The document provides details on the construction of a 2-storey terrace house, including:
- An introduction to the project which is a 309 unit development in Shah Alam, Selangor.
- Sections on site and safety planning, preliminary works including site layout, and foundation construction.
- Details on the roof construction including the gable roof type and construction process.
- Sections on the superstructure including beams and columns, slabs, walls, and staircases.
- Doors and windows installation.
- A conclusion with a summary and references.
The document outlines the various components and steps of constructing a 2-storey terrace house development.
The document provides information on site safety for a construction project, including:
- Introduction of first aid kits and preliminary safety measures like sanitation facilities.
- Explanations of common signboards used on construction sites to provide safety information and prohibitions.
- Descriptions of scaffolding components and safety nets used to prevent falls from heights.
- Details of personal protective equipment like hard hats, gloves, and ladders that construction workers must use.
The document discusses the construction process of a building project, outlining the various stages from site preparation such as boundary surveying and earthworks, to foundation works including pile foundations, and superstructure elements like slabs, beams, walls and roofing. Safety measures on site like signage and personal protective equipment are also covered. The project involves the construction of 68 units of three-storey terrace houses in Setia Alam, Selangor and a semi-detached factory building in Johor.
This document provides information about a construction site visit assignment by a group of students to two development projects in Selangor, Malaysia.
The first project visited was the SENJA Residences, a 278 unit residential development located near Seri Kembangan. It will be completed in phases by 2017. The second project was a 650 square meter warehouse in Shah Alam for construction materials.
The document then discusses site safety, personal protective equipment, machinery, transportation vehicles, material handling equipment, and the importance of safety attitudes on construction sites. Various photos of the sites and equipment are included. Safety protocols for working at heights, machinery operation, electricity, and fire prevention are covered.
The document discusses the construction of a residential development project. It includes sections on the site introduction, site and safety planning, external works including boundary surveying and earthworks, foundation design and construction, and building of the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs, and walls. Temporary site facilities and accommodation for workers are also outlined.
A report on the procedures and construction process of buildings based on real life site visits at Taman Bukit Segar, Cheras and Glenmarie Cove, Klang.
By students of Bsc(Hons) Architecture of Taylor's University.
The document provides information about a low density housing development called Ramal Villa located in Kajang, Malaysia. It has 71 units including single detached homes and semi-detached homes. The development has a modern design with flat rooftops and simple facades. Each unit also has a rooftop garden. The site is well connected to major highways and is close to the LDP and Sungai Besi Highway. The location plan shows the site layout with single detached homes on one corner and three storey semi-detached duplex units and quadriplex units on the rest of the site, with a small recreational park in the center.
The document provides information about a construction site located in Banting, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the location and surrounding roads of the site. It also lists the state, district, lot number, area, building type, and owning company. Additionally, it provides distances to nearby major developments like airports and cities. The site will involve earthworks, foundations, beams and columns, floor and wall systems, staircases, doors and windows, and a roof system. Soil testing will be conducted including boreholes and in-situ tests. Deep foundations using pile caps and piles will transfer building loads to a stronger soil layer below.
The document provides information on site safety for a construction project, including:
- Introduction of first aid kits and preliminary safety measures like sanitation facilities.
- Explanations of common signboards used on construction sites to provide safety information and prohibitions.
- Descriptions of scaffolding components and safety nets used to prevent falls from heights.
- Details of personal protective equipment like hard hats, gloves, and ladders that construction workers must use.
The document discusses the construction process of a building project, outlining the various stages from site preparation such as boundary surveying and earthworks, to foundation works including pile foundations, and superstructure elements like slabs, beams, walls and roofing. Safety measures on site like signage and personal protective equipment are also covered. The project involves the construction of 68 units of three-storey terrace houses in Setia Alam, Selangor and a semi-detached factory building in Johor.
This document provides information about a construction site visit assignment by a group of students to two development projects in Selangor, Malaysia.
The first project visited was the SENJA Residences, a 278 unit residential development located near Seri Kembangan. It will be completed in phases by 2017. The second project was a 650 square meter warehouse in Shah Alam for construction materials.
The document then discusses site safety, personal protective equipment, machinery, transportation vehicles, material handling equipment, and the importance of safety attitudes on construction sites. Various photos of the sites and equipment are included. Safety protocols for working at heights, machinery operation, electricity, and fire prevention are covered.
The document discusses the construction of a residential development project. It includes sections on the site introduction, site and safety planning, external works including boundary surveying and earthworks, foundation design and construction, and building of the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs, and walls. Temporary site facilities and accommodation for workers are also outlined.
A report on the procedures and construction process of buildings based on real life site visits at Taman Bukit Segar, Cheras and Glenmarie Cove, Klang.
By students of Bsc(Hons) Architecture of Taylor's University.
The document provides information about a low density housing development called Ramal Villa located in Kajang, Malaysia. It has 71 units including single detached homes and semi-detached homes. The development has a modern design with flat rooftops and simple facades. Each unit also has a rooftop garden. The site is well connected to major highways and is close to the LDP and Sungai Besi Highway. The location plan shows the site layout with single detached homes on one corner and three storey semi-detached duplex units and quadriplex units on the rest of the site, with a small recreational park in the center.
The document provides information about a construction site located in Banting, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the location and surrounding roads of the site. It also lists the state, district, lot number, area, building type, and owning company. Additionally, it provides distances to nearby major developments like airports and cities. The site will involve earthworks, foundations, beams and columns, floor and wall systems, staircases, doors and windows, and a roof system. Soil testing will be conducted including boreholes and in-situ tests. Deep foundations using pile caps and piles will transfer building loads to a stronger soil layer below.
This document provides an overview of an assignment submitted by a group of architecture students for their Building Construction 1 course. It includes an introduction to the project aim of gaining knowledge of building construction elements and processes. It then describes two construction sites visited - a residential development and luxury condominium. The following sections cover site safety protocols, personal protective equipment, scaffolding, plants and machinery used at the sites like excavators, pile drivers, bulldozers and tower cranes. Construction elements discussed include foundation, beams, slabs, walls, staircases and formwork.
Building Construction: Experiencing ConstructionJoyce Wee
The document provides information about a low density housing development called Ramal Villa located in Kajang, Malaysia. It consists of 71 units including single detached homes and semi-detached homes. The development emphasizes modern design with flat roofs and simple facades. Each unit also has a rooftop garden. The site is well connected to major highways near LDP and Sungai Besi Highway, making it easily accessible. The document includes a location plan and site plan showing the layout of the different housing types.
The document provides information about a construction project taking place at Opus Lake Vicinity in Cyberjaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the site, discussions of site safety measures, various plants and machinery being used, details on external work like drainage systems and roadwork, and explanations of setting out and earthwork processes. The contents page outlines 8 sections that will be covered related to different stages of the construction project.
The document provides information on two construction sites - Elmina Valley Phase EV1A residential development and a residential project in Mukim Lunas, Kedah.
It describes the location, layout and details of the projects such as unit types, project duration, and completion dates. Safety protocols at the Elmina Valley site are stringent, requiring workers to wear protective equipment and register with security. Signage and bulletin boards provide safety information.
The document also outlines the site layout and facilities at Elmina Valley, including amenities for workers. Preliminary works such as site access, drainage and storage areas are discussed. Various plant and machinery used are described, including earthmoving, lifting, transport and concrete mixing equipment.
The document provides information on the site and safety plans, as well as external work, foundation, superstructure, doors and windows, and roofing for a construction project. It lists the group members and their assigned sections. It also includes site plans, layout plans, and architectural drawings of the proposed development.
The document discusses the preliminaries work for a construction project, including earthwork activities like topsoil excavation and earth excavation using the cut and fill method to achieve the desired site topography. It also covers the important process of setting out, which involves transferring measurements and positions from design drawings onto the construction site by marking lines and pegs to accurately locate foundations and trenches. Proper preliminaries work is crucial for smoothly executing subsequent construction stages.
This document provides an overview of construction site safety and machinery used at a construction site in Bangi, Malaysia. It discusses personal protective equipment, site security measures, welfare facilities, and hazards/safety procedures for machinery, elevated work areas, scaffolding, and fall protection. Specific machinery covered include earth moving equipment like loaders, backhoes, excavators, and trucks. For each construction element, the associated hazards and solutions are outlined. The document aims to identify and properly manage safety aspects at the construction site.
The document outlines the process and components involved in constructing foundations for buildings, including excavating the soil, installing steel reinforcement bars, pouring concrete to form walls and footings, and underpinning existing foundations. Foundation systems must support and anchor the building, transmit loads to the ground, and resist various forces and movements. Proper design and construction of foundations are necessary to prevent differential settlement issues.
This document provides an overview of construction site safety and machinery for a group project on experiencing construction. It introduces the group members and describes the site selected. It then covers important topics like required personal protective equipment, site security measures, welfare facilities, and hazards/safety procedures for machinery, elevated work, scaffolding, and fall protection. Specific machinery is also outlined, like earthmoving equipment (loaders, excavators, backhoes), trucks, and telescopic handlers. The document serves as a reference for the group to study different elements of construction.
The document provides information on the foundation design and construction for a building project. It discusses different types of foundations including strip footing, which is a continuous strip of concrete placed under load bearing walls to spread the building load. Details are given on the reference design and on-site construction of the foundation, including excavation, formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring. Quality control measures are emphasized to ensure the strength and stability of the foundation.
This document appears to be a report on a site visit to Hermosa Villa @ Eco Sanctuary located near Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam, Malaysia. It discusses several sections of the site visit including:
1. An introduction to the site location and master plan.
2. The site safety measures in place including signage, scaffolding, safety nets, helmets, work attire, gloves, and boots.
3. An overview of the site layout, site clearing process including vegetation removal and topsoil excavation, the setting out process to mark boundaries and positions, and earthwork including topsoil and trench excavations.
4. An overview of the plants and machinery used
1. Site clearing involves removing vegetation from the construction site using machinery like excavators and bulldozers. Soil filling then levels the ground by cutting and filling soil.
2. Site layout includes temporary site facilities like offices, storage, and toilets. Retaining walls are built for sloped sites to prevent erosion. Fencing secures the boundary.
3. Setting out establishes horizontal and vertical control points to lay the foundations and guide subsequent construction stages according to the building plans.
This document provides an overview of the construction processes and elements involved in building a double-storey townhouse development in Kota Puteri, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the site location and introduces the various sections that will cover topics like site safety, external works, foundations, beams and columns, walls, floors, roofs, doors, windows, and machinery used. Safety measures on site include proper personal protective equipment for workers, signage, temporary buildings, and fencing. Machinery includes backhoes, excavators, bulldozers, and vibratory rollers.
The document provides details on the construction process of a residential development project in Antara Gapi, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the site introduction, various plants and machinery used, external works like site clearance and setting out, foundation works including shallow foundations and different construction procedures. Foundation works include excavation, formwork, placing reinforcement bars and pouring of concrete. Shallow foundations like spread footings are commonly used for walls and columns of small to medium structures.
The document outlines the process and components involved in constructing foundations for buildings, including excavating the soil, installing steel reinforcement bars, pouring concrete to form walls and footings, and underpinning existing foundations. Foundation systems must support and anchor the building, transmit loads to the ground, and resist various forces and movements. Proper design and construction of foundations are necessary to prevent issues like differential settlement.
This document provides details on the construction process of building foundations. It discusses the different types of foundation systems, including shallow foundations and deep foundations. The process on site involves excavating the soil to create molds, installing steel reinforcement bars, and pouring concrete to form the foundation. Foundations are the lowest and most important part of the building, as they are designed to support and transmit the building loads safely into the ground.
The document provides an overview of two construction sites visited by students - the BSP Village Commercial Centre and Kelab Ukay Residence. It describes the location, layout, and key features of each project. It also covers safety procedures and equipment used at construction sites, including signage, personal protective gear, scaffolding, safety nets, excavators, mobile cranes, backhoe-loaders, and concrete mixer trucks.
The document provides details on the construction of a building project. It discusses the site and safety plans, preliminary work including site layout and earthworks, the foundation including the type of foundation and construction process, the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs and walls, doors and windows, and the roof including the type of roof and construction process. Site visits are an important part of understanding how theoretical construction knowledge is applied in practice. Safety is the primary concern on construction sites.
The document provides information on preliminary construction works for two project sites - Alam Impian Show Unit and Tamarind Square. It discusses soil investigation, site clearing works like grubbing and excavation using cut and fill techniques. It also covers setting out of buildings, provision of temporary site facilities like security, site office and signages. Drainage and sewerage systems are outlined to carry waste water and matter away from the construction sites.
The document provides information on 4 construction sites located in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Site 1 is a 4-storey factory expansion project located in Senawang that is currently in the superstructure stage. Site 2 is a 1.5-storey bungalow in Taman Punca Emas that is also in the superstructure stage. Site 3 is a similar 2-storey bungalow project in Taman Seremban. Site 4 is a commercial development called Bukit Blossom Commercial Centre located in Jalan Tok Ungku that is currently in the preliminaries stage.
The document then discusses various aspects of construction including site
The document provides information on 4 construction sites located in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Site 1 is a 4-storey factory expansion project located in Senawang that is currently in the superstructure stage. Site 2 is a 1.5-storey bungalow in Taman Punca Emas that is also in the superstructure stage. Site 3 is a similar 2-storey bungalow project in Taman Seremban. Site 4 is a commercial development called Bukit Blossom Commercial Centre located in Jalan Tok Ungku that is currently in the preliminaries stage.
The document then discusses various aspects of construction including site
This document provides details about construction site preliminaries and processes for a building project involving 6 students. It discusses site layout, safety measures, necessary equipment and temporary facilities. The preliminaries section outlines signage, fencing, and utility provisions. Safety equipment covered include protective gear, safety signs, and first aid kits. Machineries such as cranes, trucks and concrete mixers are also mentioned. Scaffolding and hoarding structures are described.
This document provides an overview of an assignment submitted by a group of architecture students for their Building Construction 1 course. It includes an introduction to the project aim of gaining knowledge of building construction elements and processes. It then describes two construction sites visited - a residential development and luxury condominium. The following sections cover site safety protocols, personal protective equipment, scaffolding, plants and machinery used at the sites like excavators, pile drivers, bulldozers and tower cranes. Construction elements discussed include foundation, beams, slabs, walls, staircases and formwork.
Building Construction: Experiencing ConstructionJoyce Wee
The document provides information about a low density housing development called Ramal Villa located in Kajang, Malaysia. It consists of 71 units including single detached homes and semi-detached homes. The development emphasizes modern design with flat roofs and simple facades. Each unit also has a rooftop garden. The site is well connected to major highways near LDP and Sungai Besi Highway, making it easily accessible. The document includes a location plan and site plan showing the layout of the different housing types.
The document provides information about a construction project taking place at Opus Lake Vicinity in Cyberjaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the site, discussions of site safety measures, various plants and machinery being used, details on external work like drainage systems and roadwork, and explanations of setting out and earthwork processes. The contents page outlines 8 sections that will be covered related to different stages of the construction project.
The document provides information on two construction sites - Elmina Valley Phase EV1A residential development and a residential project in Mukim Lunas, Kedah.
It describes the location, layout and details of the projects such as unit types, project duration, and completion dates. Safety protocols at the Elmina Valley site are stringent, requiring workers to wear protective equipment and register with security. Signage and bulletin boards provide safety information.
The document also outlines the site layout and facilities at Elmina Valley, including amenities for workers. Preliminary works such as site access, drainage and storage areas are discussed. Various plant and machinery used are described, including earthmoving, lifting, transport and concrete mixing equipment.
The document provides information on the site and safety plans, as well as external work, foundation, superstructure, doors and windows, and roofing for a construction project. It lists the group members and their assigned sections. It also includes site plans, layout plans, and architectural drawings of the proposed development.
The document discusses the preliminaries work for a construction project, including earthwork activities like topsoil excavation and earth excavation using the cut and fill method to achieve the desired site topography. It also covers the important process of setting out, which involves transferring measurements and positions from design drawings onto the construction site by marking lines and pegs to accurately locate foundations and trenches. Proper preliminaries work is crucial for smoothly executing subsequent construction stages.
This document provides an overview of construction site safety and machinery used at a construction site in Bangi, Malaysia. It discusses personal protective equipment, site security measures, welfare facilities, and hazards/safety procedures for machinery, elevated work areas, scaffolding, and fall protection. Specific machinery covered include earth moving equipment like loaders, backhoes, excavators, and trucks. For each construction element, the associated hazards and solutions are outlined. The document aims to identify and properly manage safety aspects at the construction site.
The document outlines the process and components involved in constructing foundations for buildings, including excavating the soil, installing steel reinforcement bars, pouring concrete to form walls and footings, and underpinning existing foundations. Foundation systems must support and anchor the building, transmit loads to the ground, and resist various forces and movements. Proper design and construction of foundations are necessary to prevent differential settlement issues.
This document provides an overview of construction site safety and machinery for a group project on experiencing construction. It introduces the group members and describes the site selected. It then covers important topics like required personal protective equipment, site security measures, welfare facilities, and hazards/safety procedures for machinery, elevated work, scaffolding, and fall protection. Specific machinery is also outlined, like earthmoving equipment (loaders, excavators, backhoes), trucks, and telescopic handlers. The document serves as a reference for the group to study different elements of construction.
The document provides information on the foundation design and construction for a building project. It discusses different types of foundations including strip footing, which is a continuous strip of concrete placed under load bearing walls to spread the building load. Details are given on the reference design and on-site construction of the foundation, including excavation, formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring. Quality control measures are emphasized to ensure the strength and stability of the foundation.
This document appears to be a report on a site visit to Hermosa Villa @ Eco Sanctuary located near Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam, Malaysia. It discusses several sections of the site visit including:
1. An introduction to the site location and master plan.
2. The site safety measures in place including signage, scaffolding, safety nets, helmets, work attire, gloves, and boots.
3. An overview of the site layout, site clearing process including vegetation removal and topsoil excavation, the setting out process to mark boundaries and positions, and earthwork including topsoil and trench excavations.
4. An overview of the plants and machinery used
1. Site clearing involves removing vegetation from the construction site using machinery like excavators and bulldozers. Soil filling then levels the ground by cutting and filling soil.
2. Site layout includes temporary site facilities like offices, storage, and toilets. Retaining walls are built for sloped sites to prevent erosion. Fencing secures the boundary.
3. Setting out establishes horizontal and vertical control points to lay the foundations and guide subsequent construction stages according to the building plans.
This document provides an overview of the construction processes and elements involved in building a double-storey townhouse development in Kota Puteri, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the site location and introduces the various sections that will cover topics like site safety, external works, foundations, beams and columns, walls, floors, roofs, doors, windows, and machinery used. Safety measures on site include proper personal protective equipment for workers, signage, temporary buildings, and fencing. Machinery includes backhoes, excavators, bulldozers, and vibratory rollers.
The document provides details on the construction process of a residential development project in Antara Gapi, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the site introduction, various plants and machinery used, external works like site clearance and setting out, foundation works including shallow foundations and different construction procedures. Foundation works include excavation, formwork, placing reinforcement bars and pouring of concrete. Shallow foundations like spread footings are commonly used for walls and columns of small to medium structures.
The document outlines the process and components involved in constructing foundations for buildings, including excavating the soil, installing steel reinforcement bars, pouring concrete to form walls and footings, and underpinning existing foundations. Foundation systems must support and anchor the building, transmit loads to the ground, and resist various forces and movements. Proper design and construction of foundations are necessary to prevent issues like differential settlement.
This document provides details on the construction process of building foundations. It discusses the different types of foundation systems, including shallow foundations and deep foundations. The process on site involves excavating the soil to create molds, installing steel reinforcement bars, and pouring concrete to form the foundation. Foundations are the lowest and most important part of the building, as they are designed to support and transmit the building loads safely into the ground.
The document provides an overview of two construction sites visited by students - the BSP Village Commercial Centre and Kelab Ukay Residence. It describes the location, layout, and key features of each project. It also covers safety procedures and equipment used at construction sites, including signage, personal protective gear, scaffolding, safety nets, excavators, mobile cranes, backhoe-loaders, and concrete mixer trucks.
The document provides details on the construction of a building project. It discusses the site and safety plans, preliminary work including site layout and earthworks, the foundation including the type of foundation and construction process, the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs and walls, doors and windows, and the roof including the type of roof and construction process. Site visits are an important part of understanding how theoretical construction knowledge is applied in practice. Safety is the primary concern on construction sites.
The document provides information on preliminary construction works for two project sites - Alam Impian Show Unit and Tamarind Square. It discusses soil investigation, site clearing works like grubbing and excavation using cut and fill techniques. It also covers setting out of buildings, provision of temporary site facilities like security, site office and signages. Drainage and sewerage systems are outlined to carry waste water and matter away from the construction sites.
The document provides information on 4 construction sites located in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Site 1 is a 4-storey factory expansion project located in Senawang that is currently in the superstructure stage. Site 2 is a 1.5-storey bungalow in Taman Punca Emas that is also in the superstructure stage. Site 3 is a similar 2-storey bungalow project in Taman Seremban. Site 4 is a commercial development called Bukit Blossom Commercial Centre located in Jalan Tok Ungku that is currently in the preliminaries stage.
The document then discusses various aspects of construction including site
The document provides information on 4 construction sites located in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Site 1 is a 4-storey factory expansion project located in Senawang that is currently in the superstructure stage. Site 2 is a 1.5-storey bungalow in Taman Punca Emas that is also in the superstructure stage. Site 3 is a similar 2-storey bungalow project in Taman Seremban. Site 4 is a commercial development called Bukit Blossom Commercial Centre located in Jalan Tok Ungku that is currently in the preliminaries stage.
The document then discusses various aspects of construction including site
This document provides details about construction site preliminaries and processes for a building project involving 6 students. It discusses site layout, safety measures, necessary equipment and temporary facilities. The preliminaries section outlines signage, fencing, and utility provisions. Safety equipment covered include protective gear, safety signs, and first aid kits. Machineries such as cranes, trucks and concrete mixers are also mentioned. Scaffolding and hoarding structures are described.
Building Construction I Project 1 CompilationNatalie Yunxian
The document discusses the preliminaries work for a construction project, including earthwork activities like topsoil excavation and earth excavation using the cut and fill method to achieve the desired site topography. It also covers the important process of setting out, which involves transferring measurements and positions from design drawings onto the construction site by marking lines and pegs to accurately locate foundations and trenches. Proper preliminaries work is crucial for smoothly executing subsequent construction stages.
The document provides information on two construction sites - Elmina Valley Phase EV1A residential development and a residential project in Mukim Lunas, Daerah Kulim, Kedah. It discusses the site layout, safety measures, plants and machinery used, and construction processes for foundations, superstructure, roofs and services at the sites. Safety is taken very seriously, with signage, bulletin boards, and requirements for personal protective equipment. Various earthmoving, lifting, transport and construction equipment are used, including excavators, compactors, cranes, concrete mixers, trucks and bar bending machines. Preliminary works establish site access, drainage and storage areas to facilitate construction.
The document provides information on two construction sites - Elmina Valley Phase EV1A residential development and a residential project in Mukim Lunas, Daerah Kulim, Kedah. It discusses the site layout, safety measures, plants and machinery used, and construction processes for foundations, superstructure, roofs and services at the sites. Detailed site plans and photographs are included to illustrate the various construction elements and safety protocols like signage, personal protective equipment. Preliminary works covered include site access, drainage, storage areas, and green zones. Foundation types, construction steps for beams, columns, walls and staircases are described.
This document provides details about the construction of an eco sanctuary building project. It introduces the group members working on the project and covers various sections of the construction process. These include site and safety considerations, preliminary works, foundation, superstructure elements like beams, columns, slabs and walls, as well as doors, windows and the roof. Foundation details like pad footings and the construction process are described. Beams, columns and slabs are constructed using formwork, reinforcement bars and concrete pouring. Safety measures on the construction site such as personal protective equipment and safety tags are also outlined. The document aims to provide a full report on the various construction elements and sequence of activities for the eco sanctuary building.
B con report Experiencing, documenting and analysing the Construction ProcessTay Jit Ying
Objectives of Project
1. To introduce basic principles and procedures of construction process through real-life project (experiential learning).
2. To understand the sequence and coordination of construction at site.
3. To expose students to construction technology/methods responding to site context.
4. To allow student to demonstrate their understanding and knowledge of construction, material and technology.
5. To train students to produce manual sketches, drawings and detailing relating to EXISTING construction.
Building construction 1 experiencing constructionJia Jun Chok
This document provides an overview of the construction processes and elements involved in building a double-storey townhouse development in Kota Puteri, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the site location and introduces the various sections that will cover external works, foundations, superstructure, roofing, doors, windows and more. Safety procedures are outlined, along with temporary buildings and equipment used on site like backhoes, excavators and bulldozers. Foundation types and laying processes are also mentioned. The document serves as a reference for a group surveying the construction site to record building elements, materials, and construction methodology.
The document discusses the preliminary works of a construction site including site layout, safety features, machinery and equipment, site clearance, setting out, and earthworks and excavation that must be completed before main construction can begin in order to properly prepare the site. Safety is a top priority and features such as signage, barriers, and personal protective equipment help ensure safety of all personnel. The preliminary works lay the foundation for the subsequent construction phases including building foundations, structures, walls and more.
The document provides information about a low density housing development called Ramal Villa located in Kajang, Malaysia. It consists of 71 units including single detached homes and semi-detached homes. The development emphasizes modern design with flat roofs and simple facades. Each unit also has a rooftop garden. The site is well connected to major highways near LDP and Sungai Besi Highway, making it easily accessible. The document includes a location plan and site plan showing the layout of the different housing types.
The document summarizes the construction process observed at a construction site visited by the authors. It describes the site location and type of buildings being constructed. Safety measures at the site include signage and required protective equipment. Various plants and machinery used at different stages are discussed, including excavators, backhoes, cranes and concrete mixers. Foundations works involving piling and excavations are mentioned.
The document provides information on site safety for a construction project, including requirements for protective systems in excavations like shoring, sheeting, sloping and benching. It discusses potential cave-in hazards and conditions to control like unstable soil, vibrations, loads near the edge, water accumulation and weather changes. Stair safety topics covered are uniform treads and risers, handrails, and lighting. Scaffold types described are slung scaffolds, truss-out scaffolds, suspended scaffolds, mobile tower scaffolds and birdcage scaffolds.
The document provides information on the foundation design and construction for a building project. It discusses different types of foundations including strip footing, which is a continuous strip of concrete placed under load bearing walls to spread the building load. Details are given on the reference design and on-site construction of the foundation, including excavation, formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring. Quality control measures are emphasized to ensure the strength and stability of the foundation.
Building construction i project 1 reportSamanthalee96
The document provides information on the foundation design and construction for a building project. It discusses different types of foundations including strip footing, which is a continuous strip of concrete placed under load bearing walls to spread the building load. Details are given on the reference design and on-site construction of the foundation, including excavation, formwork, reinforcement, and concrete pouring. Quality control measures are emphasized to ensure the strength and stability of the foundation.
The document summarizes a reaction paper about the text "The Eyes of the Skin" by Juhani Pallasmaa. The text discusses how architecture can engage the senses beyond just vision. It provides examples of how prehistoric cities engaged multiple senses through textures, smells, and sounds, while modern cities often result in sensory deprivation. Specifically, it compares the sensory rich environment of Kuala Lumpur's Jalan Alor area to the isolated feeling caused by the large glass skyscrapers on Jalan Bukit Bintang. The paper argues that architecture should aim to deliver meaning and affect people through multi-sensory experiences, not just visual design.
Doreen Massey's article discusses how globalization and increased mobility affect the concept of place. She argues that a place maintains its identity when connected to other places, as connections allow a place's identity to be multiplied. However, an example in Kuala Lumpur shows that development can erase a place's history and culture if it demolishes historic buildings. While the world changes rapidly, places must progress without losing authenticity and identity. Massey believes places can remain unique while also interacting with other locations.
The document summarizes a reaction paper by a student about the reading "Learning from Las Vegas" by Robert Venturi. The student discusses two key points from the reading - that modern architects have abandoned traditional iconography, and that symbolic signage is important for communication and wayfinding. Venturi believes representational architecture may not effectively communicate to general audiences. The student concludes that they have gained perspective in considering architecture from an amateur view and how literal or symbolic elements can enhance usability.
The document provides a comparative analysis of two Asian streets - Escolta Street in Manila, Philippines and Jalan Besar in Klang, Malaysia. It examines four contact points on each street: landmarks at junctions, sidewalks, frontages, and alleyways. For each contact point, the document analyzes the physical characteristics and how they influence social interactions and contact intensity. It finds that contact points with more shade, activities, and transparency between indoor and outdoor spaces tend to encourage more optional activities and social interactions compared to points that are just passive circulation spaces. Overall, the document uses urban design and social principles to evaluate how qualities of the built environment impact social patterns at specific locations on the two streets.
The document discusses the challenges in restoring timber at Cheng Hoon Teng Temple in terms of cultural value and sustainability. Maintaining the temple's cultural significance and Unesco restoration award requires limiting replacement of original materials, using traditional construction techniques, and preserving craftsmanship details. A key challenge is the shortage of skilled craftsmen able to perform restoration work to original standards. The authenticity of the temple's original timber is also closely linked to its cultural values, and replacement can only be considered with similar wood types. Traditional lacquer treatment techniques are crucial to restoration as they provide natural protection and allow the wood grains and patina to remain clear over time.
This research paper discusses the challenges of restoring timber at Cheng Hoon Teng, a temple in Malacca. Specifically, it examines the difficulties in preserving and restoring timber, the main building material, in terms of maintaining its cultural significance and sustainability. Through literature reviews, books, online research, journals, and interviews on the challenges of timber restoration at Cheng Hoon Teng, the paper studies how to best conserve timber in Chinese architecture, especially temples, from a cultural perspective.
Tan Yang took the CSI module in semester 4 to gain practical experience designing for a community. Their group proposed designing a playscape for children in Sri Tioman 1. Through visits to the site, they observed the needs of the community and children's ideas. Their design of a modular playscape using crates was well-received. However, engaging the conservative community proved challenging. The project emphasized collaborating with residents to design something the community would take ownership of and maintain. Tan Yang learned community design requires involving people throughout the process.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document analyzes Yeoh Jetty through a SWOT analysis and proposes a design intention and narrative. The SWOT analysis finds strengths in Yeoh Jetty's calm environment but weaknesses in its lack of activities and identity. Opportunities exist in its views of other jetties, but threats include potential demolition due to low visitor numbers. The design aims to raise awareness of clan jetty origins and traditions while looking to the future. The narrative describes a journey by sampan to Yeoh Jetty, highlighting the hardships of early residents and importance of not forgetting one's roots to have direction. The overall concept is "roots".
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2. CONTENTS
No Section Researcher Pages
1.0
1.1
Introduction
Introduction to Site - 2 Storey Terrace House
Poh Weng Chuan 0319951 3-6
2.0
2.1
Site and Safety
Plants and Machinery
Chin Man Choong 0324509 7-10
3.0
3.1
Prelimininaries Work
Site Layout, Setting out and Earth Work etc
Law Zhi Chang 0323813 11-14
4.0
4.1
Foundation
Foundation Type and Construction Process
Law Zhi Chang 0323813 15-20
5.0
5.1
Roof
Contruction Process
See Wen Han 0325090 21-25
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Superstructure
Beams and Columns
Slab
Wall
Staircase
Jordan Tok Wen Xuan 0327629 // Tan Yang 0328025
Tan Yang 0328025
Tan Yang 0328025
Jordan Tok Wen Xuan 0327629
Jordan Tok Wen Xuan 0327629
26-39
7.0
7.1
7.2
Doors and Windows
Doors
Windows
Chin Man Choong 0324509 40-46
8.0
8.1
8.2
Conclusion
Summary
References
Poh Weng Chuan 0319951 47-50
4. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
ELMINA Valley phase 2 by SIME DARBY ELMINA DEVELOPMENT
Its also designed to accommodate multigenerational
living in order to satisfy the needs of modern living. From
the layout to the brick of the homes, the architecture here
takes a spin on modern and classic styles, accentuating
the spirit of plantation life.
The City of Elmina enjoys an extensive network, conve-
niently connected via the Guthrie Corridor Expressway
(GCE), Federal Highway, Kuala Lumpur - Kuala Selan-
gor Expressway (LATAR) and North Klang Valley Ex-
pressway (NKVE); enabling a shorter drive to Kota Dam-
ansara, Shah Alam and Subang Airport.
Location: No. 50037 FASA EV2B ELMINA WEST,
Seksyen U15,40160 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul
Ehsan.
Units: 309 terrace
Duration: 2016 February- 2017 July
Type of unit: A1 & A2, B1 & B2
Type of lot: Intermediate, End, Corner
Developer: SIME DARBY ELMINA DEVELOP-
MENT SDN BHD
Architect: HIA ARCHITECTS SDN BHD
Landscape Architect: LINEWORKS AND SPACE
SDN BHD
Quantity Surveyor: AAJ ASSOCIATES SDN BHD
Contractor: PA BUILDERS SDN BHD
ELMINA Valley phase 2 is the current project under Sime
Darby Elmina development, the site is 486, 675 msq. It’s
located at Elmina West, Shah Alam, Selangor. It com-
prises 309 terraced units with built-ups that start at 1,855
sq ft located adjacent to an 300-acre park extending from
1,500 acres of open green spaces, adjacent to a 2,700-
acre forest reserve a 90km cycling and jogging track, and
a cluster of retail shops, facilities and amenities. Phase 2
also brings it unique 2-storey terrace homes showcasing
the outstanding features of four types of homes, rang-
ing from 20’ x 70’ to 20’ x 80( Type A1 & A2) and ( Type
B1 & B2). The homes in Elmina Valley Phase 2 feature
an open-plan floor layout, encouraging easy movement
around the house. The building materials were carefully
selected to transform the once-glorious plantation hous-
es into contemporary homes, fit for all ages. From the
right temperature to the right door.
Proposal Site
PAGE 4
5. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE 2 STOREY TERRACE HOUSE
Concept & Features of Type A:
The design presents an interplay of modern and classic style elements through the brick pattern design and minimalist
clean lines of the walls, accentuating the styles and the spirit of plantation living.
An open-plan concept by having a single flight staircase, maximizing interior space and allowing natural air ventilation
and lighting throughout the home.
Column-free car porch for maximization of space. With basic vernacular tropical design principles are applied for ener-
gy efficiency and a ground floor bedroom with attached bathroom for convenience and ease of use for the elderly.
Kitchen provides view of the back-lane and side-lane (corner and end units) for enhanced surveillance.
Type A
Site Plan
A1 Floor Plan A2 Floor Plan
Exterior
PAGE 5
6. Concept & Features of Type B:
Living rooms in Type B homes like this one boast a double frontage design, specially for the enjoyment of the land-
scaped gardens in Elmina Valley
Dual-key home concept (Type B homes only): A single bedroom with the ‘lifetime homes’ bathroom design, separated
from the main house. This provides comfort and privacy, especially for guests
The kitchen location has a perfect view of the back and side lanes (Type B homes only), providing natural surveillance.
Type B
Site Plan
B1 Floor Plan B2 Floor Plan
Exterior
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE 2 STOREY TERRACE HOUSE
PAGE 6
8. 2.0 SITE AND SAFETY
Contractor are aware in promoting the safety program and safe be-
havior base on 1994 section 17 “Duties of employers and self em-
ployed to their employees” by The Department of Occupation Safety
and Health (DOSH). They have to make sure that their worker are
not expose to risk. It also Ensure their safety and health. This rules
not only apply to the worker but to the public as well. Ths rules and
regulation cover all construction site in Malaysia which is under Oc-
cupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Act 514.
Personal Protective Equipment(PPE), is equipment to be worn in
site to minimize injuries and illness. It protect the worker from chem-
ical, radiological, electrical, physical, mechanical or other workplace
hazard. PPE included a few item such as gloves, safety helmets,
safety boots, vest and respirators. All PPE should be worn
throughout the duration in construction site. PPe should be in proper
size which fits well and confortable to wear, If it was not in correct
size, it might cause hazard.
Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)
Construction Safety
Glove Vest
Safety Helmets
Safety helmets is a type of helmet used in workplace environements such as
construction or industrial to protect the heads. It prevent the head getting hit by
falling object debris, or electric shock. There is a suspension in the helmet. The
suspension is used to spread the helmet weight and the force of any impact
over the head. There is about 30mm between the helmet shell and head, so
less impact will directly hit the head.
Safety Boots
Safety boots was needed to protect the foot from any falling object or any com-
pression. The protection was done my inserting a hard metal piece at the toe
area. It also have thick sole to prevent any sharp edge from below. Nowadays
there is even reinforcement that’s made of thermoplastic(TPU) or aluminum.
Fencing
The fencing prevent people from coming into the site.
Safety Harness
The harness is an attachment between a stationary and
anon stationary object. It is used as a protective equip-
ments to protect human, animal from injuries.
Signage
Safety sign was found at the entrance to remind peoples
that enter the site about the safety. The signage varies
from the necessary equipment needed in the site, and the
helth and safety of the worker.
Respirator
PAGE 8
9. Construction Safety
Scaffolding
Scaffolding also known as scaffold or staging, it is a temporary structure used
for supporting the worker and materials while the construction is in process.
The basic scaffolding includes the standard, ledger and transoms. In our site, a
wooden top plank was used. The plank help to support the worker on top while
keeping the other worker safe from construction materials falling overhead.
Construction Safety Net
Together with the scaffolding there is the safety net. It can be very important to
the site for the safety of the worker. There is two main function of a safety net.
First it prevent things from falling from top hitting the worker’s head. Secondly it
also prevent worker from falling from higher floor
Temporary Handrail
A temporary handrail was also needed, in high places or stairs under construc-
tion. It also function to lead people to the office. Other than that it provide some
rest for the worker.
Fully Planked
Access LadderBaseplate
Crossbraces
Guardrails
Toeboard
PAGE 9
10. 2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY
Excavating equipment or digger. It has a digging brack-
et at the end of the machine. The section that carry the
bracket is call dipper or dipper-stick. The boom connects
to the vehicle through king-post, which allows the arm to
move left and right.
Used to combine sand, water and cement to form con-
crete. Typically, concrete mixer would use a revolving
drum to mix. These portable mixer are normally used to
mix concrete right at the construction site, it ensure the
efficiency of work since worker can have easier access.
Tiles cutter function to cut tiles. Cutting tiles is necessary when
the laying of the tiles reaches the end. First the hardened
metal wheel scratch a straight line across the surface. Then
pressure would be apply on each side to snap the tiles into
two part. The base of the tool may have adjustable fences. It
can greatly benefit for angled cuts and square cuts and fence
stops for multiple cuts that produce exactly the same size.
Used to generate power for machinery use. Produce
power by converting energy to electricity.
Used to transport and mix concrete to the construction
site. The benefit of concrete mixing truck is that the con-
crete mixing process can be done during transportation.
Hence work can be done faster. It also maintain the ma-
terials in a liquid state though continuous rotation until
arrival.
Used to transport cargo such as bricks, sand, stone etc.
Truck can be both big and powerful or small and light
depends on the use and needs. Sometimes it can mount
specialized equipment. Such as concrete mixer or suc-
tion excavator.
Used to transport different type of load and cargo. It’s a
hydraulic powered crane with a telescoping boom mount-
ed on or a cable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers
or rubber-tired canters.
Backhoe loader
Concrete Drum Mixer
Tiles CutterPower Generator
Concrete Mixing Transport
Truck
Crane
PAGE 10
22. 5.0 ROOF
Introduction
Roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of a
building or shelter which provides protection from animals and whether not only rain,
but heat, wind and sunlight.
Type of Roof
Hip Roof1 Gable Roof
Flat Roof Gambrel Roof
Type of Roof Insulation
A warm roof and a cold roof are two different ways of insulating a roof. A warm roof
building will make the entire structure of the building warm in an attempt to avoid
any cold bridging. It is where the insulation is located ‘above’ or ‘above and between’
timber rafters.
1 Cold Roof
2 Warm Roof
2
3
4
Roof Covering
Roof Covering
Insulation
Existing Joints
Existing Joints
Ceiling
Ceiling
Timber Subdeck
Timber Deck
Vapour Control Layer
Insulation
Insulation above ceiling keeps
warmth in house.
Insulation between roof rafters keeps
warmth in roof space.
PAGE 22
23. On Site Application
Gable Roof
Gable roof is the classic, most commonly occurring roof type in the world. It consist
of two roof sections sloping in opposite directions and placed such that the high-
est, horizontal edges meet to form the roof ridge. The design of this type of roof is
achieved using rafters, roof trusses or purlins. The pitch of the roof and the height of
the gutters can vary greatly.
The roof slopes around the triangular extension of the end wall this piece of wall is
gable. It commonly used to form extension in Victorian times and it is still used in
similar fashion today. It comprises a series of rafters fixed to plates at the top of a
wall and the rafter feet are nailed to the wall plate, which distributes the load evenly
across the supporting walls.
Gable & Cross Gable Roofing
-Gable has two roof surfaces of equal size
-Provides good ventilation & ceiling space.
-Commonly used in Cape Cod & Tudor style house
-Cross Gable has 2 cross parts placed at the right angle.
Construction Details
Roof Sheathing
Frieze
Siding
Crown Molding
Rafter
Wall Sheathing
Interior Finish
Insulation
Blocking
Sheathing
Vented Airspace
Building Paper
Wood Shakes or Shingles
Sheathing
Building Paper
Siding
Rafter
PAGE 23
24. Construction Details Stucture of Gable Roof
Simplest arrangement achieved in this type of roof with gable and trusses at both end
and common trusses sits at the end walls and carry the roof’s load directly into the
wall below it.
The roof slopes around the triangular extension of the end wall this piece of wall is
gable. It commonly used to form extension in Victorian times and it is still used in
similar fashion today. It comprises a series of rafters fixed to plates at the top of a
wall and the rafter feet are nailed to the wall plate, which distributes the load evenly
across the supporting walls.
Ridge Rafter
Ceiling Joist
Double Plate
Gable Wall Studs
Ridge
Wind Brace
Collar Tie
Roof Sheathing
Prop
Eaves Overhang Internal Wall
Hanging Beam
External Metal Sheet
Mineral Wool Insulation
Rail
Thermal Break Pad
Inner Liner Panel
Purlin
Metal Shoe Anchor
Concrete Footing
Copper Edge Strip
Copper Flashing Strip
Upper Copper
Lap Seam
Cleat
Copper Counterflashing
PAGE 24
25. As shown in diagram, bricks are laid and constructed
in order, right on the edge of the bricks, roof beams
added.
Finally batten will be installed. It acts as a support to
the roof tiles that will be installed later.
In order to provide support to the roof, steel trusses
are installed.
On top of the trusses, roof sheating made of either
plywood or aluminium sheet is added. This provide
protection to theif, and acts an insulator to water.
On top of the roof sheating, another layer of alumini-
um foil added. This layer insulate heat.
1
52
3
4
Brick Wall
Beams
Steel Trusses
Plywood / Aluminium
Aluminium
Steel Trusses
Roof
Roof Tiles
5.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
PAGE 25
27. 6.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS TAN YANG 0328025
Beam
a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or metal spanning an opening or part of a
building, usually to support the roof or floor above.
Type of Beam
This type of beam has a single span. It is supported by two supports at both
ends.
It is a beam that rest on more than two supports.
Refers to a beam with two spans with or without restraint at the two extreme
ends.
It has only one support in one end, another end is open.
Simple Beam
Continuous Beam
Semi-Continuous Beam
Cantilever Beam
1
3
2
4
PAGE 27
30. 6.2 SLAB TAN YANG 0328025
Slab to some extent can be similar to beams, in the way that they expand horizontally
between support. It can be simply supported, continuously supported or cantilevered.
Slab is mostly made with reinforced concrete insert into formwork onsite or into the
trenches excavated at ground. A standard slab depth can range from 150 to 300mm.
Slab can be divided into either ground slab or floor slab.
One way slab is supported on two side only. The total load carried in the direction is the same as
the supporting beams. The main reinforcement is provided in only one direction.
Two-way slab are supported on 4 side. In this type of slab, the load can be carry in two direction.
The main reinforcement is provided in both the direction.
Type A Type B
Water Damproof Membrane
Concrete Slab
Hardcore
Construction Details of Slab Types of Slab
One Way Slab (One Way Floor System)
Two Way Slab (Two Way Floor System)
Slab
1
2
PAGE 30
31. Concrete was poured and levelled to indicat-
ed level.
Mixtures of soils, sands and stones were filled
and compressed to a required level.
RBC bars were fitted in order to reinforce
slab.
water pipes and electrical wires were fixed in
the slab.
A layer of lean concrete was poured to form
an insulative layer, which could prevent the
water siping through and corrode the rein-
forcement.
After the slab done, the construction move on
to construction of ground beam, which is used
to form a boundary of slab.
Slab Installation on site
Casting Filling
Reinforcement Piping
Pouring Finishing
1 4
2 5
3 6
PAGE 31
32. 6.3 WALL JORDAN TOK WEN XUAN 0327629
Wall is often used to divide area. It provides privacy and protection from weather and
animals. All walls are either load bearing or non-load bearing walls. You can demolish
a wall if it is a non-load bearing wall; you cannot move or demolish a load bearing wall.
Load Bearing Wall
It is part of the structure of the building, it holds the building up and transfer it to the
foundation, it can be exterior wall or interior wall. It braces from the roof to the floor. Re-
moving a section of a load bearing wall to create a pass-through requires adding a new
beam and columns to support the floor above.
Non-load Bearing Wall (Used on site)
It is only a partition that divides the various rooms of a building, it only carries their
own weight.
Party Wall
It is a dividing partition between two adjoining buildings. This type of wall is usually
structural. It can also be formed by two abutting walls. It could be a firewall.
Masonry Walls
These walls are made of brick or cement blocks held together with cement mortar and
are often plastered with cement plaster on both surfaces.
Concrete Brick
Clay Brick
2
Party Wall
1
PAGE 32
33. Mortar
It is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks
together and fill the gaps between them.
Mortar
Bonding of Masonry
The bonds in brick masonry is developed by the mortar
filling between layers of bricks and in grooves when bricks
are laid adjacent to each other and in layers in walls.
Mostly used material for bonds in brick masonry is cement
mortar. Lime mortar and mud mortar are also used.
Flemish Bond Running Bond
Masonry Bonding Patterns
Running Bond (Used on Site)
Commonly used for cavity and veneer walls, it is composed of overlapping
stretchers.
Flemish Bond (Used on Site)
It has alternating headers and stretchers in each course, each header being cen-
tered above and below a stretcher.
Stack Bond
It has successive courses of stretchers with all head joints aligned verticaly. Hori-
zontal joint reinforcement is required.
Common Bond
It has a course of headers between every 5-6 courses of stretchers, also known
as American bond.
PAGE 33
34. Masonry Joint
Concave Joint
Providing maximum protection against
water penetration.
V-Joint
Providing maximum protection against
water penetration.
Weathered Joint
Tend to catch the light and give the
brickwork a near, ordered apperance.
Struck Joint
It is a poor insulator against water, it
will allow water to collect on its bottom
ledge.
Flush Joint (Used on Site)
It is best used when the wall is intended
to be plastered or joints are to be hid-
den under paint.
Raked Joint
This design highly emphasizes the
joint. It is for interior use only.
Step of Masonry Wall Construction
2
3
5
4
6
Placing, positioning and aligning
corner block.
Plumbing block to improve bonding
between bricks.
Placing coil mesh in between brick
layers for every 4 rows
Leveling block to ensure the block
surface is even.
Filling the brick accordingly to the
center from both corners.
Chipping off mortar with a trowel
and plastering.
Coil Mesh
Reference String
PAGE 34
35. Plastering Other Elements
Skim coating is a texturing technique used to
make a wall smooth and hide an imperfect taping
job. The mixtures of it are water, concrete and
lime.
Coil Mesh
Also called coil lath, brickwork reinforcement mesh, is embedded in
the normal thickness of brickwork joint. It gives brickwork increased
resistance to tensional stresses to reduce the detrimental effects of
vibration and changes of temperature. It is easily incorporated into mortar
course, coiled for ease of handing.
Dowel Bars
Dowel Bars are friction cut and provide positive load transfer across the
joints. Smooth bars allow movement in the joint due to shrinkage and
temperate changes.
Cement Pit
It is used as a marking point for workers to know the thickness of plastering.
Brick Plastering Coating Finishing
(Painting)
PAGE 35
36. Other Elements
Reference String
It acts as a guide line for workers to ensure the laying of bricks are
straight.
Angle Bead
Angle Bead is used to create clean crisp corners, provide strength and
prevent chipping.
Soldier Bond
Bricks are placed in slanted angle (45°) at the top row of party wall to
allow expansion when fire occurs.
Clay Brick Concrete Brick
Manufacture Process Harder, generates large
amounts of carbon dioxide.
Easier, minimal pollution.
Water Absorption Rates lower. higher.
Colour Deep red or dark orange,
retain colour.
Mostly pale grey, colour will
fade over time.
Shape Mostly rectangle. Square, triangle, octagon
and trapezoid.
Joint between bricks Will shrink, need contrac-
tion joints.
Will expand, need expan-
sion joints.
Brick Properties
PAGE 36
37. 6.4 STAIRCASES JORDAN TOK WEN XUAN 0327629
Staircase is a term applied to a complete flight of steps between two floors. It provides
a safe means of travel between floors.
Type of Staircase Used On Site
Double Quarter Landing Stairs
It allows the stair case to turn through 180 degrees. This is achieved by turning 90
degrees on two large square steps or landings.
Closed Riser, Open Stringer Both Sides
Benefit of Closed Risers
Closed Riser is safer than Open Riser especially for those family who have kids, elder-
ly and pets.
Open Stringer both sides
A decorative stair design, each tread is open on both sides. There is not a boxed in
section anywhere on this stair type.
Advantages of Double Quarter Landing Stairs
- Double Quarter Landing stairs can be easier to fit into an architectural plan.
- They offer some architectural interest.
- The landing(s) can offer a resting point part way up the stairs.
Disadvantage of Double Quarter Landing
Stairs
These types of stairs are a bit more difficult to build.
Plan
Elevation
Open Stringer
Closed Riser
PAGE 37
38. Part of Staircase Materials of Staircase Used on Site
Concrete Staircase with Wooden Treads.
Newer
Landing
Rise
Run
Nosing
Stringer
Tread
Riser
Baluster
Railing
Concrete
Wooden Tread
Reinforced Concrete
It is fire-resistant and mouldable into different shapes. It can take a high load, it is
economical and flood proof.
Timber
Design Flexibility, lightweight and easy to install and maintain.
Other Materials that can be used in stairs
Glass
It gives an openness and clean airy feel.
Steel
Incredible strength and hardwearing. It allows us to increase the span
and length of the stair and makes it great for commercial stairs that
are exposed to high traffic.
Stainless Steel
It is used for handrails and balustrade. Easy to keep clean. Doesn’t
rust.
Stone
Marble stairs can have creative inlayed geometric or floral patterns
and can also be carve into vertical slabs or tiles, granite gives a rich
shiny look, sandstone provides a more rustic feel.
PAGE 38
39. Construction Process of Reinforced Concrete Stairs + Wooden Treads
Step 1 Measuring
Measure the differences between both floors, then divide the value of the height
found by the number of risers.
The standard step measurement: 30cm tread, 18cm riser heights, minimum 90cm
of the width.
Step 6 Installing Steps
Install the stair risers based on your formwork design (see Step One).
Step 2 Ground Prepping
The general idea of ground prepping is to simply ensure that the ground you will
build your staircase upon is very compact to prevent any sinking in during cement
pouring and prevent uneven steps.
Step 7 Bracing
Enforcing the structure to ensure that the concrete will not flow out and lose its
shape before it has time to fully set.
Step 3 Building the Form Panels
Start building wood form panels, which are basically two panels made out of wood
that help maintain the shape of the steps while the concrete is being poured in.
Step 8 Pouring the Concrete
Cement mix should be highly viscous as a runny mix will cause the steps to slump
downwards.
Step 4 Assembling the Form Panels
Ensure that the base of the panelling is fully flat on the
ground to prevent ending up with a lopsided staircase.
Check for any gaps between the foundation or porch. If
there are visible gaps, fill up the holes with wood pieces.
Step 9 Adding the Finishing Touches
Repeat the trowelling process several times for each step with a magnesium trowel
and an edger to smoothen the surface and clean the edges.
Step 5 Reinforcing Steps
Reinforcing the concrete staircase with steel.
Step 10 Attaching the Wooden Treads
and Railings
Attach the wooden treads on cement, measure the
railings to length, install balusters and attach railings.
Steel Bar
Concrete
Form Panel
Baluster
PAGE 39
41. 7.1 DOORS
Introduction
Door create a division from one space to another. While exterior wall work to divide
exterior space with private space, it also acts as a protection and weather insulation
to the house. Interior wall generally divide interior space, and give aesthetic values
to the house.
Type of Door
There are 4 type of door can be found in this construction project.
Gate
A gate is a point of entry to a space. The gate distinguish the area of road and
the area of house. It is used to control the entry and exit of peoples. Usually it
refers to the entrance of the building. This gate can be open manually.
Toilet Sliding door
Sliding door used as toilet door to save space. The door is also made of one
big piece of solid wood.
Interior Door
Typical size of interior door. 210mm x 900mm. No
frame for the door, just a simple big piece of solid
wood.
Exterior Door
Wooden door, slightly larger than normal door.
1 4
3
2
PAGE 41
42. Sub-Framing
Installed earliest in the construction phase. The installation of mainframe was done
after the completion of internal part.
Fabricate with smaller width to allows adjustment later.
Subframe can be install both before and after the wall erection.
The advantage of sub framing system including prevent damage of main frame,
save cost and time from undesired work, prevent staining of door frame by cement.
Installing Door Sub-Frame Procedure
1. Locate the door
The location of the door was confirmed, and the dimension of opening are confirm to
suit the drawings.
2. Align door frame
The subframe was align to the outlines
3. Secure frame
Timber was used temporary to obtain the alignment that was needed
4. Close the Gap
The gap between the wall and the door frame was grouped. Timber strip can be
used to provide backing.
Door Construction Process
Installing Door Main Frame Procedure
1. Verify the dimensions of the sub framing by carrying out a proper measurement of
the sub frame to obtain the suitable dimension of the door frame.
2. A complete set of main frames will be directly installed. Before the installation, the
size and quantity of the frame should be check and reconfirm. The opening of the
ironmongery should be pre-cut in factory to minimize work.
3. The pre-cut mainframe is assembled with either nails or screw.
4. Bonding agent such as silicon are applied over main frame for better water resis-
tance.
5. Main frame is installed onto the sub-frame. Normally timer wedges would be used
to temporarily secure the main frame.
6. Finally, the main frame was secured using wave nails onto the substructure.
PAGE 42
43. Installing Door Panel and Ironmongery
1. The correct door panel was chosen as approved
in the drawings, check for visual damage before start
installation.
2. After checking the proper alignment and the dimen-
sion of the door, door panel was installed.
3. Finally, The lock set is installed, the lockset should
be check to make sure it operate smoothly.
Door Construction Process
Handles Hinges
PAGE 43
44. 7.2 WINDOWS
Window is an opening on a piece of wall in the building that al-
lows air and light to enter. Window normally made of glass and
are held by frame.
Materials
The materials chosen on site was aluminum window frame.
Aluminum frame is slim, durable, light and require low mainte-
nance. Even though it is light it is still a very strong material. In
compare to other material such as vinyl and wood, aluminum
can conduct heart better. In other to improve energy efficiency,
thermal breaks is used to separate inner and outer space.
Due to the prone oxidation surface of aluminum, finishing must
be done. Matt is applied at the final finishing.
Fixed Windows
Sliding Windows
Louvered Windows
Double Hung Windows
SIngle Hung Windows
Casement Windows
Bay Windows
Storm Windows
Clerestory Windows
Gable Windows
Skylight
Type of Windows
PAGE 44
45. 1. Adjustable Louvres Windows
Comprise horizontal glass adjustable to control the amount of
light and air into the space. Mainly for natural ventilation.
Type of Windows Used
Aluminum Frame
Glass
2. Fixed Window.
A fixed window has a fixed glazed sash. It is designed
mainly to provide view, allow natural light in and aesthet-
ic purpose only. It can’t be open hence it can’t be use for
ventilation.
PAGE 45
46. Installation of Window
The system started with a subframe and the window was mounted on the subframe
later.
It allows better weather resistance, great flexibility in the sequencing of work. And it
also lowers the risk of physical damage.
Glazing
The window normally has either a single or double glazing system. Depending on
the location the window is, it controls the penetration of the natural light.
Glazing is define as the act of fixing glass into a frame or surround in domestic work.
It can be done my securing the glass with putty or beading. It must be carry out ac-
cording to recommendation in BS 6262: Glazing for building.
Process
Position the Sub-frame
Fixing the Subframe
Seals the head and joint between external wall and sub frame.
Protection for subframe.
Prepare to install main window frame
Install main frame.
1
2
3
5
4
6
PAGE 46
48. Firstly, we were very thankful to Mr. Calvin Loo for introducing the site to
us and being the lead coordinator to guide us around the construction site.
We were overwhelmed how much we have learned on that day of site visit.
The site itself is located around Shah Alam, which we could manage to drive
there. We were able to witness the famous developer SIME DARBY and ar-
chitect HIA architect collaborate to create such two story building.
Throughout the site visit we learned to know that how tough the process can
be when it comes to create a building even though it’s just two story high.
When we get to the site, we get to witness various construction activities go-
ing on, which we have been briefed before from the lecture session for build-
ing construction. We saw how people installed substructure in to the earth
before setting up superstructure. We also get to see how contractors handle
machinery to carry out excavation and all the way through the finishing of the
process building up the house. The eyes witness of the process of carrying
out the construction is more impactful because we are witnessing it on the
moment.
Besides, we were also thankful to the lectures that they taught us the process
of construction, so that we understand and aware what are the process that
the workers carry out during construction. The experience that we have been
through on that day of site visit, bring us in-depth knowledge about the pro-
cess of building up a two-story house and understand how the building itself
is form using modern and minimalist concept to approach this project.
All in all we learn that, whenever constructing any building, the components of
the steps of constructing a building are necessary to be taken crucially. Plan-
ning this steps are very important for architects, with less knowledge of these
steps create failure to the project. As we learn that every steps of these con-
structions are more important than design.
8.1 SUMMARY
PAGE 48
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