ACME Electronics Corporation provides a document summarizing specifications of ferrites used in electronics. It discusses key material specifications including initial permeability, amplitude permeability, saturation flux density, and core loss density. It explains that permeability is nonlinear and dependent on factors like temperature, load, and flux density. The document also illustrates hysteresis effects using SPICE simulations and explains how hysteresis properties like remanence and coercivity impact inductance values.
High strength interstitial free (IF) steels are produced with low carbon and nitrogen contents stabilized by titanium and niobium precipitates. These steels are soft and ductile without interstitial atoms. Three types of strengthening are used: precipitation strengthening from Ti and Nb carbides, and solid solution strengthening from alloying with phosphorus, silicon, and manganese. High strength IF steels can have tensile strengths ranging from 210 to 400 MPa while maintaining excellent formability for automotive applications like deep drawing. Heat treatments and alloying compositions are optimized to produce the desired mechanical properties.
Characteristics of Pearlite, Bainite and MartensiteSyed Ali Afzal
- Pearlite is a diffusion-dependent eutectoid mixture of ferrite and cementite plates that forms during slow cooling of steel with around 0.76% carbon. It has a tensile strength of around 120,000 psi.
- Bainite is a diffusional transformation of austenite to ferrite and cementite that forms as needles or plates depending on temperature. Upper bainite resembles pearlite while lower bainite forms black needle structures.
- Martensite is a non-equilibrium body-centered tetragonal structure that forms via a diffusionless transformation from austenite during rapid quenching, trapping carbon atoms interstitially. It is very hard but
The document discusses structural, electrical, and thermoelectric properties of CrSi2 thin films. It describes how 1 μm and 0.1 μm CrSi2 thin films were prepared by RF sputtering onto quartz substrates under various conditions. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the structural and compositional properties of the thin films, including XRD, SEM, and EDAX. Seebeck coefficient measurements of the thin films found values ranging from 30-80 μV/K depending on annealing temperature and film thickness. Overall the document examines how processing conditions affect the properties of CrSi2 thin films and their potential for thermoelectric applications.
Solid state welding involves joining materials without melting them using pressure and heat below their melting points. There are several types of solid state welding including forge welding, cold welding, friction welding, explosive welding, diffusion welding, and ultrasonic welding. Each type uses different techniques like pressure, vibration, or explosive force to join materials like steel, aluminum, and titanium without melting them. Solid state welding has advantages like avoiding defects from melting and ability to join dissimilar metals, but also has disadvantages like requiring expensive equipment or time-consuming processes.
Electrical material (conducting materials)1MoonmoonSen1
This document discusses different types of electrical materials including conducting, magnetic, and insulating materials. It focuses on copper and aluminum as highly conducting materials. Copper has the highest conductivity but is more expensive than aluminum. While aluminum has lower conductivity than copper, it has a higher cross-sectional area for the same resistance due to its lower cost and abundance. Aluminum is increasingly being used instead of copper in electrical applications due to its lower cost, although copper remains more commonly used for applications requiring high conductivity like motor windings.
PIC-MCCM is a module to compute plasma parameters of non-equilibrium and low temperature plasma in various semiconductor manufacturing reactors, magnetron sputtering reactors and thin-film manufacturing reactors. A numerical method of behavior of charged particles is PIC(Particle-In-Cell) method and a numerical method of collision between charged particles and neutral particles (elastic, in-elastic such as ionization, excitation, charge exchange and dissociation etc.) is Monte Carlo method, respectively. PIC-MCCM is a module to compute the motion of charged particles by small time steps (less than nsec) in the electric field generated by spatial charge and electrodes(RF,DC and grounded),insulators and/or ICP coils under magneto-statistical field in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates.
Electro-magnetic impact welding is a solid-state joining process that uses electromagnetic forces to deform and weld workpieces together without melting. It requires a high-amplitude current to generate an electromagnetic pulse that induces eddy currents in conductive materials, rapidly heating and deforming them to form a weld. Key advantages are its ability to join normally non-weldable materials, achieve high production rates, operate contact-free without heat or emissions, and suitability for environments requiring low noise. However, it requires lap joints between materials and one workpiece must be electrically conductive.
High strength interstitial free (IF) steels are produced with low carbon and nitrogen contents stabilized by titanium and niobium precipitates. These steels are soft and ductile without interstitial atoms. Three types of strengthening are used: precipitation strengthening from Ti and Nb carbides, and solid solution strengthening from alloying with phosphorus, silicon, and manganese. High strength IF steels can have tensile strengths ranging from 210 to 400 MPa while maintaining excellent formability for automotive applications like deep drawing. Heat treatments and alloying compositions are optimized to produce the desired mechanical properties.
Characteristics of Pearlite, Bainite and MartensiteSyed Ali Afzal
- Pearlite is a diffusion-dependent eutectoid mixture of ferrite and cementite plates that forms during slow cooling of steel with around 0.76% carbon. It has a tensile strength of around 120,000 psi.
- Bainite is a diffusional transformation of austenite to ferrite and cementite that forms as needles or plates depending on temperature. Upper bainite resembles pearlite while lower bainite forms black needle structures.
- Martensite is a non-equilibrium body-centered tetragonal structure that forms via a diffusionless transformation from austenite during rapid quenching, trapping carbon atoms interstitially. It is very hard but
The document discusses structural, electrical, and thermoelectric properties of CrSi2 thin films. It describes how 1 μm and 0.1 μm CrSi2 thin films were prepared by RF sputtering onto quartz substrates under various conditions. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the structural and compositional properties of the thin films, including XRD, SEM, and EDAX. Seebeck coefficient measurements of the thin films found values ranging from 30-80 μV/K depending on annealing temperature and film thickness. Overall the document examines how processing conditions affect the properties of CrSi2 thin films and their potential for thermoelectric applications.
Solid state welding involves joining materials without melting them using pressure and heat below their melting points. There are several types of solid state welding including forge welding, cold welding, friction welding, explosive welding, diffusion welding, and ultrasonic welding. Each type uses different techniques like pressure, vibration, or explosive force to join materials like steel, aluminum, and titanium without melting them. Solid state welding has advantages like avoiding defects from melting and ability to join dissimilar metals, but also has disadvantages like requiring expensive equipment or time-consuming processes.
Electrical material (conducting materials)1MoonmoonSen1
This document discusses different types of electrical materials including conducting, magnetic, and insulating materials. It focuses on copper and aluminum as highly conducting materials. Copper has the highest conductivity but is more expensive than aluminum. While aluminum has lower conductivity than copper, it has a higher cross-sectional area for the same resistance due to its lower cost and abundance. Aluminum is increasingly being used instead of copper in electrical applications due to its lower cost, although copper remains more commonly used for applications requiring high conductivity like motor windings.
PIC-MCCM is a module to compute plasma parameters of non-equilibrium and low temperature plasma in various semiconductor manufacturing reactors, magnetron sputtering reactors and thin-film manufacturing reactors. A numerical method of behavior of charged particles is PIC(Particle-In-Cell) method and a numerical method of collision between charged particles and neutral particles (elastic, in-elastic such as ionization, excitation, charge exchange and dissociation etc.) is Monte Carlo method, respectively. PIC-MCCM is a module to compute the motion of charged particles by small time steps (less than nsec) in the electric field generated by spatial charge and electrodes(RF,DC and grounded),insulators and/or ICP coils under magneto-statistical field in three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates.
Electro-magnetic impact welding is a solid-state joining process that uses electromagnetic forces to deform and weld workpieces together without melting. It requires a high-amplitude current to generate an electromagnetic pulse that induces eddy currents in conductive materials, rapidly heating and deforming them to form a weld. Key advantages are its ability to join normally non-weldable materials, achieve high production rates, operate contact-free without heat or emissions, and suitability for environments requiring low noise. However, it requires lap joints between materials and one workpiece must be electrically conductive.
The document discusses the development of engineering materials over time. Early materials like stone, bronze, and iron occurred naturally and were dominant during different eras. The development of thermochemistry and polymer chemistry later enabled man-made materials. Engineering materials are broadly classified as metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, and natural materials. Each class has distinct properties that make them suitable for different applications. The document also discusses the materials cycle from extraction to manufacturing to use and disposal or recycling.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
This document provides an overview of copper and its alloys. It discusses the extraction of copper from ores through pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. Pyrometallurgical processes involve smelting copper sulfide concentrates to produce matte and blister copper, while electrolytic refining produces high purity copper. The document also classifies copper alloys and describes various wrought coppers including electrolytic tough-pitch copper, oxygen free copper, and deoxidized copper. Brasses, which are copper-zinc alloys, are discussed in detail, along with their microstructures.
1. The document discusses the Schaeffler diagram, which is used to predict the microstructure of stainless steel welds based on their composition. It also discusses modifications to the diagram by Delong.
2. The M3 concept for developing third generation advanced high strength steels is described, which aims to achieve ultrahigh strength and ductility through a multi-phase, meta-stable, multi-scale microstructure.
3. Quenching and partitioning heat treatments are summarized as a novel method to produce multi-phase steels with significant retained austenite through quenching to form martensite and austenite, followed by an isothermal treatment to partition carbon into the a
This document provides information about flux cored arc welding (FCAW). It discusses that FCAW uses a continuously fed tubular electrode containing flux to produce high quality welds at a relatively high deposition rate. The document outlines the FCAW process, principles, modes of metal transfer, variables like current, voltage and travel speed, applications like ship building, and advantages like high productivity and disadvantages like potential porosity.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering Pem(ເປ່ມ) PHAKVISETH
This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses key topics such as the structure, properties, and processing of materials, as well as how these factors influence a material's performance. The document also classifies common material types such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Emerging areas like smart materials and nanotechnology are introduced. Examples of materials used in applications like automotive, electronics, construction, and aerospace industries are provided to illustrate the relationship between materials selection and engineering design.
Friction stir welding is a solid state joining process that uses a rotating cylindrical tool to join two facing workpieces without melting them. As the non-consumable tool made of highly wear resistant material is rotated and slowly plunged into the material to be joined, friction generated between the shoulder and pin of the tool and the workpieces produces sufficient heat to cause the material to soften without reaching its melting point. This allows it to be joined by mechanical mixing/forging of the material in the plastic state. Three main zones are affected - the shoulder affected zone, pin affected zone, and thermo-mechanically affected zone. Heat is generated primarily through friction at the tool shoulder and plastic deformation. Material flow occurs as material is
This document discusses non-ferrous metal nickel and its alloys. It begins with an introduction to nickel, noting its crystal structure, properties like hardness and ductility, and common uses. It then discusses various nickel alloys including commercially pure nickel, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and nickel-base superalloys. Specific alloys in each category like Monel and Inconel are described. Applications of different alloys in areas like turbines, chemicals and batteries are also mentioned. In conclusion, the document provides references used to compile the information presented.
The document discusses electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), including a brief history, the principal system components, how patterns are formed, operating conditions, and uses. EBSD allows determining crystallographic orientations, misorientations, texture trends, grain size, boundary types, and phases. It works by detecting Kikuchi patterns formed by elastic backscatter of electrons from tilted crystalline samples, and analyzing the patterns to determine crystallographic data. EBSD is now widely used to quantitatively characterize microstructures and textures in materials.
This document discusses copper and copper alloys, including their properties, extraction, production, uses, and applications. It covers the physical properties of copper, its major ores, and worldwide production levels. Extraction techniques for copper from sulfide and oxide ores are described, involving processes like froth flotation, roasting, smelting, and electrolytic refining. Key copper alloys like brasses, bronzes, cupronickels, and nickel silvers are classified and their phase diagrams discussed. Major applications of copper and its alloys span building construction, pressure vessels, marine uses, and more.
Physical and technical basics of induction melting processesLeonardo ENERGY
In this course the physical and technical basics of induction melting processes and technologies will be explained. During the introduction the author will demonstrate along typical features of induction melting, why today induction melting is used in many industrial processes.
In the first part of this course the physical basics will be discussed by explaining the fundamental equations. The most important features of induction melting like, Joule heat effect, induced current and power density distribution in the melt, electromagnet forces, free melt surface deformation, turbulent melt flow and stirring will be explained.In the following the physical principle of the industrial most important induction melting furnaces, the induction crucible furnace and the induction channel furnace, will be shown.
In the second part of this course the author will explain, how the heat and mass transfer processes in the melt of induction furnaces are caused and influenced by the turbulent melt flow. Along industrial oriented examples it will be shown how numerical simulation based on sophisticated turbulent models can be used today for improved process understanding and design of the melting processes and devices.
The recapitulation of the most important features of induction melting processes and technologies will conclude this course.
This document summarizes steel melt processing and refinement techniques. It discusses primary steelmaking processes like electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. It also covers secondary refining using various furnaces and vessels. Some key secondary processes mentioned are argon oxygen decarburization (AOD), vacuum induction melting, and ladle metallurgy techniques. The document provides detailed information on the equipment, processes, reactions, and purposes involved in steel melt processing and refinement.
This document discusses piezoelectric ceramics, including their fabrication, processing, applications, and references. Piezoelectric ceramics are made by mixing metal oxide powders, forming them into structures, and firing them to form a crystalline structure. They are then poled by applying an electric field to align dipole moments. Common piezoelectric ceramics include barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate. Applications include sensors, actuators, transducers, generators, and motors that convert mechanical and electrical energy.
This document discusses nickel-free stainless steels as alternatives to conventional nickel-containing stainless steels. It notes that while nickel provides benefits like corrosion resistance, it is also detrimental to human health. Nickel can be replaced by other elements like nitrogen and manganese to develop low-nickel or nickel-free austenitic stainless steels. Specific nickel-free grades discussed include AISI 403, 405, 409, and 410. High-nitrogen stainless steels are also examined as they offer strength and good mechanical properties at high temperatures without nickel. Examples of applications for these nickel-free stainless steels include body implants, dental materials, and furnace components.
1) Solid solutions form when elements are completely soluble in the liquid state but partially soluble in the solid state, allowing for homogeneous mixtures.
2) There are two types of solid solutions - interstitial and substitutional. Interstitial solutions occur when small atoms fill the spaces between large host atoms, like carbon in iron to form steel. Substitutional solutions occur when solute atoms replace host atoms in the crystal structure, like copper and nickel alloys.
3) Hume-Rothery rules define the conditions needed for solid solution formation, such as similar atomic sizes, crystal structures, and electronegativities between solute and solvent atoms. Satisfying these rules allows for increased strength and
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from metal and non-metal compounds. Ceramics can be crystalline or partly crystalline. They include materials like silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and hydroxides. Ceramics exhibit properties like hardness, strength in compression, chemical inertness, and ability to withstand high temperatures but are brittle and weak in tension. Common ceramic structures include cesium chloride, sodium chloride, and zinc blende structures which are characterized by their coordination numbers and ion arrangements.
This document discusses various weld defects including geometric defects like misalignment and metallurgical defects like cracks, porosity, and embrittlement reactions. It explains the causes and remedies for different types of defects such as angular distortion, longitudinal distortion, incomplete fusion, cracks, and porosity. The document also covers residual stresses during welding, gas dissolution and solid solution hardening, hydrogen effects including hydrogen embrittlement and cracking, and common weld testing methods like tension tests, bend tests, hardness tests, and non-destructive tests including visual inspection, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, x-ray and ultrasonic testing.
Gas welding is a process that uses a flame from oxygen and a fuel gas, usually acetylene, to heat and join metals. Oxy-acetylene welding is the most common type and uses an inner flame cone reaching temperatures over 3000°C to melt the metals. There are three types of flames - neutral, reducing, and oxidizing - which are used for different materials. The equipment includes gas cylinders, regulators, hoses, and a welding torch. While inexpensive and portable, gas welding has limitations such as low welding speed and risk of distortion.
The document provides an introduction to engineering materials. It begins with an overview of materials classification, including crystalline vs amorphous materials. Key classes of materials are then discussed in more detail, such as metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Various material properties like mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties are also introduced. The document focuses on providing foundational knowledge on different types of engineering materials and their basic properties.
Ferrite Specifications and ACME Ferrites (4)Ray Lai
This document summarizes key ferrite specifications such as remanence, coercivity, loss factor, hysteresis material constant, disaccommodation factor, temperature factor of permeability, and total harmonic distortion. It explains these specifications and how they relate to the performance and quality of ferrite products. Examples and equations are provided to illustrate how each specification is defined and measured.
This document discusses simulating core B-H curves using LTspice. It contains 5 sections that examine using square waves and sine waves to model the magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic materials in the core of inductors and transformers.
The document discusses the development of engineering materials over time. Early materials like stone, bronze, and iron occurred naturally and were dominant during different eras. The development of thermochemistry and polymer chemistry later enabled man-made materials. Engineering materials are broadly classified as metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, and natural materials. Each class has distinct properties that make them suitable for different applications. The document also discusses the materials cycle from extraction to manufacturing to use and disposal or recycling.
Injection metallurgy and ladle furnaces are used to refine molten steel. In injection metallurgy, desulfurizing reagents are injected into the ladle through a lance using argon gas as a carrier, which helps remove sulfur. Ladle furnaces are used to reheat, stir, and refine steel in a ladle. They allow for desulfurization, alloy additions, and inclusion removal. Both processes make use of slag and can reduce sulfur levels to 0.0002%, improving steel properties.
This document provides an overview of copper and its alloys. It discusses the extraction of copper from ores through pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. Pyrometallurgical processes involve smelting copper sulfide concentrates to produce matte and blister copper, while electrolytic refining produces high purity copper. The document also classifies copper alloys and describes various wrought coppers including electrolytic tough-pitch copper, oxygen free copper, and deoxidized copper. Brasses, which are copper-zinc alloys, are discussed in detail, along with their microstructures.
1. The document discusses the Schaeffler diagram, which is used to predict the microstructure of stainless steel welds based on their composition. It also discusses modifications to the diagram by Delong.
2. The M3 concept for developing third generation advanced high strength steels is described, which aims to achieve ultrahigh strength and ductility through a multi-phase, meta-stable, multi-scale microstructure.
3. Quenching and partitioning heat treatments are summarized as a novel method to produce multi-phase steels with significant retained austenite through quenching to form martensite and austenite, followed by an isothermal treatment to partition carbon into the a
This document provides information about flux cored arc welding (FCAW). It discusses that FCAW uses a continuously fed tubular electrode containing flux to produce high quality welds at a relatively high deposition rate. The document outlines the FCAW process, principles, modes of metal transfer, variables like current, voltage and travel speed, applications like ship building, and advantages like high productivity and disadvantages like potential porosity.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering Pem(ເປ່ມ) PHAKVISETH
This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses key topics such as the structure, properties, and processing of materials, as well as how these factors influence a material's performance. The document also classifies common material types such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Emerging areas like smart materials and nanotechnology are introduced. Examples of materials used in applications like automotive, electronics, construction, and aerospace industries are provided to illustrate the relationship between materials selection and engineering design.
Friction stir welding is a solid state joining process that uses a rotating cylindrical tool to join two facing workpieces without melting them. As the non-consumable tool made of highly wear resistant material is rotated and slowly plunged into the material to be joined, friction generated between the shoulder and pin of the tool and the workpieces produces sufficient heat to cause the material to soften without reaching its melting point. This allows it to be joined by mechanical mixing/forging of the material in the plastic state. Three main zones are affected - the shoulder affected zone, pin affected zone, and thermo-mechanically affected zone. Heat is generated primarily through friction at the tool shoulder and plastic deformation. Material flow occurs as material is
This document discusses non-ferrous metal nickel and its alloys. It begins with an introduction to nickel, noting its crystal structure, properties like hardness and ductility, and common uses. It then discusses various nickel alloys including commercially pure nickel, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and nickel-base superalloys. Specific alloys in each category like Monel and Inconel are described. Applications of different alloys in areas like turbines, chemicals and batteries are also mentioned. In conclusion, the document provides references used to compile the information presented.
The document discusses electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), including a brief history, the principal system components, how patterns are formed, operating conditions, and uses. EBSD allows determining crystallographic orientations, misorientations, texture trends, grain size, boundary types, and phases. It works by detecting Kikuchi patterns formed by elastic backscatter of electrons from tilted crystalline samples, and analyzing the patterns to determine crystallographic data. EBSD is now widely used to quantitatively characterize microstructures and textures in materials.
This document discusses copper and copper alloys, including their properties, extraction, production, uses, and applications. It covers the physical properties of copper, its major ores, and worldwide production levels. Extraction techniques for copper from sulfide and oxide ores are described, involving processes like froth flotation, roasting, smelting, and electrolytic refining. Key copper alloys like brasses, bronzes, cupronickels, and nickel silvers are classified and their phase diagrams discussed. Major applications of copper and its alloys span building construction, pressure vessels, marine uses, and more.
Physical and technical basics of induction melting processesLeonardo ENERGY
In this course the physical and technical basics of induction melting processes and technologies will be explained. During the introduction the author will demonstrate along typical features of induction melting, why today induction melting is used in many industrial processes.
In the first part of this course the physical basics will be discussed by explaining the fundamental equations. The most important features of induction melting like, Joule heat effect, induced current and power density distribution in the melt, electromagnet forces, free melt surface deformation, turbulent melt flow and stirring will be explained.In the following the physical principle of the industrial most important induction melting furnaces, the induction crucible furnace and the induction channel furnace, will be shown.
In the second part of this course the author will explain, how the heat and mass transfer processes in the melt of induction furnaces are caused and influenced by the turbulent melt flow. Along industrial oriented examples it will be shown how numerical simulation based on sophisticated turbulent models can be used today for improved process understanding and design of the melting processes and devices.
The recapitulation of the most important features of induction melting processes and technologies will conclude this course.
This document summarizes steel melt processing and refinement techniques. It discusses primary steelmaking processes like electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. It also covers secondary refining using various furnaces and vessels. Some key secondary processes mentioned are argon oxygen decarburization (AOD), vacuum induction melting, and ladle metallurgy techniques. The document provides detailed information on the equipment, processes, reactions, and purposes involved in steel melt processing and refinement.
This document discusses piezoelectric ceramics, including their fabrication, processing, applications, and references. Piezoelectric ceramics are made by mixing metal oxide powders, forming them into structures, and firing them to form a crystalline structure. They are then poled by applying an electric field to align dipole moments. Common piezoelectric ceramics include barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate. Applications include sensors, actuators, transducers, generators, and motors that convert mechanical and electrical energy.
This document discusses nickel-free stainless steels as alternatives to conventional nickel-containing stainless steels. It notes that while nickel provides benefits like corrosion resistance, it is also detrimental to human health. Nickel can be replaced by other elements like nitrogen and manganese to develop low-nickel or nickel-free austenitic stainless steels. Specific nickel-free grades discussed include AISI 403, 405, 409, and 410. High-nitrogen stainless steels are also examined as they offer strength and good mechanical properties at high temperatures without nickel. Examples of applications for these nickel-free stainless steels include body implants, dental materials, and furnace components.
1) Solid solutions form when elements are completely soluble in the liquid state but partially soluble in the solid state, allowing for homogeneous mixtures.
2) There are two types of solid solutions - interstitial and substitutional. Interstitial solutions occur when small atoms fill the spaces between large host atoms, like carbon in iron to form steel. Substitutional solutions occur when solute atoms replace host atoms in the crystal structure, like copper and nickel alloys.
3) Hume-Rothery rules define the conditions needed for solid solution formation, such as similar atomic sizes, crystal structures, and electronegativities between solute and solvent atoms. Satisfying these rules allows for increased strength and
Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from metal and non-metal compounds. Ceramics can be crystalline or partly crystalline. They include materials like silicates, aluminates, oxides, carbides, borides and hydroxides. Ceramics exhibit properties like hardness, strength in compression, chemical inertness, and ability to withstand high temperatures but are brittle and weak in tension. Common ceramic structures include cesium chloride, sodium chloride, and zinc blende structures which are characterized by their coordination numbers and ion arrangements.
This document discusses various weld defects including geometric defects like misalignment and metallurgical defects like cracks, porosity, and embrittlement reactions. It explains the causes and remedies for different types of defects such as angular distortion, longitudinal distortion, incomplete fusion, cracks, and porosity. The document also covers residual stresses during welding, gas dissolution and solid solution hardening, hydrogen effects including hydrogen embrittlement and cracking, and common weld testing methods like tension tests, bend tests, hardness tests, and non-destructive tests including visual inspection, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, x-ray and ultrasonic testing.
Gas welding is a process that uses a flame from oxygen and a fuel gas, usually acetylene, to heat and join metals. Oxy-acetylene welding is the most common type and uses an inner flame cone reaching temperatures over 3000°C to melt the metals. There are three types of flames - neutral, reducing, and oxidizing - which are used for different materials. The equipment includes gas cylinders, regulators, hoses, and a welding torch. While inexpensive and portable, gas welding has limitations such as low welding speed and risk of distortion.
The document provides an introduction to engineering materials. It begins with an overview of materials classification, including crystalline vs amorphous materials. Key classes of materials are then discussed in more detail, such as metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Various material properties like mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties are also introduced. The document focuses on providing foundational knowledge on different types of engineering materials and their basic properties.
Ferrite Specifications and ACME Ferrites (4)Ray Lai
This document summarizes key ferrite specifications such as remanence, coercivity, loss factor, hysteresis material constant, disaccommodation factor, temperature factor of permeability, and total harmonic distortion. It explains these specifications and how they relate to the performance and quality of ferrite products. Examples and equations are provided to illustrate how each specification is defined and measured.
This document discusses simulating core B-H curves using LTspice. It contains 5 sections that examine using square waves and sine waves to model the magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic materials in the core of inductors and transformers.
201606_Ferrites,_CMC,_and_Power_Transformer_(2)eRay Lai
The document summarizes soft ferrite specifications for CMCs, power chokes, and transformers. It discusses CMC principles, design considerations, and failure examples. CMCs use ferrite cores to filter common mode noise while minimizing effects on the main electrical signal or power. Proper CMC design requires selecting a ferrite material based on its permeability and frequency response to achieve the desired impedance across the operating frequency range. Paying attention to parasitic capacitance and winding geometry is also important for optimal CMC performance.
The document describes the parameters used in the core model for a saturable inductor in LTspice. The key parameters are: BSAT, which sets the saturation flux density; RLOSS, which represents core loss; LM, the magnetizing inductance; and BEXP, an exponent that shapes the coupling factor curve. These parameters can be adjusted to model the dynamic magnetic behavior of a saturable inductor core.
This document discusses simulations of core B-H curves using LTspice software. It contains brief headings about simulating square waves and sine waves to model the magnetic behavior of cores under different input signals.
sensor interface specification to define consistent parameters for data gathe...Ludovic Privat
This document provides specifications for submitting vehicle sensor data to an analytics processing backend. It defines the logical data model, data elements, encoding, and Protocol Buffer schema. The data elements include timestamps, positions, paths, path events like vehicle status and dynamics, sign and lane recognition, and object detection. Position estimates contain coordinates and attributes. Everything is designed to support ingesting sensor data from vehicles in a standardized way.
The document outlines the specifications for an apartment building including:
1) RCC framed structure with cement concrete blocks and brick walls. Flooring includes marble, vitrified tiles, and ceramic tiles.
2) Bathrooms have ceramic tile flooring, granite counters, and chromium plated fittings. Doors are teak wood or flush shutters.
3) Amenities include a clubhouse, swimming pool, gym, children's play area, and security systems like CCTV cameras.
One of our most highly rated presenters walks you through highlights of recent changes to Caltrans Section 39 asphalt specifications, including incorporation of elements of “Superpave” testing and acceptance. Toni Carroll is the Northern California Area Manager, Technical Services, for Vulcan Materials.
This document outlines the expectations, terminology, and key concepts regarding a training on combating commercial sexual exploitation of children in tourism. It discusses understanding the phenomenon, identifying victims and perpetrators, and ways to tackle the issue through tourism businesses, NGOs, states, police, and individual action. Communication strategies are highlighted as important tools to address the problem and raise awareness among travelers, the tourism industry, and local communities in source and destination countries. While progress has been made through legal frameworks, partnerships, and public awareness, ongoing efforts are still needed to fully address the demand side and new avenues of child exploitation.
201606_Ferrites,_CMC,_and_Power_Transformer_(1)eRay Lai
The document discusses soft ferrite specifications for CMCs, power chokes, and transformers. It begins by explaining the importance but also limitations of the B-H curve as a characterization of ferrite materials. Key specifications discussed include permeability, saturation flux density, core loss density, and effective bandwidth. However, the document notes that permeability is nonlinear and dependent on factors like temperature, frequency, and load/current. Real applications also involve more complex geometries compared to an idealized toroid shape. Overall, both material properties from the B-H curve as well as mechanical design aspects are important for magnetic component design.
This document provides design specifications and construction details for reinforced brick masonry retaining walls ranging from 3 to 20 feet in height. It includes standard wall details with alternate footing designs for constrained spaces. Wall designs are categorized by height ranges and include dimensions, reinforcement requirements, and safety factor calculations. Footings are also detailed to accommodate various subsurface conditions. Instructions are provided for special cases like surcharged walls. The document aims to provide convenient standardized wall designs for designers and builders to reference.
detailed specification for cement concretevivek gami
This document provides specifications for shuttering, scaffolding, mixing, placing, compacting, protecting, curing, and construction joints for cement concrete. It specifies requirements for shuttering thickness and joints, scaffolding strength and use, measuring and mixing ingredients to achieve proper consistency and strength, curing concrete for at least 7 days, and forming construction joints between concrete pours. It also provides nominal mix proportions for concrete up to M20 strength and notes target strengths should be higher than specified strengths.
Počítačové sítě II, lekce 6: sítě WLAN IIJiří Peterka
Verze 4.0 mé kurzovní přednášky na MFF UK Praha (kód předmětu NSWI021), připravená pro letní semestr školního roku 2014/2015. Zdroj s možností tisku na http://www.earchiv.cz/l226/index.php3
This document discusses ferrite phase shifters. It begins by defining ferrites as magnetic materials used in microwave applications due to their electric and magnetic anisotropy. It then discusses three main types of ferrite phase shifters: latching ferrite phase shifters, dual mode ferrite phase shifters, and rotary field ferrite phase shifters. Latching ferrite phase shifters include twin toroid designs that induce a phase shift by modifying the transmission line propagation constant. Dual mode ferrite phase shifters convert signals to circular polarization to interact with a ferrite rod under a bias field, producing a phase shift. Rotary field ferrite phase shifters rotate a ferrite half-wave plate to produce a phase
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Ferrite Specifications and ACME Ferrites (2)Ray Lai
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Similar to Ferrite Specifications and ACME Ferrites (1) (20)
1. ACME Electronics Corporation 1
Ferrite Specification
&
ACME Ferrites
Technical Aspects
By Ray Lai, FAE
June 2015
With Supports of
RD & Marketing Teams
2. ACME Electronics Corporation
Table of Content
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
3. Technical Application Example: CMC
4. Technical Application Example: DC-DC choke
5. Technical Application Example: SMPS transformer
6. Appendix A: Further on ferrite specifications
7. Appendix B: (a) Fringing effect of gapped core (b)
Manipulating magnetizing curve
8. Appendix C: An analogy and differentiation on R, C, and L
and why magnetic components are so UNIQUE
Q & A
2
3. ACME Electronics Corporation
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
3
A typical ferrite “material” specification looks like
4. ACME Electronics Corporation 4
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Looking at the material specification, what image pops up in our
mind? This or those?
The specification sheet generally
seen are measured with a fixed
core geometry with center turns
of winding.
5. ACME Electronics Corporation 5
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Ferrite Production is a time consuming process with many variables –
explicit or implicit
Fe2O3
MnO2
ZnO
……
6. ACME Electronics Corporation 6
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Trilogy of Magnetizing Curve (only B-H Curve is well known,
but it’s a “derivative”)
a. B-H curve b. 𝜙-F curve c. Λ-i curve
𝑢 𝑟 =
𝑑𝐵
𝑑𝐻
𝐴 𝐿 =
𝑑𝜙
𝑑𝐹
𝐿 =
𝑑Λ
𝑑𝑖
“Initial” Permeability
“Material Specification
Single Turn Inductance
“Product” Specification
DeviceInductance
Measurable
What Ampere’s law
and Faraday law of
magnetic induction
are based on
7. ACME Electronics Corporation 7
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
B-H Curve is a “derived” characteristic
1. From a closed-loop fix core geometry (usually toroid core),
why? Considering most of the power applications are not ring
core and normally with air gap.
2. Under a fixed condition (low frequency low flux density
sinusoidal excitation),
why? Considering the majority of ferrite is for mid-to-high
frequency square-wave driven SMPS application with as high
as possible flux density
For practical design purposes, most of the time, the
published material specification (i.e., B-H Curve) is just like TV
commercial, what you see is not always what you get!
8. ACME Electronics Corporation 8
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
B-H curve is a critical index for ferrite powder maker to
qualify its material quality. ACME as a ferrite producer, uses it to
roll out the property roadmap of his powders per the application
demands.
On the other hand, in real application, the core geometry
takes equally the same importance in meeting the desired
performance required by a design.
Magnetic component designer must understand the
catches on the material specifications and have good knowledge
on core design issues to provide a sound design for the intended
applications (adapter, converter, WPC, etc.,)
9. ACME Electronics Corporation 9
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Key specifications
a. Permeability ui and ua from B-H curve
b. Saturation flux density Bsat
c. Core loss density Pv
d. Effective Bandwidth
will be explained in detail. The rest specification items:
Remanence (Brms) and Coercivity (Hc), Hysteresis Material
Constant (ηB), Disaccommodation Factor (DF) and Quality Factor
(Q) will be discussed in Appendix A
10. ACME Electronics Corporation 10
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Why B-H Curve is so important for Ferromagnetic Material
Magnetic Field H
Flux density B
Permanent magnetics
永磁
Soft magnetic material
軟磁
Bsat
11. ACME Electronics Corporation 11
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material Specification: Permeability ui and ua
Freq. Flux den. Temp. P45 P46 P47
Initial Permeability μi ≤ 10KHz 0.25mT 25°C 3100 ± 25% 3300 ± 25% 3000 ± 25%
25°C > 5000 > 4500 > 5000
100°C > 5000 > 4500 > 5000
Unit Measuring Conditions Wide Temperature Low Loss Materials
Amplitude Permeability μa 25KHz 200mT
Symbol
Specifications in table are only for fixed conditions
But, permeability is actually a function of Temperature and
Load and it’s non-linear
12. ACME Electronics Corporation 12
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material Specification: Permeability ui and ua
Permeability is a function of Temperature
13. ACME Electronics Corporation 13
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material Specification: Permeability ui and ua
TSMP is a critical factor if close to 20~30℃
14. ACME Electronics Corporation 14
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material Specification: Permeability ui and ua
Permeability is a function of Load
Faraday law of magnetic induction and Ampere’s law are the corner
stones
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑁
𝑑𝜙
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑁
𝑑𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴 𝑒
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑁𝐴 𝑒
𝑑𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑑𝑡
𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 =
𝑁∙𝑖
𝑙 𝑒
𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑢 𝑟 𝑢 𝑜 𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑢 𝑟 𝑢 𝑜
𝑁∙𝑖
𝑙 𝑒
By Ampere’s law, rewrite the Faraday law of induction
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑳
𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑁𝐴 𝑒
𝑑𝑢 𝑟 𝑢 𝑜
𝑁∙𝑖
𝑙 𝑒
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑵 𝟐
𝒖 𝒓 𝒖 𝒐
𝑨 𝒆
𝒍 𝒆
𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡
15. ACME Electronics Corporation 15
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material Specification: Permeability ui and ua
Permeability is a function of Load
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑳
𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑁𝐴 𝑒
𝑑𝑢 𝑟 𝑢 𝑜
𝑁∙𝑖
𝑙 𝑒
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑵 𝟐
𝒖 𝒓 𝒖 𝒐
𝑨 𝒆
𝒍 𝒆
𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑡
If is sinusoidal excitation 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡), then the current
will be in the same form with phase delay
𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜔 𝐿
𝑑−𝐼 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 𝜔𝐿𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡
= 𝜔𝑁2 𝑢 𝑟 𝑢 𝑜
𝐴 𝑒
𝑙 𝑒
𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡)
Taking out the time variant term
16. ACME Electronics Corporation 16
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material Specification: Permeability ui and ua
Permeability is a function of Load
𝑉 = 𝜔𝐿𝐼 = 𝑁2 𝑢 𝑟 𝑢 𝑜
𝐴 𝑒
𝑙 𝑒
𝐼
= 𝜔𝑁 (𝑢 𝑟 𝑢 𝑜
𝑁∙𝐼
𝑙 𝑒
) 𝐴 𝑒 = 𝜔𝑁𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴 𝑒
𝑽
𝝎
= 𝑳𝑰 = 𝑵𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑨 𝒆
𝑽
𝝎
is the flux generated by this condition (it is flux 𝜙 that
drives the E-M conversion, not flux density 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒)
17. ACME Electronics Corporation 17
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material Specification: Permeability ui and ua
Permeability is a function of Load
In SMPS, the excitation is square-like waveform
𝑉𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿𝑑𝑖 = 𝑁𝑑𝜙 = 𝑁𝐴 𝑒 𝑑𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑉𝐿 𝑑𝑡 is the flux generated by this condition (it is flux 𝜙
that drives the E-M conversion, not flux density 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒)
Volt-Second Balance
is the key of E-M
conversion
18. ACME Electronics Corporation 18
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material Specification: Permeability ui and ua
The difference between ui and ua is the flux (thus flux density)
applied.
ui is just ua
under extremely
low flux density
condition
19. ACME Electronics Corporation 19
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
B-H curve is a “Hysteresis loop” (Pętla histerezy)
Flux Density B[T]
Magnetic Residue Br
Coercive Force Hc
Magnetic Field
H [A/m]
Saturation (Bsat)
Hmax
20. ACME Electronics Corporation 20
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Przenikalność początkowa 初磁導率
Initial Permeability
0H0
i
H
B
µ
1
µ
0.1mT
21. ACME Electronics Corporation 21
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
µi initial permeability
µm maximal
permeability
µa amplitude
permeability
µdif or µrev reverse
permeability
)1.0,25(
)1.0,25(
)1.0,25(
)( mTBkHzf
mTBkHzf
mTBkHzf
ACDCrevdif
ACa
ACi
ii
i
i
22. ACME Electronics Corporation 22
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
DC-DC Application udiff or urev
HH
rev
AC
H
B
µ
µ
0
1
23. ACME Electronics Corporation 23
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Reversible permeability at different operating points
24. ACME Electronics Corporation 24
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material Specification: Saturation Flux Density Bsat
The importance of Bmax is well emphasized and all ferrite vendors advertise
their materials by this property along with the core loss density Pcv. But there is a
catch: under what Hmax?
Only this portion of ferrite B-H is actually useful
This is the real usable
Hmax range for soft
ferrite and SMPS
designer should be care
about the Bmax available
in the maximal applied H
range
The proviso for Bsat=
530mT is H =1200A/m, this
is the legal commercial
employed by the industry.
Useless in practical designs
26. ACME Electronics Corporation
26
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Only ferrite does the bluffing? NO!
Look at the silicon
steel sheet for
power transformer
1𝑂𝑒 =
1000
4𝜋
𝐴/𝑚
=79.58A/m
27. ACME Electronics Corporation
27
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
The effect of Hysteresis loop (Brms and Hc) can be illustrated by SPICE
circuit simulation.
Using the built-in TX22_14_13_3E27 model (ui=6000)
* TX22_14_13_3E27 CORE model
.MODEL TX22_14_13_3E27 CORE
+ MS=377.56E3
+ A=12.672
+ C=.20161
+ K=5.5151
+ AREA=.507 (cm^2)
+ PATH=5.4200 (cm)
Simulate an “ideal” inductor and the “real” inductor by 10 turns of winding
with TX22_14_13_3E27
35. ACME Electronics Corporation 35
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material
Specification
from TDK
Pv Issue
36. ACME Electronics Corporation 36
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
PQ32/25
Ve=12.44cm^3
30℃ Pv=
~ 580mW/cm^3
100 ℃ Pv=
~400mW/cm^3
80 ℃ Pv=
~335mW/cm^3
Pv quality in pg.
34 & 35 is not
practical in real
life
Pv Issue
37. ACME Electronics Corporation 37
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Comparing Pg. 34 and 36 Pv Issue
1. Pg. 34 is a “material” comparison, using ring core in small
sizes. (T25x15x10)
2. Pg. 36 is a “mass-production” comparison, using the real
cores that would applied in real design scenario.
3. Keeping all conditions the same, (larger) product Pv will be
always higher than material Pv for the reason of existing gap,
no matter how smooth the contact surface is.
4. Material is defined to have Pv_min at 100℃ but in real mass
production products, the Pv_min point will shift toward
around 80 ℃ or 90 ℃, which is inevitable by the trade off
between quality and cost in real life.
39. ACME Electronics Corporation 39
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Critical in common mode
choke design selection
40. ACME Electronics Corporation 40
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Material goal
higher µi with improved frequency stability
basically against physical principles
where:
fg – gyromagnetic critical frequency
γ ~0.22 ΜΗz m/A is the gyromagnetic ratio for an electron
i.e. the ratio of magnetic moment and torque
Bs – saturation flux density
μi,0– initial permeability * J. L. Snoek, Physica 14, 207, 1948
sig Bf
3
4
)1( 0, Snoek Limit
41. ACME Electronics Corporation 41
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
For CMC, it’s not always the
higher ui the better
Note: great chance that A151
in mass production cannot
sustain such high ui through all
frequencies
Z (Ω)
Hz A07H A151
100k 1.648E+03 3.343E+03
150k 2.568E+03 4.109E+03
200k 3.517E+03 4.609E+03
500k 9.086E+03 5.938E+03
1000k 1.486E+04 5.938E+03
42. ACME Electronics Corporation 42
1. Specifications of Ferrites – Materials & Products
Characteristics of Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn Ferrite in the sense of ui vs. frequency
All governed by Snoek limit.
43. ACME Electronics Corporation 43
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
With the key specifications of Ferrites explained, the
ACME product roadmap is more easier to understand and
select the suitable one for the application.
The roll-out of all materials are based on the various real
application needs (power, telecom, EMC, RF, etc.,) in
Loss level (in specific conditions)
Frequency bandwidth
Permeability
Temperature and Temperature stability
44. ACME Electronics Corporation 44
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
ACME provides ferrite materials in all applications: MnZn Power
MnZn power
materials
Low LossHigh Bs
High Freq. Temp. Tendency
P4
P41
P42
P5
P51
P52
P46
P47
25℃~100
℃
25℃~120
℃
700KHz
1MHz
250kW/m3
450kW/m3
350kW/m3
420mT
P45
P48
P61
1~5MHz
460mT
Low ŋB
N4
N42
N43
N5
N51
DC-
Bias
High Z
P49
P62
P491
45. ACME Electronics Corporation 45
For MnZn ferrite in power applications, the key specifications are
Symbol Unit
Measuring Conditions Low Loss Material
Freq. Flux den. Temp. P4 P41 P42 P48(NEW)
Initial
Permeability
μi 10kHz 0.25mT 25°C
2500±
25%
2400±25
%
1800±
25%
2500±
25%
Amplitude
Permeability
μa 25kHz 200mT 25°C >4500 >4500 >5000 >5000
100°C >4500 >4500 >5000 >5000
Power Loss Pv KW/m
3
100kHz 200mT 25°C 700 650 750 550
100°C 450 350 350 250
300kHz 100mT 25°C 660 820 900 500
100°C 430 500 500 300
500kHz 50mT 25°C 380 400 450 250
100°C 330 300 300 200
Saturation Flux
Density
Bms mT 10kHz H =
1200A/m
25°C 480 495 520 515
100°C 380 395 420 410
Curie
Temperature
Tc °C
>220 >230 >240 >220
Resistivity ρ Ωm 5.50 4.00 8.00 5.00
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
47. ACME Electronics Corporation
47
Core loss is a function of temperature and it is
a deep V shape for general power ferrites
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
48. ACME Electronics Corporation 48
Low Loss and High Saturation Flux Density Material Characteristics
Symbol Unit Measuring Conditions Material
Freq. Flux den. Temp. P47 P45
Initial
Permeability
μi 10kHz < 0.25mT 25°C 3000± 25% 3100± 25%
Power Loss Pcv kW/m3
100kHz 200mT
25°C 400 365
60°C 290
80°C 270
100°C 350 260
120°C 310
140°C 380
Saturation
Flux Density
Bs mT 1kHz H = 1200A/m
25°C 520 530
100°C 420 405
Remanence Br mT 1kHz H = 1200A/m
25°C 85 80
100°C 70 60
Coercivity Hc A/m 1kHz H = 1200A/m
25°C 10 10
100°C 7 6
Curie
Temperature
Tc °C > 220 240
Special materials
to have a flatter
Pv vs. temperature
curve
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
49. ACME Electronics Corporation 49
Power Loss VS. Temperature
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Temperature(
o
C)
PowerLoss(kW/m
3
)
Test Core :T25×15×10
P47
P45
200mT,100KHz
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
56. ACME Electronics Corporation 56
T25*15*10
1200A/m 10kHz,P-gain:10,N1=N2=20Ts
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
57. ACME Electronics Corporation
57
• New designs for high current power inductor may increase the
operation frequency up to 1.5 ~ 3 MHz to reduce the core sizes.
• P61 CI type cores passed the final testing results from clients under
200mT/1~3MHz condition in mass production status now.
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
65. ACME Electronics Corporation
65
NiZn ferrites’ specifications are made in the way like MnZn High Permeability Materials
and their applications in EMC and Telecom have overlaps.
A quick comparison of MnZn and NiZn material
μi Bmax Bandwidth tanδ/μi (*) ρ
MnZn High Higher Low Higher Very low
NiZn Low Lower High Low Very high
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
67. ACME Electronics Corporation
Symbol Unit
Telecom High Permeability Materials
A043 A061 N07 N10
Initial Permeability μi 4500±25% 6000±25% 7000±25% 10000±30%
>9000
Realative Loss
factor
tan δ/μi 10-6 <10 <10 <5 <10
<10 <30 <30 <90
Saturation Flux
Density
Bms mT
460 460 400 380
300 320 220 160
Remanence Brms mT
65 100 70 160
60 80 60 110
Temperature
Factor of
Permeability
αF 10-6
/℃
1~ 2 1~ 3 -1 ~ 1 -1~ 0
-1~ 1 -1~ 1 -1~ 1 -1 ~ 1
Hysteresis
Material Constant
ηB 10-6
/mT < 0.5 < 0.5 <0.2 < 0.5
Disaccommodatio
n Factor
DF 10-6
< 2 < 2 <2 < 2
Curie Temperature Tc ℃ 160 160 130 100
Resistivity ρ Ωm 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.12
Density d g/cm3
4.85 4.85 4.90 5.00
67
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
68. ACME Electronics Corporation 68
A13 is the newest high perm material of ACME (Benching TDG TL13)
FEATURES
• Improved ui-freq performance (150k~500kHz) for EMI conduction filtering
performance.
• 9000μi at the Frequency of 200KHz.
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
69. ACME Electronics Corporation 69
A13 is the newest high perm material of ACME (Benching TDG TL13)
FEATURES
• Improved ui-freq performance (150k~500kHz) for EMI conduction filtering
performance.
• 9000μi at the Frequency of 200KHz.
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
70. ACME Electronics Corporation 70
APPLICATIONS
‧Wideband transformer
‧pulse transformer
‧inductor
‧ filter
‧T, EE, ET, etc.
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
71. ACME Electronics Corporation 71
Critical in common mode
choke design selection
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
72. ACME Electronics Corporation 72
Note that the above tables provide a set of data on “fixed” conditions and all the
specifications are highly variant under different conditions.
Initial Permeability 𝜇𝑖 is a strong function of Temperature
TSMP TSMP
The higher the permeability, the lower the Curie Temperature Tc
Will this ui-temp can cause sever design and application issues? NO! especially
true for power application. Only in some niche designs or extreme conditions
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
73. ACME Electronics Corporation 73
Almost temperature independent permeability can be obtained in NiZn by ACME
(ACME is capable of developing custom materials per specific requests)
In ferrite material specifications, everything is obtained by trade-off and
compromising.
The trade-off of F50 and F51 is their low Tc, for NiZn,Tc usually > 200℃
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
74. ACME Electronics Corporation 74
FEATURES
• Stable permeability (500ui) at the temperature range of -40 ~ 120oC.
• Its Curie temperature is more than 140oC.
• Lower loss factor characteristics.
APPLICATIONS
• HF keyless entry antennas for automotive.
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
75. ACME Electronics Corporation 75
N07: Wide temperature low THD material
For low THD over wide temperature range (20~85℃) in
outdoor environment;
Mainly in EP core for xDSL modem transformer
N07 V.S. A101 EP13L @5kHz
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature(℃)
THD(dB)
N07
A101
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
76. ACME Electronics Corporation 76
N07 and A101 are ideal for the transformers of xDSL
modem. Their THD low characteristics are important to
signal transfer for high speed network accessing.
Competitive materials
TDK DN70 Material
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
77. ACME Electronics Corporation 77
A043~4500μi & A061~6000μi:
Dedicated Ethernet LAN pulse transformer materials
A043 for 100Base-T & 100/1000Base-T system and
A061 for 1Giga Base-T system
Applicable temperature range -40~85℃
Excellent DC-Bias characteristics for Ethernet POE
requirement
For tiny ring cores
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
78. ACME Electronics Corporation 78
Initial Permeability V.S. Field Strength
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
Field Strength (Oe)
μi
25℃
-40℃
85℃
70℃
0℃
Test core :T3.05*1.5*2.06
InitialPermeabilityV.S. Field Strength
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Field Strength(Oe)
μi
Test core :T3.05*1.27*2
25℃
-40℃
70℃
0℃
85℃
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
79. ACME Electronics Corporation 79
Innovative LAN Pulse Transformers Material for High Speed Transmission
Pulse Transformer
Ex: High DC-Bias sustainability
N2、A043、A061
Common Mode Choke
Ex: NiZn Ferrite(K08)
Differential Mood Choke
Ex: NiZn Ferrite(L1)
10-100 Base 1000 Base
A043 K08
A061 K08 L1
Competitive
materials
Steward #56 Material
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
80. ACME Electronics Corporation 80
N10: Telecom version of A10
Keep ui>9000 over wide temperature range (-20~85℃),
excellent for outdoor application
Applied in EE, EP,ring cores, …, for CMC, pulse
transformer, and EMI choke
Initial Permeability V.S. Frequency
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Frequency (KHz)
μi
Test core :T13.4*6.7*5.6
Initial Permeability V.S. Temperature
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Temperature(℃)
μi
Test core :T13.4*6.7*5.6
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
81. ACME Electronics Corporation 81
Symbol Unit
Measuring Conditions
A062New
A063New
Freq. Flux den. Temp.
Initial
Permeability
μi 10KHz <0.25mT 25oC
6000±2
5%
6000±25
%
Saturation Flux
Density
Bs mT 10kHz
H=1200
A/m
25oC 460 460
100oC 300 280
Curie
Temperature
Tc oC ≥160 ≥150
Density d g/cm3 4.85 4.85
A062 and A063 are benching and surpassing EPCOS T65 and
Ferronics M material, respectively.
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
82. ACME Electronics Corporation 82
A062
High perm ferrite with high Bs
Designed as ring core type for ballast driver and CMC
under high current
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
83. ACME Electronics Corporation 83
A063 is developed under a request to
replace Ferronics M material for POE and
Telecom applications
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
84. ACME Electronics Corporation 84
A063 is developed under a request to
replace Ferronics M material for POE and
Telecom applications
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
85. ACME Electronics Corporation 85
Applied Frequency
N5 N51
1MHz 100MHz 1GHz
1000
10000
Higher
frequency
Ferrite Roadmap for EMI-suppression
Ni-Zn:K08,K10, K15, K20
5000
10MHz
100
High Perm.:
A151,A121,
A102, A10,
A07, A05
High pass band
InitialPermeability
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend
86. ACME Electronics Corporation 86
InitialPermeability
Applied Frequency
Telecom filters and
chokes:
N4, N43
10KHz 1MHz 10MHz
1000
10000
HF
Under Development
Ferrite Roadmap for Telecom
5000
100KHz
Ni-Zn,High Q filters and
chokes:
L1, L2, L3 L4 L5…
100
High Perm. For xDSL:
A101
High Perm. For outdoor
xDSL:N07
Wide temperature
stability
Pulse X’fmer for LAN:
A043, A061
High Bs for Telecom Wideband
X’fmer: N42
Low THD
Wide temperature
range
High
Bs
2. ACME ferrite road map and development trend