This document discusses the properties of textile fibers. It defines a textile fiber as a natural or synthetic fiber that can be spun into yarns and fabricated into fabrics. The document outlines the primary and secondary properties of textile fibers. Primary properties are essential for a fiber to function as a textile fiber and include a high length-to-width ratio, adequate tenacity or strength, cohesiveness or spinning quality, flexibility, and uniformity. Secondary properties are desirable but not essential, and include physical shape, luster, specific gravity, elongation and elastic recovery, moisture properties, resiliency, and thermal behavior. The document provides examples and details for each property.
In weft knitting, the loops are formed across width of the fabric Each weft thread is fed , more or less at right angles to the direction in which the fabric is produced.Weft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns.
Technical textiles are being used now almost in every field but their use in engineering field especially in civil engineering construction will go up in future due to "no site selection criterion" as civil engineers will not have choice of site selection.
Textile Fibers are the basic structural units of Textile fabrics. Knowing the building blocks of textile fibers(polymers) is vital inoder to explain chemical and physical properties.
every natural fiber has unique textile property like Strength elongation and length. these properties are important for making yarn and fabric in the textile industry.
This PPT are used for textile engineering students, textile technology who takes textile testing courses. the PPt prepared from different books and NPTEL textile engineering web site.
In weft knitting, the loops are formed across width of the fabric Each weft thread is fed , more or less at right angles to the direction in which the fabric is produced.Weft-knit fabrics may also be knit with multiple yarns, usually to produce interesting color patterns.
Technical textiles are being used now almost in every field but their use in engineering field especially in civil engineering construction will go up in future due to "no site selection criterion" as civil engineers will not have choice of site selection.
Textile Fibers are the basic structural units of Textile fabrics. Knowing the building blocks of textile fibers(polymers) is vital inoder to explain chemical and physical properties.
every natural fiber has unique textile property like Strength elongation and length. these properties are important for making yarn and fabric in the textile industry.
This PPT are used for textile engineering students, textile technology who takes textile testing courses. the PPt prepared from different books and NPTEL textile engineering web site.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
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Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
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of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
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1. Textile Fiber and
its Properties
Mrs. SHAYESTHA FATHIMA
Associate Professor
Textile Science and Fashion Designing
Dept. of Home Science
JBAS College for Women
Chennai
2. What is a textile fiber?
Textile fiber can either be natural or synthetic
which can be converted into yarns and then
subsequently into fabric by weaving, knitting,
and nonwoven.
It is the smallest unit of textile production.
4. WHAT ARE PRIMARY PROPERTIES?
Primary properties are essential
properties which a particular fiber must
possess in order to perform as a textile
fiber.
They are like the pre-requisites or
mandatory properties that textile fibers
should possess.
5. PRIMARY PROPERTIES
LENGTH TO WIDTH RATIO
TENACITY
COHESIVENESS OR SPINNING QUALITY
FLEXIBILITY
UNIFORMITY
6. Length to width ratio
Is the ratio between the length and
breadth of a textile fiber.
The textile fiber should be sufficiently
long than its width.
The minimum ratio is 1:100.
This means that the measure of the
length should be at least 100 times
more than the measure of its width.
7. Length to width ratio of some
textile fibers
Fiber Length to
width ratio
Cotton 1400
Wool 8000
Flax 170
Silk 330000
8. Tenacity refers to the strength of the
fiber. A fiber should have adequate
strength so as to undergo the stress
and strain encountered during yarn
manufacturing processes.
Every textile fiber possesses varying
levels of strength. Some possess higher
strength and some possess lower.
Also the strength of textile fibers varies
in the dry state and wet state.
Tenacity
9. Tenacity of Some Common
Fibers:
Fiber Grams Per
Denier
Cotton 3.0 - 4.9
Jute 3.0 - 5.8
Flax 2.6 - 7.7
Silk 2.4 - 5.1
Wool 1.1 - 1.7
10. Spinning quality or Cohesiveness
Spinning quality or Cohesiveness is the
ability of the fibers to stick together
during yarn manufacturing processes.
Spinning quality refers to Filament
fibers.
Cohesiveness refers to Staple fibers.
11. Filament fibers are long fibers and are
measured in kms or miles.
Staple fibers are shorter fibers and are
measured in cms or inches.
Cotton Fiber Jute Fiber
Silk Fiber
12. Cohesiveness
Staple fibers exemplify cohesiveness or
stickiness in different ways.
Example: Cotton fibers exhibits its
cohesiveness by its cross sectional
structure. Its cross sectional structure is
kidney shaped because of its
convolutions, which are the
indentations in the structure of the
cotton fiber.
13. The kidney shaped structure of a cotton fiber
enables it to adhere to or fit into another fiber,
thus sticking together during yarn
manufacturing.
Kidney shape
convolutions
14. The longitudinal structure of wool fiber
has serrated edges resembling a pine
tree.
With the help of these serrations one
fiber entangles into the other, thus
sticking together during yarn
manufacturing.
serrations
15. Spinning quality
In the case of filament fibers because
of their long length they are spun into
yarns by twisting or winding two or
more filaments together.
Example: Silk fibers are very long. The
long length enables the twisting and
spinning of these fibers.
16. sericin
Cross sectional and Longitudinal view
of silk fiber
Silk fiber has sericin, a gum like substance
which aids in holding the fibers together during
the spinning of these fibers.
17. Flexibility
Flexibility is the ability of a fiber to bend
without breaking during yarn
manufacturing or during the regular
wear and tear of the fabric in its end
use.
Textile fibers must be pliable, only then
they can be spun with other fibers.
Many substances in nature resemble
fibrous forms, but cannot be practical
textile fibers because they are stiff and
brittle.
18. Uniformity
To make a good quality yarn, every
textile fiber must have uniformity in
their properties.
Synthetic fibers are far more uniform
than natural fibers.
Uniformity is inherently difficult to
achieve in natural fibers.
Thus natural fibers are blended to
achieve uniformity.
19. What are Secondary properties?
These are desired properties which a
particular textile fiber might possess or
not.
Textile fibers might possess few of
these properties and not necessarily all
of them.
Secondary properties increase the value
of textile fibers in its intended use.
20. SECONDARY PROPERTIES
Physical shape
Lustre
Specific gravity
Elongation and Elastic recovery
Moisture regain and Moisture content
Resiliency
Thermal behavior
21. Physical shape
Physical shape comprises of the
longitudinal and cross sectional
structure of the textile fiber.
Each textile fiber has its own physical
shape.
Natural fibers have surface irregularities
while the shape of the synthetic fiber
depends on the shape of the spinneret
or mould through which it is extracted.
24. Lustre
Lustre is the shine or sheen of a textile
fiber.
Textile fibers can be shiny, moderately
shiny or even dull.
Example: Amongst natural fibers, Silk is
shiny and lustrous.
In synthetic fibers, Viscose rayon is very
lustrous.
Sometimes when shine is not desired in
these fibers, it can be controlled using a
delustrant, like titanium dioxide.
25. Lustre of a textile fiber very often depends on
its physical shape.
Silk has a smooth structure. When light falls
on a smooth surface it reflects, hence silk
looks shiny.
26. Whereas cotton has indentations or an
irregular structure, hence when light
falls on it breaks and does not reflect.
Thus cotton looks dull.
27. Specific Gravity
Specific gravity refers to the density of
a fabric.
Denser fabrics have more specific
gravity than lighter fabrics.
Cotton with a specific gravity of 1.54 is
denser than silk with a specific gravity
of 1.25.
28. Specific gravity of some
common fibers
Fiber Specific gravity
Cotton 1.54 - 1.56
Flax 1.50
Jute 1.48
Silk 1.34
Wool 1.30 - 1.38
Viscose rayon 1.52
Nylon 1.14
29. Elongation
The ability of a textile fiber to stretch
when subjected to a force.
This stretching is called as elongation or
extension.
Elongation is expressed as a percentage.
30. Elastic recovery
Elastic recovery is the ability of a textile
fiber to return to its original length after
being elongated.
If a fiber returns to its original length
from a specified amount of elongation it
is said to have 100% elastic recovery.
31. Moisture regain and Moisture
content
Textile fibers generally have some
amount of moisture or water content in
them.
Fibers with good moisture regain and
moisture content will accept dyes and
chemicals more readily than fibers with
low moisture regain and moisture
content.
Moisture content has a relation with
fiber strength.
32. Resiliency
Resiliency of a textile fiber is the ability
to return back to its original shape after
being crushed, compressed or
deformed.
Resiliency plays an important role in the
crease recovery of a fabric.
33. Wool fiber has excellent resiliency. The
inherent crimp in the wool fiber, acts like a
coiled spring and bounces back to its original
shape after the stress is released.
Crimp of wool
Resilience of wool
34. Thermal behavior
Thermal behavior is the reaction of
textile fibers to heat.
Textile fibers should withstand
temperatures used in processing.
Flammability is an important aspect of
thermal behavior of textile fibers. It is
the ability of textile fibers to burn.