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Field Assessment of
Cold-Climate Air-Source Heat Pumps
in Minnesota
March 2019
Center for Energy and Environment
Why ASHPs in MN?
• Cold-climate technology improvements
• Significant amounts of electric heating
• Growing discussion around fuel switching
– Electric grid getting greener
– Delivered fuels can be expensive
• CEE’s initial work started in response to propane
shortages in winter of 2014
Study Overview
• Field Study
– 8 ccASHP in a variety of MN
residences
• 6 ducted whole house system
• 2 ductless mini-split systems
– Monitor installed field
performance of ASHP & backup
• Incorporate into utility energy
conservation program
• Climate zones 6 & 7
• Detailed monitoring system
installed at each site
Ducted Whole House Installation
Flex Fuel Systems
Ducted Whole House Installation
All Electric Systems
Installation Considerations
Control and Operation Integration with backup
Sizing
• Trade-offs between
HP size and fraction of
heating load meet
• Rule of thumb: Sizing
for heating increases
HP size by 1-ton over
sizing for cooling
Design and Sizing for Ducted Systems
Percentage of heating
load meet by ASHP:
4 ton ~ 86%,
3 ton ~ 77%
2 ton ~ 60%
• Trade-offs between
HP size and fraction of
heating load meet
• Rule of thumb: Sizing
for heating increases
HP size by 1-ton over
sizing for cooling
Design and Sizing for Ducted Systems
Percentage of heating
load meet by ASHP:
4 ton ~ 86%,
3 ton ~ 77%
2 ton ~ 60%
Furnace back-up heating
• Trade-offs between
HP size and fraction of
heating load meet
• Rule of thumb: Sizing
for heating increases
HP size by 1-ton over
sizing for cooling
Design and Sizing for Ducted Systems
Percentage of heating
load meet by ASHP:
4 ton ~ 86%,
3 ton ~ 77%
2 ton ~ 60%
Electric booster heating
Heating cycle COP of a flex fuel system
Heating Cycle COP of all electric
Annual Characteristics and Savings
• Ducted Flex fuel ccASHP compared to condensing
furnace (LP)
– Annual COP improved to 1.3 (over 0.85)
– ~40% site energy reduction
– ~30% cost reduction
– ~60% reduction in propane use
– ~5% reduction in emissions (J. Edwards Thurs 8/16,
Session 2)
• All-electric Ducted ccASHP
– Annual COP ~1.9
– ~60% site energy reduction
Conclusions
• Heat pump’s preformed as expected when heating
• Annual COPs are lower than HSPF ratings due integration
with auxiliary heating and freeze protection
• Flex Fuel ccASHPs can heat below 5F, all electric systems
below -13F
• Paybacks are attractive when existing heating or cooling
system need to be replaced
Percentage Reductions for ccASHPs
Site Energy Source Energy Homeowner Cost Emissions
Dual fuel
ASHP vs
Prop. Furn.
40% 10% 30% 5%
All elect.
ducted &
ductless vs
elect.
resistance
55% 55% 55% 55%
What’s Next?
Study Overview
• Field Study
– 8 ccASHP in a variety of MN
residences
• 6 ducted whole house system
• 2 ductless mini-split systems
– Monitor installed field
performance of ASHP & backup
• Incorporate into utility energy
conservation program
• Climate zones 6 & 7
• Detailed monitoring system
installed at each site
Beneficial Electrification
• When is fuels switching beneficial?
– Reductions in
• Emissions
• Source energy
• Homeowner cost
• Biggest market in MN: Propane furnaces
• Potential market: AC and should heating for
nat. gas furnaces
www.mncee.org/heat_pumps
Ben Schoenbauer:
bschoenbauer@mncee.org
extras
Installation Considerations
• Controls :
– Ducted Systems: automated controls to bring up
backup
– Ductless Systems: manual action by homeowner
• Interaction with back-up systems
– Ducted Systems: Integrated installs with shared
controls
– Ductless Systems: Separate systems
• Sizing
– Ducted Systems: Contractors typically sized for cooling
– Ductless: Partial or full load design
Replacement System Install Costs
• For the 4 ducted systems:
– Our average cost was ~$14,000*
• NREL Residential equipment install database:
– $6,340 for ducted 3ton ccASHP
– $4,000 for a new condensing propane furnace ($3,000 for an 80%).
• $10,340 Total
– $5,540 for a new comparable SEER A/C
• $800 incremental for ccASHP
• Limited installs leading to higher costs
• Requirement for new air handler or furnace increases costs
considerably
Instrumentation
1 2 3
4
5
6 7
8 11
12
13
14
15
Power Measurements:
1) Outdoor unit
2) Indoor unit
3) Indoor fan
4) Reversing valve
Temperatures:
5) Supply Air
6) Return Air
7) Mechanical area ambient
8) Conditioned space
Additional:
9) Back up fuel consumption
10) Delivered air flow
11) NOAA data
Site Equipment
Whole house ducted systems
Site Number ASHP System ASHP Size ASHP Type Backup
1
Carrier Infinity with
Greenspeed [25VNA048A003] 4 ton Ducted LP Cond. Furnace
2
Bryant Extreme Heat Pump
[280ANV048] 4 ton Ducted LP Cond. Furnace
3
Carrier Infinity with
Greenspeed [25VNA036A003] 3 ton Ducted LP 80% Furnace
4
Trane XV20i
[4TWV0036A] 3 ton Ducted LP Cond. Furnace
5
Mitsibishi Ductless Hyper Heat
[MUZ-FH18NAH] 1.5 ton Ductless
Electric
Resistance
6
Mitsibishi Ductless Hyper Heat
[MSZ-FH12NA]
1 ton
(2 units) Ductless
Electric
Resistance
7
Mitsubishi Hyper Heat
System [PVA-A30AA7] 3 ton Ducted Electric Booster
8
Mitsubishi Hyper Heat
System [PVA-A30AA7] 3 ton Ducted Electric Booster
Ducted Whole House Installation
Flex Fuel Systems
Ducted Whole House Installation
Flex Fuel Systems
Cold Temperature Performance of ASHPs
• Ducted ASHPs were
capable of delivering
heat at outdoor temps
from 5 to 10 F
• Ductless systems
operated below -13 F.
• Homeowner in WI has
removed several ER baseboards
System Performance
Annual COP: ductless ~1.9 to 2.1
Flex Fuel ~1.2 to 1.3

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Field Assessment of Cold-Climate Air-Source Heat Pumps in Minnesota

  • 1. Field Assessment of Cold-Climate Air-Source Heat Pumps in Minnesota March 2019 Center for Energy and Environment
  • 2. Why ASHPs in MN? • Cold-climate technology improvements • Significant amounts of electric heating • Growing discussion around fuel switching – Electric grid getting greener – Delivered fuels can be expensive • CEE’s initial work started in response to propane shortages in winter of 2014
  • 3. Study Overview • Field Study – 8 ccASHP in a variety of MN residences • 6 ducted whole house system • 2 ductless mini-split systems – Monitor installed field performance of ASHP & backup • Incorporate into utility energy conservation program • Climate zones 6 & 7 • Detailed monitoring system installed at each site
  • 4. Ducted Whole House Installation Flex Fuel Systems
  • 5. Ducted Whole House Installation All Electric Systems
  • 6. Installation Considerations Control and Operation Integration with backup Sizing
  • 7. • Trade-offs between HP size and fraction of heating load meet • Rule of thumb: Sizing for heating increases HP size by 1-ton over sizing for cooling Design and Sizing for Ducted Systems Percentage of heating load meet by ASHP: 4 ton ~ 86%, 3 ton ~ 77% 2 ton ~ 60%
  • 8. • Trade-offs between HP size and fraction of heating load meet • Rule of thumb: Sizing for heating increases HP size by 1-ton over sizing for cooling Design and Sizing for Ducted Systems Percentage of heating load meet by ASHP: 4 ton ~ 86%, 3 ton ~ 77% 2 ton ~ 60% Furnace back-up heating
  • 9. • Trade-offs between HP size and fraction of heating load meet • Rule of thumb: Sizing for heating increases HP size by 1-ton over sizing for cooling Design and Sizing for Ducted Systems Percentage of heating load meet by ASHP: 4 ton ~ 86%, 3 ton ~ 77% 2 ton ~ 60% Electric booster heating
  • 10. Heating cycle COP of a flex fuel system
  • 11. Heating Cycle COP of all electric
  • 12. Annual Characteristics and Savings • Ducted Flex fuel ccASHP compared to condensing furnace (LP) – Annual COP improved to 1.3 (over 0.85) – ~40% site energy reduction – ~30% cost reduction – ~60% reduction in propane use – ~5% reduction in emissions (J. Edwards Thurs 8/16, Session 2) • All-electric Ducted ccASHP – Annual COP ~1.9 – ~60% site energy reduction
  • 13. Conclusions • Heat pump’s preformed as expected when heating • Annual COPs are lower than HSPF ratings due integration with auxiliary heating and freeze protection • Flex Fuel ccASHPs can heat below 5F, all electric systems below -13F • Paybacks are attractive when existing heating or cooling system need to be replaced Percentage Reductions for ccASHPs Site Energy Source Energy Homeowner Cost Emissions Dual fuel ASHP vs Prop. Furn. 40% 10% 30% 5% All elect. ducted & ductless vs elect. resistance 55% 55% 55% 55%
  • 15. Study Overview • Field Study – 8 ccASHP in a variety of MN residences • 6 ducted whole house system • 2 ductless mini-split systems – Monitor installed field performance of ASHP & backup • Incorporate into utility energy conservation program • Climate zones 6 & 7 • Detailed monitoring system installed at each site
  • 16. Beneficial Electrification • When is fuels switching beneficial? – Reductions in • Emissions • Source energy • Homeowner cost • Biggest market in MN: Propane furnaces • Potential market: AC and should heating for nat. gas furnaces
  • 20. Installation Considerations • Controls : – Ducted Systems: automated controls to bring up backup – Ductless Systems: manual action by homeowner • Interaction with back-up systems – Ducted Systems: Integrated installs with shared controls – Ductless Systems: Separate systems • Sizing – Ducted Systems: Contractors typically sized for cooling – Ductless: Partial or full load design
  • 21. Replacement System Install Costs • For the 4 ducted systems: – Our average cost was ~$14,000* • NREL Residential equipment install database: – $6,340 for ducted 3ton ccASHP – $4,000 for a new condensing propane furnace ($3,000 for an 80%). • $10,340 Total – $5,540 for a new comparable SEER A/C • $800 incremental for ccASHP • Limited installs leading to higher costs • Requirement for new air handler or furnace increases costs considerably
  • 22. Instrumentation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 Power Measurements: 1) Outdoor unit 2) Indoor unit 3) Indoor fan 4) Reversing valve Temperatures: 5) Supply Air 6) Return Air 7) Mechanical area ambient 8) Conditioned space Additional: 9) Back up fuel consumption 10) Delivered air flow 11) NOAA data
  • 23. Site Equipment Whole house ducted systems Site Number ASHP System ASHP Size ASHP Type Backup 1 Carrier Infinity with Greenspeed [25VNA048A003] 4 ton Ducted LP Cond. Furnace 2 Bryant Extreme Heat Pump [280ANV048] 4 ton Ducted LP Cond. Furnace 3 Carrier Infinity with Greenspeed [25VNA036A003] 3 ton Ducted LP 80% Furnace 4 Trane XV20i [4TWV0036A] 3 ton Ducted LP Cond. Furnace 5 Mitsibishi Ductless Hyper Heat [MUZ-FH18NAH] 1.5 ton Ductless Electric Resistance 6 Mitsibishi Ductless Hyper Heat [MSZ-FH12NA] 1 ton (2 units) Ductless Electric Resistance 7 Mitsubishi Hyper Heat System [PVA-A30AA7] 3 ton Ducted Electric Booster 8 Mitsubishi Hyper Heat System [PVA-A30AA7] 3 ton Ducted Electric Booster
  • 24. Ducted Whole House Installation Flex Fuel Systems
  • 25. Ducted Whole House Installation Flex Fuel Systems
  • 26. Cold Temperature Performance of ASHPs • Ducted ASHPs were capable of delivering heat at outdoor temps from 5 to 10 F • Ductless systems operated below -13 F. • Homeowner in WI has removed several ER baseboards
  • 27. System Performance Annual COP: ductless ~1.9 to 2.1 Flex Fuel ~1.2 to 1.3