The document discusses the challenges in restoring timber at Cheng Hoon Teng Temple in terms of cultural value and sustainability. Maintaining the temple's cultural significance and Unesco restoration award requires limiting replacement of original materials, using traditional construction techniques, and preserving craftsmanship details. A key challenge is the shortage of skilled craftsmen able to perform restoration work to original standards. The authenticity of the temple's original timber is also closely linked to its cultural values, and replacement can only be considered with similar wood types. Traditional lacquer treatment techniques are crucial to restoration as they provide natural protection and allow the wood grains and patina to remain clear over time.
This presentation focuses on the cultural aspects of lighting design in Islamic and Middle Eastern architecture. It discusses the cultural values that influence the need for natural and artificial lighting in Middle Eastern countries. Several solutions were available to provide natural lighting in traditional environments; i.e. courtyards, mushrabiyas, and lighting wells. Cultural values, such as privacy and gender segregation affect the need for natural and artificial lighting sources. I argue that users’ sensory experiences are affected by these cultural backgrounds. The understanding of the importance of good lighting design in urban areas, buildings and interiors is increasing. Light is fundamental for architecture and essential for human well-being. Lighting quality affects human behavior, comfort, health, efficiency, safety and security.
This research paper discusses the challenges of restoring timber at Cheng Hoon Teng, a temple in Malacca. Specifically, it examines the difficulties in preserving and restoring timber, the main building material, in terms of maintaining its cultural significance and sustainability. Through literature reviews, books, online research, journals, and interviews on the challenges of timber restoration at Cheng Hoon Teng, the paper studies how to best conserve timber in Chinese architecture, especially temples, from a cultural perspective.
This research paper discusses the challenges of restoring timber at Cheng Hoon Teng, a temple in Malacca. Specifically, it examines the difficulties in preserving and restoring timber, the main building material, in terms of maintaining its cultural significance and sustainability. Through literature reviews, books, online research, journals, and interviews on the challenges of timber restoration at Cheng Hoon Teng, the paper studies how to best conserve timber in Chinese architecture, especially temples, from a cultural perspective.
Heritage in the Hills: Architectural PreservationSarbjit Bahga
1) The document discusses various architectural styles found in hill regions across India, including Dhajji walls, Kuni walls, wooden temples, Dzongs, ghats, and British-era architecture in hill stations.
2) It highlights the importance of preserving this "hill architecture" which showcases the skills, craftsmanship, and building techniques used to adapt to the terrain and climate of hill areas.
3) The author argues that efforts must be made by governments, organizations, educational institutions, and the public to better conserve, maintain, and create awareness about India's culturally and historically significant hill architecture.
Application of kelantan traditional aesthetic values into the architecture of...Alexander Decker
This document discusses how Kelantan traditional aesthetic values can be applied to contemporary home architecture in Malaysia. It identifies 10 key aesthetic elements from Kelantan traditional architecture: bendul, ekor itek, gunungan, tunjuk langit, buah butung, pintu gerbang, tebuk tembus, dinding janda berhias, pemeleh and anjung. For each element, the document describes its traditional form and function. It then provides examples of how each element could be integrated into contemporary home designs through either direct application or adaptive redesign, in order to help sustain local cultural identity while meeting modern needs. The goal is to balance traditional and modern influences to support emotional and spiritual
Scientific Conservation of Wooden Altars of Goa Churches – A Case Study IIJSRJournal
The wooden altars of Se Cathedral Church and Bom Jesus Church were having multiple conservation problems. The scientific conservation of the polychromy wooden altarpieces was successfully carried out. The accretions were cleaned with cotton absorbent using the mixture ethanol, iso-propyl alcohol with few drops of distilled water with non-ionic detergent. The wooden altars were also found damaged in some portions and the same were consolidated and the mending works in some places were also attended. The wooden altars around the St. Francis relics were severely affected by dry termite especially at lower parts that has almost been eaten away by termites. In many portions in the lower levels of altars there are holes, lacunas; cracks are noticed by the result of termites. The consolidation of wooden altars had already been carried out as follows. First, the entire wooden altar especially the damaged portions are being injected with ‘Termiseal’ and then the lacunas were being filled with the mixture of saw dust, wood putty, Araldite carpenter. Then the portions were matched with the surrounding colours. The anti-termite treatment of all the church complexes was also carried out in the step of preventive conservation. The environmental parameters were also studied and some precautionary measures to prevent the deterioration of wooden fabric by the relative humidity have also been recommended. Now, the wooden altarpieces are in good state of preservation.
Titas assignment group 53 - chinese civilizationArissa Loh
The document discusses a group project conducted by Group 53 on Chinese civilizations. The group visited the Cheng Hoon Teng temple in Malacca, the oldest Chinese temple in Malaysia, to study its history, architecture, and restoration. It provides an acknowledgement, table of contents, introduction, objectives, research findings on the temple's history, architecture, materials used, and on-site activities. It also includes a travel journal and conclusions.
This presentation focuses on the cultural aspects of lighting design in Islamic and Middle Eastern architecture. It discusses the cultural values that influence the need for natural and artificial lighting in Middle Eastern countries. Several solutions were available to provide natural lighting in traditional environments; i.e. courtyards, mushrabiyas, and lighting wells. Cultural values, such as privacy and gender segregation affect the need for natural and artificial lighting sources. I argue that users’ sensory experiences are affected by these cultural backgrounds. The understanding of the importance of good lighting design in urban areas, buildings and interiors is increasing. Light is fundamental for architecture and essential for human well-being. Lighting quality affects human behavior, comfort, health, efficiency, safety and security.
This research paper discusses the challenges of restoring timber at Cheng Hoon Teng, a temple in Malacca. Specifically, it examines the difficulties in preserving and restoring timber, the main building material, in terms of maintaining its cultural significance and sustainability. Through literature reviews, books, online research, journals, and interviews on the challenges of timber restoration at Cheng Hoon Teng, the paper studies how to best conserve timber in Chinese architecture, especially temples, from a cultural perspective.
This research paper discusses the challenges of restoring timber at Cheng Hoon Teng, a temple in Malacca. Specifically, it examines the difficulties in preserving and restoring timber, the main building material, in terms of maintaining its cultural significance and sustainability. Through literature reviews, books, online research, journals, and interviews on the challenges of timber restoration at Cheng Hoon Teng, the paper studies how to best conserve timber in Chinese architecture, especially temples, from a cultural perspective.
Heritage in the Hills: Architectural PreservationSarbjit Bahga
1) The document discusses various architectural styles found in hill regions across India, including Dhajji walls, Kuni walls, wooden temples, Dzongs, ghats, and British-era architecture in hill stations.
2) It highlights the importance of preserving this "hill architecture" which showcases the skills, craftsmanship, and building techniques used to adapt to the terrain and climate of hill areas.
3) The author argues that efforts must be made by governments, organizations, educational institutions, and the public to better conserve, maintain, and create awareness about India's culturally and historically significant hill architecture.
Application of kelantan traditional aesthetic values into the architecture of...Alexander Decker
This document discusses how Kelantan traditional aesthetic values can be applied to contemporary home architecture in Malaysia. It identifies 10 key aesthetic elements from Kelantan traditional architecture: bendul, ekor itek, gunungan, tunjuk langit, buah butung, pintu gerbang, tebuk tembus, dinding janda berhias, pemeleh and anjung. For each element, the document describes its traditional form and function. It then provides examples of how each element could be integrated into contemporary home designs through either direct application or adaptive redesign, in order to help sustain local cultural identity while meeting modern needs. The goal is to balance traditional and modern influences to support emotional and spiritual
Scientific Conservation of Wooden Altars of Goa Churches – A Case Study IIJSRJournal
The wooden altars of Se Cathedral Church and Bom Jesus Church were having multiple conservation problems. The scientific conservation of the polychromy wooden altarpieces was successfully carried out. The accretions were cleaned with cotton absorbent using the mixture ethanol, iso-propyl alcohol with few drops of distilled water with non-ionic detergent. The wooden altars were also found damaged in some portions and the same were consolidated and the mending works in some places were also attended. The wooden altars around the St. Francis relics were severely affected by dry termite especially at lower parts that has almost been eaten away by termites. In many portions in the lower levels of altars there are holes, lacunas; cracks are noticed by the result of termites. The consolidation of wooden altars had already been carried out as follows. First, the entire wooden altar especially the damaged portions are being injected with ‘Termiseal’ and then the lacunas were being filled with the mixture of saw dust, wood putty, Araldite carpenter. Then the portions were matched with the surrounding colours. The anti-termite treatment of all the church complexes was also carried out in the step of preventive conservation. The environmental parameters were also studied and some precautionary measures to prevent the deterioration of wooden fabric by the relative humidity have also been recommended. Now, the wooden altarpieces are in good state of preservation.
Titas assignment group 53 - chinese civilizationArissa Loh
The document discusses a group project conducted by Group 53 on Chinese civilizations. The group visited the Cheng Hoon Teng temple in Malacca, the oldest Chinese temple in Malaysia, to study its history, architecture, and restoration. It provides an acknowledgement, table of contents, introduction, objectives, research findings on the temple's history, architecture, materials used, and on-site activities. It also includes a travel journal and conclusions.
Architecture is influenced by sociological and psychological factors related to human wellbeing. Sociology examines how architectural forms both influence and are influenced by sociocultural phenomena. Architectural sociology uses social theory and research methods to understand how building designs impact people. Architects must understand sociology to account for how people's beliefs, geography, religion, and other sociocultural factors shape architectural forms and styles. For example, rounded hut structures in northern Ghana reflect indigenous beliefs, and materials like mud and thatch provide cooling appropriate for the climate. Religions also influence architectural styles through elements like domes, courtyards, statues, and shapes that symbolize religious ideas. Architects need sociological insight to design buildings suited to
This document provides details about a project to create a photo book capturing textures and patterns in 5 historical places in Penang, Malaysia under different Instagram filters. The places chosen are Chew Jetty, Armenian Street, Mahamariamman Temple, Town Hall, and Standard Charted Bank, representing the earliest settlement to modern financial center. Photos of these places will be presented in a journal-style coffee table book to convey the history, architecture, and social aspects of Penang to young readers. The focus is on how textures and patterns in buildings reflect the culture, traditions, lifestyles, and values of past societies.
cultural influence of vernacular architectureamzathkhan7
The document discusses various design principles for architecture in hot and dry climates. It recommends orienting buildings and their openings to minimize sun exposure in summer, using compact forms to reduce heat gain, and providing adequate shade. Courtyards are suggested as a passive cooling technique, and features like thick walls, small windows, and high thermal mass materials are described. Natural ventilation strategies like wind orientation, cross ventilation and stack effect are also outlined.
Chongsheng temple three towers cultural tourism areaJourney Han
The Chongsheng Temple Three Towers Cultural Tourism Area is located north of Dali Ancient City in Yunnan Province. It features the Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, which date back to the Tang and Song Dynasties, as well as other historical and cultural attractions like the Nanzhao Great Bell and Rain Copper Guanyin Temple. The area has undergone extensive renovations and upgrades in recent years to improve facilities and tourism services in order to achieve national 5A scenic spot status. It receives over a million visitors annually and offers tours of its Buddhist architectural and cultural heritage.
Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistancetzex22
This document summarizes a reaction paper by a student named Lai Tzexiuan on Kenneth Frampton's essay "Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance." The student agrees with Frampton that architecture should respond to both the natural and cultural contexts of its site. This can include reflecting the local climate and materials through openings and ventilation, or drawing from cultural traditions through placements of rooms and courtyards that evoke landscape paintings. The student believes this type of regionalism is important to avoid conflicts with the site context and create tangible and intangible experiences for humans through architectural poetics and the stimulation of senses.
The document provides information about pre-conference events and sessions for a heritage conference taking place May 31-June 1, 2012 in Kingston, Ontario. It outlines 3 pre-conference bus tours and workshops on Thursday May 31st focusing on architecture, heritage windows, and church tours. Friday's itinerary includes keynote speakers, sessions on cultural heritage landscapes, archaeology, and heritage best practices. Evening events include a speech by Dr. Randall Mason. Details are provided on locations, times, costs and speakers for each event. The program is preliminary and subject to change with more information to be added.
The conservation of the Shri Govindji Temple in Manipur was needed to preserve an important example of terracotta architecture and culture. The temple, built in 1846, had deteriorated over time due to weathering, earthquakes, and vegetation growth. The conservation project involved dismantling and rebuilding damaged sections like the collapsed roof and cracked walls. Original materials like bricks and teak wood were reused when possible. Conservation techniques like using epoxy seals and replacing deteriorated wood helped restore the temple's structure while maintaining its historic character. The project promoted local crafts and spread awareness of Manipur's cultural heritage.
The document discusses the School of Kunqu Opera in West Creek Village, China. It aims to identify how the architecture of the school contributes to preserving local cultural identity and place through contextual design. The village is the birthplace of Kunqu Opera but was losing its cultural identity due to urbanization. The school was designed to address this by reusing the foundations and materials of demolished buildings, and taking on the function of promoting Kunqu Opera to preserve the social memory of the place. It incorporates traditional construction methods like hollow brick walls and uses local materials like clay tiles to engage the community and strengthen cultural identity. The school serves as a place marker and cultural platform to define the village as the birthplace of Kunqu Opera and reju
This document provides an introduction to vernacular architecture, including its definition and key characteristics. Vernacular architecture evolves over time based on the local environmental, cultural, and historical context. It utilizes indigenous building materials and methods. The document discusses the origins and various approaches to studying vernacular architecture, including aesthetic, anthropological, and architectural approaches. Climate, culture, materials, and construction techniques are some of the main influences on vernacular building forms. The importance of studying vernacular architecture for insights into sustainable design principles is also highlighted.
vernacular architecture in context to Climate ChangeJanmejoy Gupta
The document discusses vernacular architecture and its importance for climate-responsive design. It explores examples of vernacular architecture from regions of India like Kerala and Kutch. Key determinants of vernacular design identified are climate, locally available materials, construction techniques, and socio-cultural influences. Lessons from traditional structures like use of thermal mass, ventilation, shading and passive cooling principles need to be understood and incorporated in modern construction to fight climate change.
The document is a research proposal form that examines traditional Malay wood carvings. It discusses how modern Malaysians often ignore local culture and heritage, including wood carving motifs. The proposal aims to 1) examine the history of Malay wood carvings, 2) identify and archive traditional motifs and designs, and 3) digitize motifs to preserve them. It will use qualitative methods like interviews and literature reviews to analyze motifs, symbols, and the cultural significance of carvings. Documenting and preserving wood carving heritage digitally can help educate people and promote appreciation of local traditions.
Said ismail2008 composition_of_malay_woodcarving_caseFaezah Ujie
This document summarizes a study analyzing the composition of woodcarving in two traditional Malay houses in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The analysis focused on the visual attributes and ordering principles of carved components used as house elements. Key findings include:
1) Carved components exhibited distinct motifs, shapes, and techniques arranged according to principles of symmetry, repetition and balance to create harmonious compositions.
2) Placement of carved elements related well to house form and provided functions like ventilation while adhering to regional Malay architectural styles.
3) Analysis of specific carved panels revealed craftsmen skillfully used principles of duality, focal points, and rhythm to portray logical designs demonstrating creativity and understanding of nature.
Xiang shan campus in hangzhou, china the adaptation of vernacular design in...Chee Fon
This project proposal examines how Xiang Shan University in Hangzhou, China revived traditional Chinese architecture through its modern contemporary design. A case study will be conducted on Xiang Shan University to analyze how it incorporated elements of traditional Chinese architecture like building orientation, courtyard placement, exterior corridors, gable roofing, architectural details like moon gates, and local materials like clay tiles and stone. The goal is to demonstrate how modern design can both preserve traditional architectural concepts and values, as well as create a unique design that balances both modern and traditional influences. The proposal lists several references that will be used to conduct an in-depth study of traditional Chinese architecture and how Xiang Shan University revived these traditions in its contemporary design.
Tadao Ando is a self-taught Japanese architect known for his use of concrete, light, and simple geometric forms. The document summarizes two of his works: the Nariwa Museum of Art and the Church of Light. For the museum, Ando used concrete walls and an artificial pond to connect the building to the natural landscape. The Church of Light consists of three intersecting concrete cubes divided by an angled wall, using light from a cruciform window to define the worship space. Ando's works emphasize materials, light, and a philosophical emphasis on emptiness that invites spiritual reflection.
This document summarizes Amir Moshfeghi's landscape architectural portfolio from 2015. It includes summaries of four projects:
1. A thesis project proposing ways to make the Albuquerque LDS temple landscape more sustainable by integrating sustainability guidelines.
2. A redesign and retrofit concept for the existing Albuquerque LDS temple site to address sustainability challenges.
3. A memorial park design called "Hope Square" in Poland featuring sculptural metal trees representing Holocaust rescuers.
4. A park design called "MOSSissipi Park" in New Orleans featuring moss-covered structures to absorb noise and pollution from a nearby highway.
Prof. Anil Laul is an Indian architect and urban planner known for his sensitivity to the needs of the poor and use of traditional materials and methods. He founded the Anangpur Building Centre and ASHRA. Some of his notable works include the Jaunapur Slum Resettlement in Delhi, Deepalaya School, and the Anangpur Building Centre residence. He advocates for recycling and minimal use of resources in his eco-friendly designs that are rooted in community and tradition.
This document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of Shantanand Auditorium located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction to the auditorium including its background, history, photos and drawings. It then discusses concepts in acoustic and architecture such as sound intensity level, reverberation, attenuation, echoes and sound shadows. The document aims to analyze the auditorium's acoustic design and treatments and provide suggestions to improve its acoustic qualities.
This document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of Shantanand Auditorium located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction to the auditorium including its background, history, photos and drawings. It then discusses acoustic concepts relevant to architectural design such as sound absorption, reverberation time, attenuation and echoes. The document aims to analyze key acoustic design aspects of the auditorium and provide suggestions to improve its acoustic qualities.
The document summarizes a reaction paper about the text "The Eyes of the Skin" by Juhani Pallasmaa. The text discusses how architecture can engage the senses beyond just vision. It provides examples of how prehistoric cities engaged multiple senses through textures, smells, and sounds, while modern cities often result in sensory deprivation. Specifically, it compares the sensory rich environment of Kuala Lumpur's Jalan Alor area to the isolated feeling caused by the large glass skyscrapers on Jalan Bukit Bintang. The paper argues that architecture should aim to deliver meaning and affect people through multi-sensory experiences, not just visual design.
Doreen Massey's article discusses how globalization and increased mobility affect the concept of place. She argues that a place maintains its identity when connected to other places, as connections allow a place's identity to be multiplied. However, an example in Kuala Lumpur shows that development can erase a place's history and culture if it demolishes historic buildings. While the world changes rapidly, places must progress without losing authenticity and identity. Massey believes places can remain unique while also interacting with other locations.
Architecture is influenced by sociological and psychological factors related to human wellbeing. Sociology examines how architectural forms both influence and are influenced by sociocultural phenomena. Architectural sociology uses social theory and research methods to understand how building designs impact people. Architects must understand sociology to account for how people's beliefs, geography, religion, and other sociocultural factors shape architectural forms and styles. For example, rounded hut structures in northern Ghana reflect indigenous beliefs, and materials like mud and thatch provide cooling appropriate for the climate. Religions also influence architectural styles through elements like domes, courtyards, statues, and shapes that symbolize religious ideas. Architects need sociological insight to design buildings suited to
This document provides details about a project to create a photo book capturing textures and patterns in 5 historical places in Penang, Malaysia under different Instagram filters. The places chosen are Chew Jetty, Armenian Street, Mahamariamman Temple, Town Hall, and Standard Charted Bank, representing the earliest settlement to modern financial center. Photos of these places will be presented in a journal-style coffee table book to convey the history, architecture, and social aspects of Penang to young readers. The focus is on how textures and patterns in buildings reflect the culture, traditions, lifestyles, and values of past societies.
cultural influence of vernacular architectureamzathkhan7
The document discusses various design principles for architecture in hot and dry climates. It recommends orienting buildings and their openings to minimize sun exposure in summer, using compact forms to reduce heat gain, and providing adequate shade. Courtyards are suggested as a passive cooling technique, and features like thick walls, small windows, and high thermal mass materials are described. Natural ventilation strategies like wind orientation, cross ventilation and stack effect are also outlined.
Chongsheng temple three towers cultural tourism areaJourney Han
The Chongsheng Temple Three Towers Cultural Tourism Area is located north of Dali Ancient City in Yunnan Province. It features the Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, which date back to the Tang and Song Dynasties, as well as other historical and cultural attractions like the Nanzhao Great Bell and Rain Copper Guanyin Temple. The area has undergone extensive renovations and upgrades in recent years to improve facilities and tourism services in order to achieve national 5A scenic spot status. It receives over a million visitors annually and offers tours of its Buddhist architectural and cultural heritage.
Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistancetzex22
This document summarizes a reaction paper by a student named Lai Tzexiuan on Kenneth Frampton's essay "Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance." The student agrees with Frampton that architecture should respond to both the natural and cultural contexts of its site. This can include reflecting the local climate and materials through openings and ventilation, or drawing from cultural traditions through placements of rooms and courtyards that evoke landscape paintings. The student believes this type of regionalism is important to avoid conflicts with the site context and create tangible and intangible experiences for humans through architectural poetics and the stimulation of senses.
The document provides information about pre-conference events and sessions for a heritage conference taking place May 31-June 1, 2012 in Kingston, Ontario. It outlines 3 pre-conference bus tours and workshops on Thursday May 31st focusing on architecture, heritage windows, and church tours. Friday's itinerary includes keynote speakers, sessions on cultural heritage landscapes, archaeology, and heritage best practices. Evening events include a speech by Dr. Randall Mason. Details are provided on locations, times, costs and speakers for each event. The program is preliminary and subject to change with more information to be added.
The conservation of the Shri Govindji Temple in Manipur was needed to preserve an important example of terracotta architecture and culture. The temple, built in 1846, had deteriorated over time due to weathering, earthquakes, and vegetation growth. The conservation project involved dismantling and rebuilding damaged sections like the collapsed roof and cracked walls. Original materials like bricks and teak wood were reused when possible. Conservation techniques like using epoxy seals and replacing deteriorated wood helped restore the temple's structure while maintaining its historic character. The project promoted local crafts and spread awareness of Manipur's cultural heritage.
The document discusses the School of Kunqu Opera in West Creek Village, China. It aims to identify how the architecture of the school contributes to preserving local cultural identity and place through contextual design. The village is the birthplace of Kunqu Opera but was losing its cultural identity due to urbanization. The school was designed to address this by reusing the foundations and materials of demolished buildings, and taking on the function of promoting Kunqu Opera to preserve the social memory of the place. It incorporates traditional construction methods like hollow brick walls and uses local materials like clay tiles to engage the community and strengthen cultural identity. The school serves as a place marker and cultural platform to define the village as the birthplace of Kunqu Opera and reju
This document provides an introduction to vernacular architecture, including its definition and key characteristics. Vernacular architecture evolves over time based on the local environmental, cultural, and historical context. It utilizes indigenous building materials and methods. The document discusses the origins and various approaches to studying vernacular architecture, including aesthetic, anthropological, and architectural approaches. Climate, culture, materials, and construction techniques are some of the main influences on vernacular building forms. The importance of studying vernacular architecture for insights into sustainable design principles is also highlighted.
vernacular architecture in context to Climate ChangeJanmejoy Gupta
The document discusses vernacular architecture and its importance for climate-responsive design. It explores examples of vernacular architecture from regions of India like Kerala and Kutch. Key determinants of vernacular design identified are climate, locally available materials, construction techniques, and socio-cultural influences. Lessons from traditional structures like use of thermal mass, ventilation, shading and passive cooling principles need to be understood and incorporated in modern construction to fight climate change.
The document is a research proposal form that examines traditional Malay wood carvings. It discusses how modern Malaysians often ignore local culture and heritage, including wood carving motifs. The proposal aims to 1) examine the history of Malay wood carvings, 2) identify and archive traditional motifs and designs, and 3) digitize motifs to preserve them. It will use qualitative methods like interviews and literature reviews to analyze motifs, symbols, and the cultural significance of carvings. Documenting and preserving wood carving heritage digitally can help educate people and promote appreciation of local traditions.
Said ismail2008 composition_of_malay_woodcarving_caseFaezah Ujie
This document summarizes a study analyzing the composition of woodcarving in two traditional Malay houses in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The analysis focused on the visual attributes and ordering principles of carved components used as house elements. Key findings include:
1) Carved components exhibited distinct motifs, shapes, and techniques arranged according to principles of symmetry, repetition and balance to create harmonious compositions.
2) Placement of carved elements related well to house form and provided functions like ventilation while adhering to regional Malay architectural styles.
3) Analysis of specific carved panels revealed craftsmen skillfully used principles of duality, focal points, and rhythm to portray logical designs demonstrating creativity and understanding of nature.
Xiang shan campus in hangzhou, china the adaptation of vernacular design in...Chee Fon
This project proposal examines how Xiang Shan University in Hangzhou, China revived traditional Chinese architecture through its modern contemporary design. A case study will be conducted on Xiang Shan University to analyze how it incorporated elements of traditional Chinese architecture like building orientation, courtyard placement, exterior corridors, gable roofing, architectural details like moon gates, and local materials like clay tiles and stone. The goal is to demonstrate how modern design can both preserve traditional architectural concepts and values, as well as create a unique design that balances both modern and traditional influences. The proposal lists several references that will be used to conduct an in-depth study of traditional Chinese architecture and how Xiang Shan University revived these traditions in its contemporary design.
Tadao Ando is a self-taught Japanese architect known for his use of concrete, light, and simple geometric forms. The document summarizes two of his works: the Nariwa Museum of Art and the Church of Light. For the museum, Ando used concrete walls and an artificial pond to connect the building to the natural landscape. The Church of Light consists of three intersecting concrete cubes divided by an angled wall, using light from a cruciform window to define the worship space. Ando's works emphasize materials, light, and a philosophical emphasis on emptiness that invites spiritual reflection.
This document summarizes Amir Moshfeghi's landscape architectural portfolio from 2015. It includes summaries of four projects:
1. A thesis project proposing ways to make the Albuquerque LDS temple landscape more sustainable by integrating sustainability guidelines.
2. A redesign and retrofit concept for the existing Albuquerque LDS temple site to address sustainability challenges.
3. A memorial park design called "Hope Square" in Poland featuring sculptural metal trees representing Holocaust rescuers.
4. A park design called "MOSSissipi Park" in New Orleans featuring moss-covered structures to absorb noise and pollution from a nearby highway.
Prof. Anil Laul is an Indian architect and urban planner known for his sensitivity to the needs of the poor and use of traditional materials and methods. He founded the Anangpur Building Centre and ASHRA. Some of his notable works include the Jaunapur Slum Resettlement in Delhi, Deepalaya School, and the Anangpur Building Centre residence. He advocates for recycling and minimal use of resources in his eco-friendly designs that are rooted in community and tradition.
This document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of Shantanand Auditorium located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction to the auditorium including its background, history, photos and drawings. It then discusses concepts in acoustic and architecture such as sound intensity level, reverberation, attenuation, echoes and sound shadows. The document aims to analyze the auditorium's acoustic design and treatments and provide suggestions to improve its acoustic qualities.
This document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of Shantanand Auditorium located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction to the auditorium including its background, history, photos and drawings. It then discusses acoustic concepts relevant to architectural design such as sound absorption, reverberation time, attenuation and echoes. The document aims to analyze key acoustic design aspects of the auditorium and provide suggestions to improve its acoustic qualities.
The document summarizes a reaction paper about the text "The Eyes of the Skin" by Juhani Pallasmaa. The text discusses how architecture can engage the senses beyond just vision. It provides examples of how prehistoric cities engaged multiple senses through textures, smells, and sounds, while modern cities often result in sensory deprivation. Specifically, it compares the sensory rich environment of Kuala Lumpur's Jalan Alor area to the isolated feeling caused by the large glass skyscrapers on Jalan Bukit Bintang. The paper argues that architecture should aim to deliver meaning and affect people through multi-sensory experiences, not just visual design.
Doreen Massey's article discusses how globalization and increased mobility affect the concept of place. She argues that a place maintains its identity when connected to other places, as connections allow a place's identity to be multiplied. However, an example in Kuala Lumpur shows that development can erase a place's history and culture if it demolishes historic buildings. While the world changes rapidly, places must progress without losing authenticity and identity. Massey believes places can remain unique while also interacting with other locations.
The document summarizes a reaction paper by a student about the reading "Learning from Las Vegas" by Robert Venturi. The student discusses two key points from the reading - that modern architects have abandoned traditional iconography, and that symbolic signage is important for communication and wayfinding. Venturi believes representational architecture may not effectively communicate to general audiences. The student concludes that they have gained perspective in considering architecture from an amateur view and how literal or symbolic elements can enhance usability.
The document provides a comparative analysis of two Asian streets - Escolta Street in Manila, Philippines and Jalan Besar in Klang, Malaysia. It examines four contact points on each street: landmarks at junctions, sidewalks, frontages, and alleyways. For each contact point, the document analyzes the physical characteristics and how they influence social interactions and contact intensity. It finds that contact points with more shade, activities, and transparency between indoor and outdoor spaces tend to encourage more optional activities and social interactions compared to points that are just passive circulation spaces. Overall, the document uses urban design and social principles to evaluate how qualities of the built environment impact social patterns at specific locations on the two streets.
Tan Yang took the CSI module in semester 4 to gain practical experience designing for a community. Their group proposed designing a playscape for children in Sri Tioman 1. Through visits to the site, they observed the needs of the community and children's ideas. Their design of a modular playscape using crates was well-received. However, engaging the conservative community proved challenging. The project emphasized collaborating with residents to design something the community would take ownership of and maintain. Tan Yang learned community design requires involving people throughout the process.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document analyzes Yeoh Jetty through a SWOT analysis and proposes a design intention and narrative. The SWOT analysis finds strengths in Yeoh Jetty's calm environment but weaknesses in its lack of activities and identity. Opportunities exist in its views of other jetties, but threats include potential demolition due to low visitor numbers. The design aims to raise awareness of clan jetty origins and traditions while looking to the future. The narrative describes a journey by sampan to Yeoh Jetty, highlighting the hardships of early residents and importance of not forgetting one's roots to have direction. The overall concept is "roots".
The document provides details on the construction of a 2-storey terrace house, including:
- An introduction to the project which is a 309 unit development in Shah Alam, Selangor.
- Sections on site and safety planning, preliminary works including site layout, and foundation construction.
- Details on the roof construction including the gable roof type and construction process.
- Sections on the superstructure including beams and columns, slabs, walls, and staircases.
- Doors and windows installation.
- A conclusion with a summary and references.
The document outlines the various components and steps of constructing a 2-storey terrace house development.
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Research seminar
1. CHALLENGES IN RESTORING TIMBER IN TERMS
OF CULTURAL VALUE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF
TIMBER
CHENG HOON TENG:
2. Cheng Hoon Teng Temple (Originally established in 1673 by Kapitan Li Wei King) is one of the oldest temples in
Malaysia and is culturally significant to the Chinese community of Malacca. It has stood throughout the ravages of
time, preserved by the faith of the devotees in passing down a piece of their heritage.
INTRODUCTION
3. METHODOLOGY .
Internet Resource Book Reference
Source :( Loh.L, 1997)
Source :( Richard.A.E, 2007)Source :( Cheng Hoon Teng, u.d.)
4. Cheng Hoon Teng received UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage
Awards at 2002 for the Restoration of Main Temple
Source :( Shannon.Y, 2018)
5. Historical Significance One of the oldest edifices of formal
worship for Chinese immigrants in
Malaysia.
Architectural Significance
Malaysia’s earliest example of Hokkien
temple architecture, reflecting the skills
of artisans from Fujian and Guangdong
provinces in China.
Social Significance An important spiritual and social centre
for Chinese immigrants.
Significance of Cheng Hoon Teng
in Malaysia
Source: ("Asia Conserved", 2018)
6. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
WORSHIP PLACE OF CHINESE IMMIGRANTS
Cheng Hoon Teng was established by Kapitan Lee Wei King.
This stone inscription was set up to record the historical
and significant development of that time.
2nd Kapitan in
Melaka. Li Wei King
also known as Li Kap.
4th Kapitan in Melaka.
Chan Ki Lock rebuilt the
temple at the current
site.
Stone inscription that
recorded the
development of Cheng
Hoon Teng.
Source (From left to right) : 1. Shannon Yeong 2, 3. ("Welcome to Cheng Hoon Teng Temple", 2018)
7. ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Traditional Construction Method
Malaysia’s earliest example of Hokkien temple architecture, reflecting the skills of artisans from
Fujian and Guangdong provinces in China.
A timber hand carved
male lion statue in main
temple hall.
Dou-Gong SystemDiagram illustrates the traditional Chinese timber frame structure
system of Cheng Hoon Teng.
Chuan-Dou System
Source (From Left to Right) : 1. Aqil Azli 2. Cheng Hoon Teng Report, 2018 3 . Lim Zhao Yin 4. Terrence Thia
8. SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Religious Activity
Cheng Hoon Teng provides a platform to serve the spiritual needs
of the Chinese community in Malacca.
Prayers are praying at there before Chinese New Year, that is one of the peak time
for them to pray.
Source : Shannon YeongSource : ("Chinese New Year Prayers @ Cheng Hoon Teng Temple Malacca",
2014)
9. CHALLENGES IN RESTORING TIMBER IN TERMS
OF CULTURAL VALUE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF
TIMBER
Maintain eligibility
of Unesco
Restoration Merit
Award
Limitation of
Competent
Craftsmen
Authenticity of
Timber
Usage of
Traditional
Technique of
Treatment
10. How to maintain Unesco Merit Award for restoration
eligibility in the conservation and restoration of Cheng
Hoon Teng?
11. Source : ("Welcome to Cheng Hoon Teng Temple", 2018)
Donation from public is the main way to fulfil financial
needs for conservation and restoration. After Cheng Hoon
Teng win the Unesco Merit Award for Restoration in the
Asia-Pacific Heritage Conservation Awards 2002, it gets the
fame and attention.
To maintain the concern of public, Cheng Hoon Teng uses
website to spread information regarding the history,
architecture and decorative arts; organization and
management; religious activities and festivals; and an
account of the restoration project. It can help Cheng Hoon
Teng to attract people, increase the fame of temple and
easier to get fund.
FUNDING THROUGH PUBLICITY
SETTING WEBSITE
12. They have installed a lot of signage
and information boards for Cheng
Hoon Teng as a service to
disseminate the history of Chinese
religious. Besides, they have
installed way findings to lead users
into temple.
SETTING INFORMATION
BOARD
Location: Prayer pavillion, Source :Shannon Yeong
Location: Entrance of Cheng Hoon Teng, Source :
Shannon Yeong
FUNDING THROUGH PUBLICITY
14. DURABILITY
Cheng Hoon Teng has provided
constant repair, maintenance and
restoration to ensure the durability
of material without alterations,
additions or removal of any integral
parts of the building.
PROVIDING LONG TERM
PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT
15. BUILDING FABRICS,
FINISHES AND UTILITIES
Restoration of building fabrics and finishes include
plaster repairs, timber repairs, gold leaf overlay
retrieval, stone masonry cleaning, tiling works
restoration as well as painting works.
Restoration of utilities include electricals, fire alarm
provisions, water, anti-termite treatment, bird
control and commemorative for posterity.
Source : Terrence Thia
The algal on the wall is
considered as one of the
building fabrics and
finishes that need to be
painted.
Old electrical switches.
Source : Tan Yang
PROVIDING LONG TERM
PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT
16. How the limitation of competent craftsmen can have
an effect in maintaining the values and sustainability
related to the cultural significance of timber in Cheng
Hoon Teng?
17. Artistically-oriented craftsmen-
ornamentations
Structurally-oriented
craftsmen-bracket post and beam
construction technique
Craftsman
(Source: Conservation of Historic Timber Structures, Knut Einar
Larsen )
Cheng Hoon Teng ’s architecture
reflects the skills of migrant builders
and craftsmen from China's southern
provinces, mainly Fujian and
Guangdong (Source:
Welcome to Cheng Hoon Teng, Cheng Hoon Teng)
Location: Timber bracket carvings at Prayer
pavilion of Cheng Hoon Teng
(Source: Azli A., 2018)
Location: Timber carvings at Main temple Hall
of Cheng Hoon Teng
(Source: Azli A., 2018)
Location: Timber carving on altar at Main
temple Hall of Cheng Hoon Teng
(Source: Azli A., 2018)
18. Construction work is often seen as
low-status work which could be done
by anyone. Construction work is not
regarded as something for which
particular competence is required.
REASONS of competent craftsman shortage
Negative Perception of
the industry
(Source: Conservation of Historic Timber Structures, Knut Einar Larsen )
The younger generation stem from a
cultural lack of respect for blue-collar
work.
(Source: The Skilled Labor Shortage: Where is the Next Generation of
Craftsmen?, HomeAdvisor )
19. Insufficient experienced
craftsman to transfer their
knowledge and skills to
prepare young workers
Lack of professional
exposure and education
The knowledge of the
traditional techniques of
craftsmanship is extremely
difficult to revive and retrieve
once it is lost. Continuous
practice is the only way to
preserve such knowledge.
Lack of
Practice
(Source: Conservation of Historic Timber Structures,
Knut Einar Larsen )
(Source: The Skilled Labor Shortage: Where is the
Next Generation of Craftsmen?, HomeAdvisor )
The decreasing
demand for traditional
building products and
services causes
craftsmen to leave
their skills aside.
Declining
Demand
(Source: The Skilled Labor Shortage: Where is
the Next Generation of Craftsmen?,
HomeAdvisor )
REASONS of competent craftsman shortage
20. IMPORTANCE of competent craftsmen in maintaining the
values and sustainability related to the cultural significance of
Cheng Hoon Teng
Experience
(Source: Conservation of Historic Timber
Structures, Knut Einar Larsen )
Consultant in restoration
Visual-fading of significant
ornaments
The knowledge of the properties of the
materials was based on experience inherited
from previous generations.
21. CARVING AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Ornamentation Carving
Location: Gold-gilded decorative bracket at
auxiliary. Building, source: Azli M.
Timber frame structure
Location: Decorative human carving at Prayer
pavillion, source: Azli M
(Location: Timber structural framework of Outer Prayer
Pavilion Cheng Hoon Teng temple., source: Azli M.)
22. Source: Wooden carvings of the Old houses at Dongyang, Zhejiang province
The surface of the wooden
carving was covered by
deposit of dirt that primarily
was a mix of greasy dust
and residues of cobweb.
The layer of lacquer was
stable and there was no
need to stabilize it. Dirt
removal was performed
with mild detergent.
DIRT REMOVAL / LIGHTENING (piāo bái 漂白)
References:: A to Z: Restoring chinese wood carvings, wooden screens and carved architectural elements., The Specialists guide to Chinese Antiques
ORNAMENTATION RESTORATION
TECHNIQUES
23. Source: Wooden carvings of the Old houses at Dongyang, Zhejiang province
Repairing damaged sections of the wood carving. Typically this involves scraps of the same or similar wood
which are then pegged and glued over the damaged areas (known as bu mutou 补木头). Once pegged and
dried, the damaged sections can be carefully re-carved, sanded and detailed to match. Depending on the
shape and structure of the carving other repairs to joinery may be required as well.
REPAIRS TO CARVING
References:: A to Z: Restoring chinese wood carvings, wooden screens and carved architectural elements., The Specialists guide to Chinese Antiques
24. Source: Wooden carvings of the Old houses at Dongyang, Zhejiang province
After any damaged sections of the antique carving have been repaired, if the screen was
painted, then replaced sections will need to be carefully hand painted to match the original
color and style.
TOUCH UP
References:: A to Z: Restoring chinese wood carvings, wooden screens and carved architectural elements., The Specialists guide to Chinese Antiques
26. Principles of Restoration under
Conservation Constraints in Cheng Hoon Teng
All original building materials shall be
preserved in Cheng Hoon Teng.
Wherever possible, material tests should
be conducted to determine material
composition.
1
2 Deteriorated
architectural elements
shall be repaired rather
than replaced.
The original
structural system
shall be
preserved.
3
Traditional methods of
construction shall be
used
4Distinctive stylistic
features of skilled
craftsmen and artisans
shall be preserved
5
The original built form
and style of the
architectural design
shall be strictly
preserved
6
27. How the authenticity of timber is linked to the
cultural values of Cheng Hoon Teng?
28. Principles of Restoration under
Conservation Constraints in Cheng Hoon Teng
All original building materials shall be
preserved in Cheng Hoon Teng.
Wherever possible, material tests should
be conducted to determine material
composition.
1
2 Deteriorated
architectural elements
shall be repaired rather
than replaced.
The original
structural system
shall be
preserved.
3
Traditional methods of
construction shall be
used
4Distinctive stylistic
features of skilled
craftsmen and artisans
shall be preserved
5
The original built form
and style of the
architectural design
shall be strictly
preserved
6
29. Importance of
Originality of Timber
to Cheng Hoon Teng
- Maintaining Balance
- The Original Material has been well-tested and well-proven
30. Maintaining
Balance
In many cases, when we add
or change new materials, the
balance that once existed
between traditional materials
is distorted or destroyed.
Importance of Originality of Timber
to Cheng Hoon Teng
31. EXAMPLE
YELLOW CRANE TOWER
Yellow Crane Tower in Wuhan, China (Dreamstime, 2013)
WUHAN, CHINA
TIMBER CONCRETE
To completely restore historical appearance of
Yellow Crane Tower in China. Its original timber
frame structure was replaced by
reinforced concrete structure due to
repeatedly rebuilt and destroyed of the structure.
(Chen, 2012)
32. ● It has lost its historical integrity
● It serves as a wrong example in Heritage
Conservation
● Become just an imitation of an
ancient building
33. The Original Material
has been well-tested
and well-proven
Importance of Originality of Timber
to Cheng Hoon Teng
34. STRENGTH OF THE
ANCIENT BUILDING MATERIALS
Sufficient guarantee of their reliability and durability.
well-tested by the harsh weather over the centuries
Lies at the fact of
35. SHANXI, CHINA
● Built in year 875.
● Rediscovered by Liang Si Cheng in year
1937.
● The last restoration of the building carried
out at the end of the Qing Dynasty. It has
been about 100 years since then.
East palace of Foguang Temple, Shanxi, China
(Sina, 2017)
EXAMPLE
East Palace of Foguang Temple
(Sina, 2017)
37. High quality dry wood are running scarce, especially the large volume of
dry wood is even more deficient.
New wood contains higher water content which is not suitable for
building’s durability.
it is difficult to guarantee the quality of building restoration by replacing new materials.
38. When replacement is
inevitable ...
similar material with similar
composition shall be utilized.
(Dilapidation Report, 1997)
39. Wood of the required dimensions proved to be
scarce. Therefore, hardwood substituted by Merbau.
New beams were fashioned in a temporary workshop
in the temple theatre compound across the road.
Before the new beams could be used, they had to be
certified by Forest Research Institute Malaysia
(FRIM) experts as being sufficiently dry and meeting
standard timber specifications.
(Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, undated)
12 inch timber
square columns
9 inch diameter timber
round columns with
spans up to 25 feet
Shortage of Wood’s
Types & Dimension
40. REPLACEMENT OF SIMILAR SPECIES
(HARDWOOD)
BALAU MERBAU
The replacement part should be as original as possible, ie, in species, dimension, colour, grain and texture.
(Dilapidation Report,1997)
HAVE BETTER ROT
RESISTANCE AND
WORKABILITY
Replaced by
(CHENG HOON TENG REPORT, 2018)
41. COLOUR:
darker reddish-brown
GRAIN:
straight to interlocked
TEXTURE:
coarse
REPLACEMENT OF SIMILAR TIMBER WITH SIMILAR
COMPOSITION
BALAU MERBAU
COLOUR:
from a pale straw color, to a
darker reddish brown
GRAIN:
sometimes interlocked
TEXTURE:
coarse
THE SIMILAR COMPOSITION BETWEEN BALAU AND MERBAU(WOOD DATABASE, 2008)
42. Termite infestation was found out on the
collapsed timber purlin in 1997. It must be
replaced with appropriate hardwood with
correct size and also adequately dried due to
severe damage.
EXAMPLE
Remnants of purlin showing infestation and damage in
Cheng Hoon Teng (Dilapidation Report, 1997)
43. Why the usage of traditional techniques of
treatment on timber is crucial to the restoration of
Cheng Hoon Teng?
44. Principles of Restoration under
Conservation Constraints in Cheng Hoon Teng
All original building materials shall be
preserved in Cheng Hoon Teng.
Wherever possible, material tests should
be conducted to determine material
composition.
1
2 Deteriorated
architectural elements
shall be repaired rather
than replaced.
The original
structural system
shall be
preserved.
3
Traditional methods of
construction shall be
used
4Distinctive stylistic
features of skilled
craftsmen and artisans
shall be preserved
5
The original built form
and style of the
architectural design
shall be strictly
preserved
6
45. Durable
Sumac tree. It will only produce
liquid lacquer after more than eight
years
(Source: "From lacquer to wood wax oil - ideal paint
road", n.d.)
Soil resistance
Moisture- proof
insulation
High temperature
resistance
Corrosion, acid and alkali
resistance
High-quality natural
coating
Hard
Natural lacquer liquid Properties
Traditional treatment on timber:
Ta Chi (lacquer)
46. ("From lacquer to wood wax oil - ideal paint road", n.d.)
Comparison between Traditional Lacquer and Modern Paint
47. Relatively fake and has
certain taste
Grain:
Rough after some time
Feeling of luster
Grain:
Clear and smooth
Resistance:
(Source : Tan. 2017) (Source : Zhu,2017)
Traditional Lacquer Chemical Lacquer
Comparison between Traditional Lacquer and Modern Paint
48. low labor
productivity
low degree of
massification
high cost
advent of modern
chemical coatings
Lesser application range of lacquer
Traditional treatment on timber:
Ta Chi (lacquer)
49. It is certainly the traditional restoration and preservation techniques used which have helped to increase
the durability of the extant temples. The traditional preservation which was used for centuries and
proved effective was prepared and its efficacy.
LIFE SPAN ECO - FRIENDLYEFFECTIVE
50. Applying Ta Chi on timber during restoration
Traditional Chinese Lacquer, Ta Chi, originated from China. The earliest lacquer dates from the
Hemudu culture in Zhejiang province and is approximately 7000 years old. Traditional chinese
lacquer aims to express the beauty of paint and life span of timber. Cheng Hoon Teng manage to
use it to enhance the durability and historical value of its timber structure and ornamentations..
(Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, Updated)
("From lacquer to wood wax oil - ideal paint road", n.d.)
51. ● Timber works are not merely supporting
elements in Chinese architecture but also
a symbolic elements of aesthetics and
chinese identity.
● Timber is vulnerable when it encounters
moisture, fire, insects, and the ravages of
time; Only a few number of ancient
Chinese buildings manage to survive
throughout the centuries.
● Cheng Hoon Teng, a four-centuries
edifice which has successfully restored
timber works and conserved their
historical and cultural value by
emphasizing on restoration rather than
replacing the materials according to
principles of restoration in Cheng Hoon
Teng.
● Cheng Hoon Teng also provide constant
repair on materials to maintain their
eligibility of UNESCO Restoration Award.
CONCLUSION .
53. Maintain the Eligibility of UNESCO
● .Chinese New Year Prayers @ Cheng Hoon Teng Temple Malacca. (2014). Retrieved 12 May 2018, from
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/8YIRrJ6LqJk/maxresdefault.jpg
● Welcome to Cheng Hoon Teng Temple. (2018). Retrieved 12 May 2018, from http://www.chenghoonteng.org.my/
● Centre, U. (2018). The Criteria for Selection. Retrieved 12 May 2018, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/
● Tan, R. (2018). A sacred place: the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, 25, Temple Street, Malacca, Malaysia : a study of the impact of
tourism on a heritage place of worship and suggestions for its management through interpretation. Retrieved 12 May 2018,
from http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/40005
● Loh, L. (1997). The Cheng Hoon Teng Main Temple. A Dilapidation Report.
● Peio. (2018). Retrieved 4 June 2018, from
http://wp.peio.me/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Conf4_Frey-Pamini-Steiner-17.12.2010.pdf
● Unesco. (2018). Retrieved 4 June 2018, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001557/155754e.pdf
● Asia Conserved. (2018). Retrieved 4 June 2018, from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001557/155754e.pdf
54. Authenticity of Timber
● Asia Conserved. (2007) (pp. 26, 211-216). Bangkok.
● Chen, F. (2012). 木制古建,如何“修旧如旧”. Retrieved 12 May 2018, from
http://epaper.syd.com.cn/sywb/html/2012-07/10/content_824442.html
● Cheng Hoon Teng Temple. Retrieved 12 May 2018, from https://www.chenghoonteng.org.my/p1structure.html
● Wang. (2016). 古建筑木结构的保护与修复. Retrieved 5 June 2018, from
http://www.tinzi.net/aspcms/news/2016-4-13/481.html
Usage of Traditional Technique of Treatment
● Preservation of Timber - Methods and Materials for Timber Preservation. (2017). Retrieved 18 May 2018, from
https://theconstructor.org/building/preservation-of-timber-methods-materials/17324/
● (2016). Retrieved 18 May 2018, from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/110647/12/12_chapter6.pdf
● Preservation of Timber and Wood. Its Methods, Materials. - CivilGuides. (2017). Retrieved 18 May 2018, from
https://civilseek.com/preservation-of-timber-wood/
● 从大漆到木蜡油——理想涂料之路. (2011). Retrieved 21 May 2018, from https://www.douban.com/note/173993177/
● (2017). Retrieved 21 May 2018, from https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/28987281
55. Conclusion
● Ancient Chinese wooden architecture - SHINE. (2018). Retrieved from
https://www.shine.cn/feature/art-culture/1802250806/
● Famous Ancient Chinese Wooden Architecture: Pagoda, Palace or Temple. (2018).
Retrieved from
https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/ancient-chinese-wooden-architecture.htm
● Cheng Hoon Teng Temple | Local Heart, Global Soul. (2018). Retrieved from
https://kiwidutch.wordpress.com/tag/cheng-hoon-teng-temple/
● Chinese Traditional Architectural Craftsmanship For Timber Framed Structures. (2018).
Retrieved
fromhttps://www.chinatravel.com/facts/chinese-traditional-architectural-craftsmanship-fo
r-timber-framed-structures.htm
● Art, T. (2018). Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures.
Retrieved from
http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/?pg=33&s=films_details&id=336