line (Anteriorly) where the iliofemoral
ligament is attached.
• Inter – Trochanteric Crest (Posteriorly) on which is the
quadrate tubercle
• Gluteal tuberosity (Posteriorly) for attachment of thigh
4/6/20
m
13
uscle.
29. 29
FEMUR.
DISTALASPECT:
• Have 2 Condyles (Medial& Lateral) for articulation
with TIBIA.
• Superior to the condyles are the medial and the lateral
epicondyle, to which ligaments of the knee joint
attach.
• PATELLASURFACE: Anteriorly for articulation
with patella.
• INTER-CONDYLER FOSSA: Posteriorly B/W 2
Condyles.
• POPLITEALSURFACE: Above the Fossa
4/6/20
P
13
osteriorly.
32. PATELLA.
Triangular bone one in
number.
Sesamoid bone developed
in tendons of
QUADRICEPS
FEMORIS MUSLE.
Also know as KNEE
CAP.
Lies in front of knee joint.
BASE points upward. 32
33. PATELLA.
APEX points downwards.
Anterior surface is rough.
Posterior surface is smooth & contains two articular facets,
one for the medial condyle and another for the lateral
condyle of the femur to form PATELLOFEMORAL
JOINT.
Articulates with lower extremity of femur but does not
take part in knee joint.
33
34. (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
Base
Articular facet
for medial
femoral condyle
Articular
facet
for lateral
femoral
condyle
Apex
Patella
4/6/2013 34
35.
36. 36
TIBIA.
The tibia is larger, weight-bearing bone of the leg.
The tibia articulates at its
proximal end with the femur and fibula
distal end with the fibula and the talus bone of the ankle.
Long bone, one in number.
Also called SHIN BONE.
MEDIAL LEG BONE.
Two Extremities and 1 Shaft.
37. TIBIA
Shin bone
Medial to fibula
Condyles
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior crest
Makes the medial malleolus
Intercondylar
eminence
Medial
Condyle
Tibial
Lateral
Condyle
Head of
fibula
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
35
Tibia
Fibula
Medial
malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
38. TIBIA.
PROXIMALASPECT:
Wide and flat.
Medial & Lateral Condyles for articulation with Femur
to form TIBIOFEMORALJOINTS (knee).
Inferior surface of the lateral Condyle is FACET for
articulation with the head of the FIBULA (Laterally) to
form SUPERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT.
CARTILAGES lies on Condyles.
INTERCONDYLAR EMINENCE: (Slightly concave
condyles are separated by an upward projection).
TIBIALTUBEROSITY:(On the anterior surface is a
point of attachment for the patellar ligament).
4/6/2013 36
41. 4/6/2013 41
TIBIA.
SHAFT:
Triangular
ANTERIOR BORDER (CREST) OR SHIN: (Anteriorly)
(Inferior to the tibial tuberosity is a sharp ridge that can be felt
below the skin)
DISTALASPECT:
MEDIAL MALLEOLUS: (Articulates with the talus of the ankle,
the prominence on the medial surface of the ankle.
FIBULAR NOTCH: (Articulates with the distal end of the fibula
to form the DISTAL/INFERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT.
44. 4/6/2013 44
FIBULA.
• One in number.
• Long bone, Lateral bone of leg.
• Fibula does not articulate with the femur, but it does help
stabilize the ankle joint.
• Shaft and 2 Extremities.
• Head of fibula articulates with the lateral Condyle of Tibia-
Forming PROXIMAL/SUPERIORTIBIO FIBULAR
JOINT.
• Lower Extremity of Fibula have LATERAL MALLEOLUS
articulates with Talus ofAnkle.
• Lower extremity of also articulate with Tibia to form
DISTAL/INFERIORTIBIO-FIBULARJOINT.
• Lateral Malleolus forms the prominence on the lateral
surface of the ankle.
48. 48
TARSALS
The tarsus (ankle) is the proximal region of the foot and
consists of seven tarsal bones.
They include the talus (ankle bone) and calcaneus
(heel), located in the posterior part of the foot.
The calcaneus is the largest and strongest tarsal
bone.
Joints between tarsal bones are called
INTERTARSALJOINTS.
49. TARSALS.
Tibia
Fibula
MNEMONIC for tarsal bones:
Tall C
enters Never Take Shots From C
orners.
TalusCalcaneusNavicularThird cuneiform Secondcuneiform Firstcuneiform Cuboid
(b)
TalT
us
Calcaneus
4/6/2013 49
Medial Navicular
cuneiform
Metatarsals
(metatarsus)
Phalanges
Tarsals
(tarsus)
Calcaneal
tuberosity
Tarsals Bone: (7)
• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
•Lateral (3rd)
cuneiform
•Intermediate (2nd)
cuneiform
•Medial (1st)
cuneiform
51. 4/6/2013 51
TARSALS.
• CALCANEUS OR OSCALIS:
• Largest of the Tarsals.
• Lies Posteriorly forming HEEL.
• Articulates with TALUS superiorly.
• Articulates with anteriorly with CUBOID.
52. 4/6/2013 52
TARSALS.
• TALUS:
• The most superior tarsal bone, is the only bone of the foot that
articulates with the fibula and tibia.
• During walking, the talus transmits about half the weight of the
body to the calcaneus.
• Central and highest point of foot.
• Supports TIBIA , FIBULA and articulates withCALCANEUS
inferiorly.
• NAVICULAR:
• Boat-Shaped Bone.
• Lies medially, Talus behind and 3 Cuneiform in front.
53. 4/6/2013 53
TARSALS.
• CUNEIFORM:
• Three in Number.
• Wedge – Shaped.
• Articulates with Navicular Posteriorly and with
Metatarsals anteriorly & with Cuboid laterally.
• CUBOID:
• One in number.
• Cube-shaped.
54. JOINTS OF TARSALS.
• TIBIO – TARSALS JOINT.
• FIBULO – TARSALS JOINT. Ankle Joint.
• INTERTARSAL JOINTS.(Between Tarsals)
• T
ARSO – MET
A – T
ARSAL JOINT. (With
Metatarsals)
4/6/2013 54
55. 4/6/2013 55
METATARSUS.
• The metatarsus, the intermediate region of the foot,
consists of five bone called Metatarsals.
• The metatarsals articulate proximally with the first,
second, and third cuneiform bones and with the cuboid to
form the TARSOMETATARSAL joints.
• Distally, they articulate with the proximal row of phalanges
to form the METATARSOPHALANGEAL joints.
• The first metatarsal is thicker than the others because it
bears more weight.
• JOINTS OF META-TARSALS.
• TARSO-META-TARSALS.(With Tarsals)
• META-TARSO- PHALANGEAL JOINT.(With Phalanges)
58. PHALANGES.
The phalanges comprise the distal component of the foot.
Each phalanx (singular) consists of a proximal base, an
intermediate shaft, and a distal head.
The great or big toe is called hallux has two phalanges.
The other four toes each have three phalanges—proximal,
middle, and distal.(Total 14 in numbers in each Side)
Joints between phalanges of the foot, like those of the hand,
are called INTERPHALANGEAL joints.
Long bone forming Toes.
JOINTS OFPHALANGES.
META-TARSO-PHALANGEALJOINT.(With
Metatarsals).
INTER- PHALANGEAL JOINT.(Between
Phalanges).
56
