Here you will find; Introduction of Fatema Mernissi. Publications and their influences. Intersectionality: The forgotten queens of Islam. Gender roles; Women's rebellion, Islamic memory.
Fatema Mernissi was born in Morocco on September 27, 1940, and she passed away in Rabat on November 30, 2015. She was a Moroccan sociologist and feminist writer. She began studying political science at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1957 before continuing her studies in the US at Brandeis University, where she earned her PhD in 1974.
This research paper includes scholars analysis of gender inequality in Iran. The sacred text of the Koran and the Islamic religion are contributing factors to patriarchal structures. Iranian women have protested through demonstrations and demanded reforms to traditional laws.
This research paper contains an analysis of gender inequality in Iran. Religious fundamentalist uphold traditional male centered ideologies. Iranian activist have protested at demonstrations and called for reforms. The issue of women's rights deserves attention.
This research paper includes scholars analysis of gender inequality in Iran. The sacred text of the Koran and the Islamic religion are contributing factors to patriarchal structures. Iranian women have protested through demonstrations and demanded reforms to traditional laws.
This research paper contains an analysis of gender inequality in Iran. Religious fundamentalist uphold traditional male centered ideologies. Iranian activist have protested at demonstrations and called for reforms. The issue of women's rights deserves attention.
Rokheya Shekhawat Hossein composed Sultana’s Dream in English and published it in Indian Ladies Magazine in 1905. The text speaks of her attitude toward Muslim patriarchy and her belief that Indian men and women were, as Bharati Ray notes in her Early Feminists of Colonial India, “willing collaborators in their own oppressions”, and that men’s selfishness and women’s mental slavery were/are the two factors causing the degradation of women in India. In her work of fiction she speaks of the middle-class Muslim woman who is doubly oppressed, first for being Muslim and second for being a woman. Rokheya Shekhawat Hossein is primarily concerned with the empowerment of women through education and awareness which are crucial for development.
Deconstruction - A Literary Theory by Jacques Derrida.pdfZia ullah
OUTLINE:
• Jacques #Derrida – A Brief Introduction
• Deconstruction – Simple Definition
• The Evolution of Deconstruction
• Literary Theory – Brief Explanation of Main Hypotheses
• Elements/Components of Deconstruction
• Examples
• Methodology
• Conclusion
Psychology - Difference b/w Structuralism and Functionalism (method of study)Zia ullah
Here you will find; Psychology - Difference b/w Structuralism and Functionalism (method of study). Concept of Structuralism. Concept of Functionalism. Examples. Scholars or Thinkers. Method of Study.
The study of the essential components that serve as the bedrock of conscious experience is the focus of the structuralist school of psychology. This viewpoint highlights the underlying components of conscious experience and deconstructs its structural aspects into things like sensations, feelings, and images, among other things. However, we might examine the minor components that support the mind rather than studying the stimulus as it is.
The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William ShakespeareZia ullah
Here you will see; The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare
➢ Introduction of play
➢ Characters of Julius Caesar
➢ Summary of the Play
➢ Themes of the Play
➢ Famous Quotes from Julius Caesar
William Shakespeare wrote The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, a five-act play, between 1599 and 1600. It was originally printed in 1623 from a prompt book transcription.
Here you will find; What is poetry? A general or personal point of view about poetry. Functions of Poetry. Literature Review. Comparison Between Scholarly definitions and Mine. Conclusion.
Poetry is the combination of the best words in their order. This best order has a rhyming scheme, metrical order and imagination along with a combination of human willpower, ordinary language and sometimes a reflection of life as well as society. It should criticize and interpret human feelings and reform the lives of its readers. The vitality of these qualities should render immense aesthetic pleasure to readers.
Style and Importance of Style in StylisticsZia ullah
Here you will find; Style and Importance of Style in Stylistics. Definition of Style and Stylistics. Scholarly definitions. Importance of Style in Stylistics. Conclusion.
The manner a person writes can be characterized by his/her writing style. It is the writing method that a certain author uses. It differs from writer to writer and is influenced by syntax, word choice, and tone. It can also be referred to as the "voice" that readers hear when they read a writer's work.
Here you will find; Postcolonialism by Frantz Fanon. Concept of self and other. Sense of inadequacy and inferiority. National literature and national culture. Stages of nationnal culture.
The psychological implications of colonialism on both the colonizer and the colonized were examined in his key writings, The Wretched of the Earth (1961) and Black Skin, White Masks (1967). Through representation and discourse, the native, according to Fanon, develops a sense of "self" as defined by the "colonial master," but the colonizer does the opposite and feels superior. As a result, Fanon creates a psychoanalytical theory of postcolonialism in which he contends that the European "Self"...
Here you will find; Marxism by Michel Foucault (1926-1984). Power and knowledge. Discipline and punish. Political thought. Archaeology. Genealogy. Discipline. Sexuality. Power. Biopower. Governmentality. Ethics.
Power is not centralized in one area or in the possession of specific people, according to Michel Foucault. However, power is present in all social interactions and is not only used by the government. Knowledge is closely related to power. Power and knowledge are thus mutually reinforcing. In order to gather more data, exercise more control over its citizens, and produce new sorts of knowledge, the state must have power. Discourse development is required for this.
Here you will find; Marxism by Louis Althusser (1918-1990). Marxism- As a study. Theory of Ideology. Interpellation. Repressive state apparatus (RSA). Ideological state apparatus (ISA). Althusser's criticism humanism.
Marxism is a science that allows us to see how the ruling class continues to dominate society and how they impose their beliefs and ideologies on other classes to preserve this dominance.
People, therefore, live their lives in accordance with these beliefs since they consider them to be natural ones. This is known as the absolute truth as a result.
Here you will find; Marxism by Karl Marx. Introduction of Karl Marx. Marxism and Marx. Marxist Critic has three points. Marxist Criticism.
A political and economic system in which there are no classes and everyone contributes to the betterment of society. George Hegel was an influence on him (his famous work is Dialectal Materialism).
Marx primarily addressed the issues of class conflict, rich/poor, owner and worker.
Here you will find: Listening Skills. Introduction of listening. Scholarly definitions. Components of listening. Methods of listening skills. Techniques of effective listening skills. Types of listening. Activity.
Along with reading, writing, and speaking, it is one of the four primary language learning skills. Therefore, the first stage in learning a language is to develop listening abilities, which are also crucial. Receiving and comprehending are basic steps of active listening. It is also the capacity to take in, grasp, examine, and interpret the thoughts and messages spoken by others.
➢ Introduction ➢ Historical Importance ➢ Harappa ➢ Mohenjo-Daro ➢ Excavations and Discovery ➢ Conclusion
The first recognised urban civilisation on the Indian subcontinent is the Indus valley civilization, commonly referred to as the Indus civilization or Harappan civilization. Although the southern sites may have persisted later into the second millennium BCE, the civilization's nuclear dates appear to be between 250 to 1700 BCE.
Here you will find; Indian National Congress - 1885. Introduction of Party. Formation and early days. After the war of independence. Failure of the Congress. Conclusion.
The Indian National Congress, usually known as the Congress Party, is a major political force in the country. The Indian National Congress, which was founded in 1885, controlled the country's struggle for independence from Great Britain.
Here you will find; Grace before song by Ezra Pound. Text of Poem. Background of Poem. Explanation – stanza wise. Themes in a poem. Literary Devices in the poem. Critical Analysis of the poem. Conclusion (relation of the poem with our lives/society).
Background of Poem
This poem was written in 1920 - after World War I, so it has more association with people who suffered from the war, especially people remaining war in a traumatic situation. After the war the poetry became experimental that’s why its focus is on the mental condition of humans who lost their family members, friends and other relatives. To some extent, this poetry talks about the hopes which are carried by conscious and struggling people of society.
Rokheya Shekhawat Hossein composed Sultana’s Dream in English and published it in Indian Ladies Magazine in 1905. The text speaks of her attitude toward Muslim patriarchy and her belief that Indian men and women were, as Bharati Ray notes in her Early Feminists of Colonial India, “willing collaborators in their own oppressions”, and that men’s selfishness and women’s mental slavery were/are the two factors causing the degradation of women in India. In her work of fiction she speaks of the middle-class Muslim woman who is doubly oppressed, first for being Muslim and second for being a woman. Rokheya Shekhawat Hossein is primarily concerned with the empowerment of women through education and awareness which are crucial for development.
Deconstruction - A Literary Theory by Jacques Derrida.pdfZia ullah
OUTLINE:
• Jacques #Derrida – A Brief Introduction
• Deconstruction – Simple Definition
• The Evolution of Deconstruction
• Literary Theory – Brief Explanation of Main Hypotheses
• Elements/Components of Deconstruction
• Examples
• Methodology
• Conclusion
Psychology - Difference b/w Structuralism and Functionalism (method of study)Zia ullah
Here you will find; Psychology - Difference b/w Structuralism and Functionalism (method of study). Concept of Structuralism. Concept of Functionalism. Examples. Scholars or Thinkers. Method of Study.
The study of the essential components that serve as the bedrock of conscious experience is the focus of the structuralist school of psychology. This viewpoint highlights the underlying components of conscious experience and deconstructs its structural aspects into things like sensations, feelings, and images, among other things. However, we might examine the minor components that support the mind rather than studying the stimulus as it is.
The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William ShakespeareZia ullah
Here you will see; The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare
➢ Introduction of play
➢ Characters of Julius Caesar
➢ Summary of the Play
➢ Themes of the Play
➢ Famous Quotes from Julius Caesar
William Shakespeare wrote The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, a five-act play, between 1599 and 1600. It was originally printed in 1623 from a prompt book transcription.
Here you will find; What is poetry? A general or personal point of view about poetry. Functions of Poetry. Literature Review. Comparison Between Scholarly definitions and Mine. Conclusion.
Poetry is the combination of the best words in their order. This best order has a rhyming scheme, metrical order and imagination along with a combination of human willpower, ordinary language and sometimes a reflection of life as well as society. It should criticize and interpret human feelings and reform the lives of its readers. The vitality of these qualities should render immense aesthetic pleasure to readers.
Style and Importance of Style in StylisticsZia ullah
Here you will find; Style and Importance of Style in Stylistics. Definition of Style and Stylistics. Scholarly definitions. Importance of Style in Stylistics. Conclusion.
The manner a person writes can be characterized by his/her writing style. It is the writing method that a certain author uses. It differs from writer to writer and is influenced by syntax, word choice, and tone. It can also be referred to as the "voice" that readers hear when they read a writer's work.
Here you will find; Postcolonialism by Frantz Fanon. Concept of self and other. Sense of inadequacy and inferiority. National literature and national culture. Stages of nationnal culture.
The psychological implications of colonialism on both the colonizer and the colonized were examined in his key writings, The Wretched of the Earth (1961) and Black Skin, White Masks (1967). Through representation and discourse, the native, according to Fanon, develops a sense of "self" as defined by the "colonial master," but the colonizer does the opposite and feels superior. As a result, Fanon creates a psychoanalytical theory of postcolonialism in which he contends that the European "Self"...
Here you will find; Marxism by Michel Foucault (1926-1984). Power and knowledge. Discipline and punish. Political thought. Archaeology. Genealogy. Discipline. Sexuality. Power. Biopower. Governmentality. Ethics.
Power is not centralized in one area or in the possession of specific people, according to Michel Foucault. However, power is present in all social interactions and is not only used by the government. Knowledge is closely related to power. Power and knowledge are thus mutually reinforcing. In order to gather more data, exercise more control over its citizens, and produce new sorts of knowledge, the state must have power. Discourse development is required for this.
Here you will find; Marxism by Louis Althusser (1918-1990). Marxism- As a study. Theory of Ideology. Interpellation. Repressive state apparatus (RSA). Ideological state apparatus (ISA). Althusser's criticism humanism.
Marxism is a science that allows us to see how the ruling class continues to dominate society and how they impose their beliefs and ideologies on other classes to preserve this dominance.
People, therefore, live their lives in accordance with these beliefs since they consider them to be natural ones. This is known as the absolute truth as a result.
Here you will find; Marxism by Karl Marx. Introduction of Karl Marx. Marxism and Marx. Marxist Critic has three points. Marxist Criticism.
A political and economic system in which there are no classes and everyone contributes to the betterment of society. George Hegel was an influence on him (his famous work is Dialectal Materialism).
Marx primarily addressed the issues of class conflict, rich/poor, owner and worker.
Here you will find: Listening Skills. Introduction of listening. Scholarly definitions. Components of listening. Methods of listening skills. Techniques of effective listening skills. Types of listening. Activity.
Along with reading, writing, and speaking, it is one of the four primary language learning skills. Therefore, the first stage in learning a language is to develop listening abilities, which are also crucial. Receiving and comprehending are basic steps of active listening. It is also the capacity to take in, grasp, examine, and interpret the thoughts and messages spoken by others.
➢ Introduction ➢ Historical Importance ➢ Harappa ➢ Mohenjo-Daro ➢ Excavations and Discovery ➢ Conclusion
The first recognised urban civilisation on the Indian subcontinent is the Indus valley civilization, commonly referred to as the Indus civilization or Harappan civilization. Although the southern sites may have persisted later into the second millennium BCE, the civilization's nuclear dates appear to be between 250 to 1700 BCE.
Here you will find; Indian National Congress - 1885. Introduction of Party. Formation and early days. After the war of independence. Failure of the Congress. Conclusion.
The Indian National Congress, usually known as the Congress Party, is a major political force in the country. The Indian National Congress, which was founded in 1885, controlled the country's struggle for independence from Great Britain.
Here you will find; Grace before song by Ezra Pound. Text of Poem. Background of Poem. Explanation – stanza wise. Themes in a poem. Literary Devices in the poem. Critical Analysis of the poem. Conclusion (relation of the poem with our lives/society).
Background of Poem
This poem was written in 1920 - after World War I, so it has more association with people who suffered from the war, especially people remaining war in a traumatic situation. After the war the poetry became experimental that’s why its focus is on the mental condition of humans who lost their family members, friends and other relatives. To some extent, this poetry talks about the hopes which are carried by conscious and struggling people of society.
Here you will find; Gitanjali peom 12. Text of the Poem. Introduction. Summary Analysis.
He refers that I took a long time and a long way to reach you. When the world was born and when the light was born, the first ray of light came itself he was given birth but he had to travel in many worlds means he had many births and he saw all the wilderness of the worse.
Here you will find: Basic concept of fashion. Early development of fashion. History of fashion. Significance of fashion. Fashion industry. Impact of fashion on youth. Conclusion.
Fashion can be thought of as an ongoing trend. It is a non-verbal form of interaction that says a lot about the characters of the people, upbringing, and communication preferences. It refers to how people dress and the type of outer appearance that most people believe makes them appear fashionable, modern, and intelligent. Though it is comparably more superficial and dynamic, manners and etiquette also play some role in the equation.
Here you will find: Fundamental information about Coronavirus or Covid-19. Facts and figures. Growth of the virus. Preventation from Corona Virus. Future protection against Covid-19.
COVID-19 is a virus caused by acute respiratory syndrome and also known as novel coronavirus or SARS, which was first discovered in late December 2019. It is an RNA virus that is related to influenza (H1N1) and can cause major respiratory issues in affected people. Diagnoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of symptoms may be similar to other viral and bacterial infections.
Here you will find: All India Muslim League. Factors led to the formation of Muslim league. Muslim league after partition. Conclusion.
A political party called the All-India Muslim League was founded in British India in 1906 and became known as the Muslim League. The Nawab of Dhaka, Khwaja Salimullah, proposed the formation of a political party to further the interests of Muslims in British India at the All-India Muslim Education Conference's annual conference in Ahsan Manzil in 1906.
Here you will find; Partition of Bengal. Reasons for Partition of the Bengal. Muslim's Reaction to the Partition. Hindu's Reaction towards Partition. Cancellation of Partition of Bengal.
In 1899, Lord Curzon was appointed Viceroy of India. He was a capable and effective manager. After taking a thorough tour of Bengal province, he concluded that it was too large to be efficiently administered. The provincial Governors have previously voiced their dissatisfaction with the administrative challenges they faced in the big province. Given the province's size and large population, they had suggested its division. The split was completed in 1905 as a result.
Here you will find; What is Reading skill? What is the Purpose of reading? Obstacles (barriers) of effective reading. Techniques of effective reading. Strategies of reading. Methods of reading. Types of reading.
Speaking, Writing, and Listening skills, it is one among the four primary language learning skills. So, it is looking at a collection of written symbols and deriving meaning from them. When we read, our brains translate the written symbols/letters, punctuation, and spaces that our eyes see into words, sentences, and paragraphs that make sense to us. We can read aloud or silently (in our heads).
Data Collection and Data Collection Tools – Research MethodologyZia ullah
This post has the following information; What is data collection? What are data collection tools for research? Interviews (types, advantages and disadvantages), Questionnaires (types, merits and demerits) Advantages of using data collection tools- individually.
The process of collecting and evaluating specific data is known as data collection. It is used to evaluate the outcomes and to propose (suggest) answers to pertinent queries. It focuses on learning more about a specific topic, and additional information is gathered to test hypotheses that attempt to explain a phenomenon.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Feminism by Fatema Mernissi
1. Feminism by Fatema Mernissi (1940-2015)
Fatema Mernissi was born in Morocco on September 27, 1940, and she
passed away in Rabat on November 30, 2015. She was a Moroccan
sociologist and feminist writer. She began studying political science at the
Sorbonne in Paris in 1957 before continuing her studies in the US at Brandeis
University, where she earned her PhD in 1974.
Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society, Mernissi's PhD
thesis which later became a book, acknowledges the influence Muslim
women have on the Islamic faith. Beyond the Veil has also established itself
as a classic on Arab women, particularly in the sociological and
anthropological sciences. Mernissi is recognized for her sociopolitical
stances on gender and sexual identities, particularly those that exist in
Morocco and other Muslim nations.
She claims that Islamic feminists criticize the inferior legal and social status
that is granted to women by law and custom in Islamic countries and
communities, but they dispute that Islam itself is to blame for this situation.
They contend that both the spirit and letter of the Qur'an have been distorted
and that Islam has historically been interpreted in patriarchal and frequently
misogynistic ways. Sharia law, the body of Islamic religious law, is derived
2. from the Qur'an, the religion's sacred text, as well as from the sayings and
deeds of Muhammad and his companions, the Ijma (consensus), and the
Qiyas (reasoning by analogy. Islamic feminists advocate for the egalitarian
(social equality) ethics of Islam by contesting the patriarchal interpretation
of what they refer to as the "medieval male consensus" and quoting Qur'anic
verses and hadiths that support women.
Muslim Personal Law is one of the main focuses of Islamic feminist advocacy
(also known as Muslim Family Law). Marriage, divorce, and testation—the
right of a property owner to designate who will inherit their property upon
their death—are the three main areas of law covered by MPL. Saudi Arabia,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, Sudan, Senegal, Tunisia, Egypt, Indonesia, and
Bangladesh are Muslim nations that have enacted MPL in some form. India
and South Africa are two examples of countries with Muslim minorities that
either have MPL regimes in place or are debating legislation addressing
various MPL issues. Islamic feminists have voiced opposition to the MPL
legislation in many of these nations because it discriminates against women.
Some Islamic feminists are attempting to create versions of MPL that
recognize women's rights because they think it is possible to change MPL
based on the Qur'an and Sunnah, which contains significant input from
Muslim women and does not discriminate against them. Other Islamic
feminists contend that MPL should be rejected rather than modified and that
Muslim women should seek restitution instead under the civil laws of such
states, particularly some in Muslim minority contexts that are democratic
states. Islamic feminists contest the MPL's regulation of polygyny, divorce,
child custody, support, and marital property as well as the legislation's
underlying presumptions, such as the notion that the man should be the
head of the family.
Mernissi contends that patriarchal interpretations of Islamic ethics and
beliefs rather than Islam itself are the source of female oppression in the
Islamic world. Males have always defined and interpreted Islam, and men
who studied theology and wrote in-depth analyses of the Quran and hadiths
were all interested in upholding patriarchy. She emphasizes that Muslim
women in Medina at the time of the Prophet enjoyed the same position as
men as his associates (sahabi) and were able to discuss matters of faith and
morality with him. She contends that one method by which males have made
Islam patriarchal is through the fabrication of the hadith corpus, which is
more than just manipulation. The hadith that were compiled by al-Bukhari
3. is the most trustworthy, however, only 7,257 of the 600,000 hadith that he
really gathered were verified and confirmed to be true. She makes the point
that, if there were as many as 596,725 fake hadiths in use during the time of
Bukhari, which was less than two centuries after the Prophet's passing, one
can easily picture how many made-up and apocryphal hadiths would be used
now.
Publications and their influence
Mernissi was an Islamic feminist who analyzed the development of Islamic
thinking throughout history and its contemporary forms. Her main areas of
interest were Islam and women's responsibilities. She questioned the
veracity of various hadiths and the subordination of women that she
perceives in Islam, although not necessarily in the Qur'an, through a
thorough analysis of the nature of the succession to Muhammad.
The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Islam, her most
well-known work as an Islamic feminist, is a quasi-historical analysis of
Muhammad's wives. The French version was initially published in 1987, and
the English version followed in 1991. Following that, the book was outlawed
in Morocco, Iran, and the Arab countries bordering the Persian Gulf.
She wrote extensively about gender, public and private spaces, and harem
life. An essay in her book, Scheherazade Goes West: Different Cultures,
Different Harems, titled "The Western Women's Harem," explores the
oppression and pressures that women in various countries experience solely
because of their physical attractiveness. She asserts that women must
adhere to stereotyped, culturally imposed standards, such as dress sizes,
whether she examines Moroccan society or Western society. Mernissi
asserts that these Western customs marginalize and mistreat women by
drawing a comparison between clothes size 6 and harems.
Beyond the Veil, Fatima Mernissi's debut book, was revolutionary when it
was published in 1975. Mernissi dismantled the ethnocentric prejudices that
Western culture had created against Islam, particularly against Muslim
women. In contrast to the homogeneous group of "third-world women" that
Western feminism had produced, she distinguished Muslim women.
4. Mernissi also campaigned against the presumption held by the West that
Muslim women were hapless victims of both their religion and its men.
Mernissi emphasized that neither Muslim women nor women in the West
were victims of patriarchy; rather, both groups of women were oppressed
by unique social structures within a religion or civilization that was
established to profit from the marginalization of others. Mernissi added that
although Western women wore veils, Muslim women did too, Western veils
were considerably more covert. She made the claim that youth and beauty
concealed Western women and that once a woman lost these qualities,
society rarely recognized her.
Mernissi dissected the ethnocentric methodology Western Feminism had
been employing and tried to make the diversity required within the global
Feminine movement clearer. Mernissi's contribution is revolutionary
because she made it possible for Muslim women to participate in an initially
primarily Western movement without jeopardizing their religious beliefs.
Mernissi's work demonstrated how Western feminism if it didn't take an
integrated perspective on women's issues, might be harmful to the
empowerment of women all over the world.
"If women's rights are a problem for some modern Muslim men, it is neither
because of the Koran nor the Prophet, nor the Islamic tradition, but simply
because those rights conflict with the interests of a male elite," Mernissi
states in the preface to The Veil and the Male Elite (1991), adding that she
had no doubts about this "one thing" when she finished writing the book.
Intersectionality: The Forgotten Queens of Islam
In her work, "The Forgotten Queens of Islam," Fatima Mernissi takes an
intersectional approach to understand how social and political identities
that led to discrimination shaped women's places throughout early Islamic
history. Her goal was to dispel myths about the lack of women in politics and
other positions of authority and bring to light the tremendous contributions
that women had made throughout early Islamic history. She accomplishes
this by changing how women are portrayed in historiographies and
examining the leadership roles that women played throughout Islamic
history. Even though men were awarded religious titles, she asserts that
5. women occupied influential political positions. The numerous historical
narratives she provides about fifteen women and the active roles they played
in pre-modern Islam politics serve as an example of this.
Mernissi also makes a distinction between "Political Islam," a time of
dramatic change during which women's roles were ignored or neglected,
and "Rislala Islam," a time during which women's lives underwent a
transformation. By underlining their involvement in politics, religion, and
cultural transformation, she made a significant contribution to the body of
academic work on women's prominence in Islamic history outside of their
customary positions.
Gender Roles: Women’s Rebellion & Islamic Memory
Fatima Mernissi examines how women fit into the context of modern Islam
in her book Women's Rebellion & Islamic Memory. She contributes to
redefining the mythology around sexual identity and gender roles in the
Islamic world by examining these concepts. Mernissi examines some of the
most notable topics to do with the position of Muslim women, such as the
hiding of women's contribution to the economies of Arab states. Mernissi
also explores various demographics, such as education and literacy. She
utilizes this to illustrate the significance of these elements for both the health
and empowerment of women in Islam.
Mernissi also examines how the state affects gender roles and what happens
when that state promotes inequality. In the end, Mernissi contends that the
only way for the Arab world to advance is by letting go of these oppressive
customs and standards for women. Mernissi's writing, which focuses on
challenges affecting Muslim women in the Arab world, has a significant
impact on Islamic feminism, intersectionality, and global feminism. The
difficulties of sexual identity and gender roles, in particular, as well as the
potential implications they can have on women's empowerment and health,
were some of the special issues that women in the Islamic world face.
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