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1. Bones of
lower
limb
1
Dr. Victor

2. Topic Outcomes
• List the various bones of the lower limb.
• Define the various bony landmarks of the
lower limb bones.
• Describe the external features and
attachments of the hip and femur.
• Discuss the external features and
attachments, tibia and fibula.
• Outline the salient features of tarsal bones.

3. Bones of the Lower Limb
• The lower limb consists of: – The Pelvic Girdle –
The thigh – The leg – The foot
• Pelvic girdle
– Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk
• Carries the entire weight of the erect body
• Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger
than those of upper limb
• Divided into three segments – Thigh, leg, and
foot

4. Regions
• GLUTEAL
• Superficial muscles
• Deep muscles
• THIGH
• Anterior compartment
• Medial compartment
• Posterior compartment
• LEG
• Anterior compartment
• Lateral compartment
• Posterior compartment: Superficial &
Deep

5. Bones of the Lower Limb
Total - 31 pairs
• Hip bone : 1 pair
• Femur : 1 pair
• Tibia : 1 pair
• Fibula : 1 pair
• Patella : 1 pair
• Tarsal bones : 7 pairs
• Metatarsal bones : 5
pairs
• Phalanges : 14 pairs

6. Pelvic Bone
• Attaches lower limbs to the spine
• Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the
head of the femur
– Lower limbs have less freedom of movement,
but more stable
• Consists of paired pelvic bones (Hip/ Coxal
bones)
• Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other-
pubic symphysis
• Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum

7. Pelvic Bone
• Consist of three
separate bones
in childhood
– Ilium, ischium,
and pubis
• Acetabulum
– A deep hemispherical
socket on lateral
pelvic surface

8. Pelvic Bone

9. Pelvic Bone
Lateral view
Medial view

10. Ilium
• Widest and largest
• 3 borders (anterior, posterior, medial)
• 3 surfaces (gluteal, illac fossa,
sacropelvic)

11. Ilium
• Body
of
the ilium forms the superior part of
the
acetabulum
• The wing of the ilium has two surfaces:
• Inner surface – has a concave shape iliac fossa (origin of
iliacus
muscle).
• External surface (gluteal surface) – has a convex
shape (attachments to the gluteal muscles)
• The superior margin of the wing is thickened,
forming the iliac crest. It extends from the anterior
superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the posterior superior
iliac spine (PSIS).
• On the posterior aspect of the ilium there is
an
indentation known as the greater sciatic notch.

12. Ilium
Iliac crest:
• Is the upper end of
ilium
• Gives attachment to
external abdomnis,
internal abdomnis,
transversus
abdominis.
• Presents rough area
called tubercle
(tuberosity) of iliac
crest near the anterior
end which gives
attachment to iliotibial
tract

13. Ilium
• Anterior border presents:
– Anterior superior iliac spine
– gives attachment to
inguinal ligament and
sartorius muscle
– Anterior inferior iliac spine –
gives attachment to
iliofemoral ligament and
rectus femoris muscle
• Posterior border presents
posterior superior iliac
spine and posterior
inferior iliac spine.

14. Ilium
Anterior
Posterior
Posterior
gluteal
line
Middle
gluteal line
Inferior gluteal
line
Gluteal surface:
• Is the outer surface, divided into 4 areas by 3 gluteal
lines (posterior, anterior and inferior gluteal lines)
• Gives attachment to gluteus maximus, gluteus
medius,
gluteus minimus and rectus femoris muscles

15. Ilium
Iliac fossa
• Concave area on the
medial aspect of ilium,
gives attachment to
iliacus muscle
• Sacropelvic
surface(medial aspect) :
– Presents 3 parts –
– Iliac tuberosity
– Articular (auricular)
surface for sacrum to
form sacroiliac joint
– Pelvic surface form the
wall
of pelvic cavity

16. Ischium
• Is the
posterior and
inferior part
of hip bone
• Has a
– Body
– Ischial
tuberosity
– Ramus of
ischium
– Ischial spine
– Greater and
lesser
sciatic
notches

17. Ischium
Ischial tuberosity
•Rough area which
gives attachment to
semitendinosus,
semimembranosus,
long head of bicpes
femoris.

18. Ischium
Ischial spine
•Gives attachment to
sacrospinous ligament, levator
ani, cocygeus muscles
•Greater sciatic notch is above
the ischial spine and lesser
sciatic notch is below the
ischial spine
Ramus of ischium:
•Joins the inferior ramus of
pubis and forms conjoined
ischiopubic ramus
•Gives attachment to adductor

19. Ischium
Anterio
r
Posterio
r
Lesser sciatic notch
Greater sciatic notch

20. Ligaments
• Sacrospinous ligament-
Ischial spine to last
piece of sacrum and 1st
piece of coccyx
• Sacrotuberous ligament-
ischial tuberosity to back
of sacrum, back of
coccyx and posterior
superior and posterior
inferior iliac spine.

21. Ligaments
• Presence of ligaments- changed the notches
into foramina
Sacrospinous lig.
Sacrotuberous lig.
Greater sciatic
foramen
Lesser sciatic
foramen

22. Pubis
Anterior and inferior part
of hip bone
• It has body, superior
ramus and inferior
ramus
• Body:
Superior border:
• Is called pubic crest
• Presents pubic
tubercle which gives
attachment to
inguinal ligament

23. Pubis
Anterior surface:
• Gives attachment to
muscles of medial
compartment of thigh
(adductor longus,
gracilis, adductor brevis
and obturator
externus)
Medial surface:
• Articulates with
opposite pubic bone to
form a joint called
pubic symphysis

24. Pubis
Inferior ramus:
• Joins the ramus of
ischium to form
conjoined ischiopubic
ramus
• Gives attachment to
adductor magnus and
adductor brevis
muscles
Superior ramus:
• Presents
– Pectineal line
(pecten pubis)
– Iliopubic eminence
– Obturator crest
• Superior ramus gives

25. Acetabulum
Created by the contribution
of all the three parts of the
hip bone:
• Anterior 1/5Pubis
• Posterior 2/5  Ischium
• Superior 2/5  Ilium

26. Acetabulum
• Acetabular fossa -non-articular
part and it has a rough
structure.
• The acetabular notch gives
passage to blood vessels and
nerves, while the ligament of
the head of the femur
attaches to the acetabular
fossa.

27. Lateral and medial view of hip bone

28. Male vs Female Pelvis

29. Male vs Female Pelvis

30. Femu
r
• Longest &
strongest bone in
body
• Superior head
articulates with
acetabulum Hip joint
• Inferior end
articulates with tibia
and patella Knee
joint

31. Femur
• It’s around 18 inches
(45 cm long)about
quarter of the height
of the individual.
• The femur is the long
bone and is
composed of 3
parts: upper end,
shaft, and lower end.

32. Femur- Upper
End
Upper end of femur
consist of
• Head
• Neck
• Greater
trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Intertrochanteric
line
• Intertrochanteric
crest

33. Femur-upper
end
Head
• Articulates with
acetabulum of hip bone
to form hip joint
• Contains fovea capitis
which gives attachment
to ligament of head of
femur
Neck
• Connects head with
shaft
Posterior

34. Femur-Upper End
Greater trochanter:
• Gives attachment to many
muscles
• Apex - piriformis muscle
• Anterior surface – gluteus
minimus
• Lateral surface – gluteus medius
• Medial surface – obturator
internus, superior gamellus and
inferior gamellus

35. Proximal end of femur- Lateral
view
Gluteus
medius
Gluteus
minimus

36. Gluteus medius and
gluteus
minimus
Posterior Lateral

37. Proximal end of femur- Medial

38. Femur-Upper End
Lesser trochanter:
• Gives attachment to iliacus and
psoas
major muscles
Intertrochanteric crest:
• Situated on the posterior aspect
of femur at the junction of neck
and shaft, connecting 2
trochanters
Intertrochanteric line:
• Situated on the anterior aspect of
femur at the junction of neck and
shaft
• Continuous inferiorly with spiral
line

39. Proximal end of femur- Anterior

40. Proximal end of femur- Posterior

41. Femur- Shaft
• Anterior surface and lateral surface
give attachment to vastus
intermedius muscle
• Lateral lip of linea aspera
gives attachment to vastus
lateralis
• Medial lip of linea aspera and
spiral line gives attachment to
vastus medialis
• Intermediate area of linea aspera
gives attachment to adductor
longus, adductor magnus, adductor
brevis muscles
• Gluteal tuberosity gives
attachment to gluteus maximus
muscle
• Medial supracondylar line gives
attachment to adductor magnus
• Lateral supracondylar line
gives attachment to plantaris
muscle

42. Posterior

43. Femur-Lower End
• Medial and lateral condyles,
intercondylar fossa
• Medial condyle: On its
medial aspect presents
– Adductor tubercle –
gives attachment to
adductor magnus
muscle
– Medial epicondyle – gives
attachment to tibial
collateral ligament of
knee joint
• Lateral condyle: On its
lateral aspect presents
– Lateral epicondyle which
gives attachment to fibular
collateral ligament of knee
joint
– Popliteal groove which
gives attachment to
Anterior
view

44. Femur-Lower End
• Anterior surface of
two condyles
articulate with
patella
• Inferior and posterior
surfaces of 2 condyles
articulate with condyles
of tibia
• Intercondylar fossa
(intercondylar notch)-
Situated on the
posterior aspect of
lower end, between
the 2 condyles

45. C. Posterior
view
B. Anterior
view
A. Lateral
view

46. Patell
a
• Knee cap
• Largest sesamoid bone-develops
in the tendon of quadriceps
femoris muscle
• Situated at the knee, in front
of medial and lateral
condyles of femur
• Triangular shaped – base,
apex, anterior and posterior
surfaces
• Anterior- Rough
• Posterior- Smooth
• Anterior to knee joint

47. Patell
a
• Apex- Patellar ligaments
• Base- Quadriceps muscles
• Lateral border- Vastus lateralis
• Medial border- Vastus medialis
• Anterior surface- covered
by quadriceps tendon
• Posterior surface
- Lateral facet- lateral epicondyle
of femur
- Medial facet- medial epicondyle
of femur

48. Patell
a

49. Tibia
• Transmits
body weight
• Anteromedial
of leg
• Has shaft,
upper and
lower ends

50. Tibia- Upper End
Upper end
presents
• medial and
lateral condyles
• tibial tuberosity
• intercondylar
area

51. Tibia- Upper End
• Tibial tuberosity - attachment
to ligamentum patella
(patellar ligament)
• Lateral condyle on its
lateral aspects presents an
articular facet for head of
fibula
• Medial condyle on its
posterior aspect presents a
groove for the attachment of
semimembranosus muscle
• Superior surfaces of lateral
and medial condyles
articulates lateral and medial
condyles of femur

52. Tibia- Upper End
Intercondylar area:
• Situated on the superior
surfaces of upper end,
between the articular
areas for femur
• Divided into anterior and
posterior intecondylar
areas by the
intercondylar eminence
• Anterior intercondylar
area gives attachment to
anterior cruciate
ligament, anterior ends
of medial and lateral
menisci
• Posterior intercondylar
area gives attachment to
posterior cruciate
ligament, posterior ends

54. Tibia-Shaft
• Shaft has 3 borders and
3 surfaces
• Borders – anterior,
medial and lateral
(interosseous)
• Surfaces – medial,
lateral and posterior
• Anterior border is very
prominent and called
shin of the tibia

56. Tibia-Shaft
• Medial surface is subcutaneous
gives attachment to muscles of
sartorius, gracilis and
semitendinosus muscles
• Lateral surface gives attachment
to tibialis anterior muscle
• Posterior divided in to upper
and lower parts by a ridge
called soleal line which gives
attachment to soleus muscle
• Upper part of posterior surface
gives attachment to popliteus
• Lower part of posterior
surface gives attachment to
tibialis posterior and flexor
digitorum longus

57. Tibia-Lower End
Lower end
• Presents a presents a
projection on the
medial side called
medial malleolus
• Inferior surface of lower
end and medial
malleolus articulate
with talus

58. Fibula
- Posterolateral to
tibia
- Does not share in
weight
transmission
- Serves mainly for
muscle
attachment
- 1 insertion, 8
origins

60. Fibula
• Is a lateral bone of leg
• Has a shaft, upper and
lower ends
• Upper end:
• Upper end is called
head, expanded in all
directions
• Upper surface of head
presents a smooth area
which articulates with
lateral condyle of tibia
• Head gives attachment
to biceps femoris and
soleus muscles, fibular
collateral ligament

61. Fibula
Lower end:
• Is flat and called
lateral malleolus
• Its medial aspect
presents
– smooth, triangular
articular area for talus
– depression called
malleolar fossa
which gives
attachment to
inferior transverse
tibiofibular ligament

62. Fibula
Shaft
• Narrow upper part of the
shaft near the head is
called neck and related to
common peroneal nerve
• Shaft has 3 borders and
3 surfaces
• Borders – anterior, medial
(interosseous) and
posterior
• Surfaces – anterior, lateral
and posterior
• Anterior surface gives
attachment to muscles of
anterior compartment of
leg (extensor digitorum
longus, extensor hallucis

63. Fibula
Shaft
• Lateral surface gives
attachment to muscles
of lateral compartment
of leg (peroneus longus
and brevis)
• Posterior surface gives
attachment to muscles
of posterior
compartment of leg
(soleus, tibialis
posterior, flexor hallucis
longus)
• Lower part of
posterior surface
presents a ridge
called peroneal

64. Tibia and Fibula

65. Bones of Foot
• Foot is composed of
– Tarsal, metatarsal,
and the phalanges
• Important functions
– Supports body
weight
– Acts as a lever to
propel body forward
when walking
– Segmentation makes
foot pliable and
adapted to uneven
ground

66. Parts of the Foot

67. Bones of the Foot: Lateral View
Talus
Calcaneum
Navicular Cuneiforms
Cuboid
Metatarsals
Phalanges

68. Calcaneum
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial
Cuneifor
m
Bones of the Foot: Medial View

69. Bones of the foot: Superior View
Talus
Calcaneum
Navicular
Cuneiforms
Cuboid

70. Tarsals
• Makes up the
posterior half of the
foot
• Contains seven
bones called tarsals
(Talus, calcaneum, cuboid,
navicular, medial, lateral and
intermediate cuneiform
bones)
• Body weight is
primarily borne by
the talus and
calcaneus

71. Metatarsals
• Consists of five
small long bones
called metatarsals
• Numbered 1–5
beginning with
the hallux (great
toe)
• First metatarsal
supports body
weight

72. Phalanges
• 14 phalanges of
the toes
– Structure and
arrangement are
similar to phalanges
of fingers
– Except for the great
toe, each toe has
three phalanges
• Proximal, middle,
and distal

73. Arches of the Foot
• Foot has three
important
arches
– Medial and
lateral
longitudinal
arch
– Transverse arch
• Arches are
maintained
by
– Interlocking shapes
of tarsals
–

74. THANK YOU