This document discusses feeding practices for different poultry species, including ducks, Japanese quail, turkeys, and geese. For ducks, it describes the Khaki Campbell and Pekin breeds, and notes their egg production potential. It discusses nutrient requirements for white Pekin ducks and issues like aflatoxin poisoning in ducks. For quail, it provides details on their history and advantages for farming. For turkeys, it outlines starter diets and poult viability considerations. Finally, it notes geese are largely herbivorous and their energy and protein requirements vary by life stage.
This is an essential tool for poultry management. Lighting is the unavoidable management practice for successful poultry rearing. Present ppt prepared based on the basic rule of light required for chicken with practical aspect. I hoped students will be benefited with this presentation.
exotic breeds
.Based on the place of origin (Standard or official classification)
.Based on utility, economics or commercial value
Turkey breeds, quail varieties, duck breeds, comb types
Care and Management of Pregnant Cows and EwesPervaiz Dar
Pregnancy is central to care and management of animals. Healthy Pregnant Animals means a Healthy and Prosperous Farm. Pregnant animals need special care for example they need suitable ration to reduce the possibility of diseases like milk fever and ketosis at the time of calving and also to ensure adequate milk production. There are other aspects which need to be cared about pregnant animals which we discuss in this presentation.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age.
The non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used in animal feeding and or are not normally used in commercially produced rations for livestock.
NCFR include commonly, a variety of feeds from perennial crops and feeds of animal and industrial origin.
three systems used to feed sheep and goats and How and why flushing is applie...Abdirashid Ahmed HUSSEIN
The economic profitable program of sheep feeding is depending on the environment condition,
predators, rainfall and animal bites insect such as (test fly and ticks etc), in the areas with high
above factors the intensive sheep production system are better for production and economically,
while in the good pastures without above factors the semi-intensive sheep production system are
better for economicall
Introduction about quail
Advantages of quail farming
Housing
Feeding
Egg and meat production
Nutrient content in egg and meat
Incubation and hatching
Chicks management
Quail diseases and its management
Centers for parent quails and interesting facts about quail etc.,
This is an essential tool for poultry management. Lighting is the unavoidable management practice for successful poultry rearing. Present ppt prepared based on the basic rule of light required for chicken with practical aspect. I hoped students will be benefited with this presentation.
exotic breeds
.Based on the place of origin (Standard or official classification)
.Based on utility, economics or commercial value
Turkey breeds, quail varieties, duck breeds, comb types
Care and Management of Pregnant Cows and EwesPervaiz Dar
Pregnancy is central to care and management of animals. Healthy Pregnant Animals means a Healthy and Prosperous Farm. Pregnant animals need special care for example they need suitable ration to reduce the possibility of diseases like milk fever and ketosis at the time of calving and also to ensure adequate milk production. There are other aspects which need to be cared about pregnant animals which we discuss in this presentation.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age.
The non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used in animal feeding and or are not normally used in commercially produced rations for livestock.
NCFR include commonly, a variety of feeds from perennial crops and feeds of animal and industrial origin.
three systems used to feed sheep and goats and How and why flushing is applie...Abdirashid Ahmed HUSSEIN
The economic profitable program of sheep feeding is depending on the environment condition,
predators, rainfall and animal bites insect such as (test fly and ticks etc), in the areas with high
above factors the intensive sheep production system are better for production and economically,
while in the good pastures without above factors the semi-intensive sheep production system are
better for economicall
Introduction about quail
Advantages of quail farming
Housing
Feeding
Egg and meat production
Nutrient content in egg and meat
Incubation and hatching
Chicks management
Quail diseases and its management
Centers for parent quails and interesting facts about quail etc.,
The emu is the second-largest living bird by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. It is endemic to Australia where it is the largest native bird and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius.
Emus are soft-feathered, brown, flightless birds with long necks and legs, and can reach up to 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) in height. Emus can travel great distances, and when necessary can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph); they forage for a variety of plants and insects, but have been known to go for weeks without eating. They drink infrequently, but take in copious amounts of water when the opportunity arises. They are long lived up to 30years.
Egiyok presents here the varying poultry farming prevalent. There are detailed descriptions and illustrations, so as to make sure that the viewer could understand the categories. Egiyok is a B to B website that fulfills all the needs of the poultry industry in India.
Quails are smaller sized bird, so they can be raised within small place.
Quails grow very fast and gain maturity faster than any other poultry birds. Adult broiler quail weights around 210 gm at 4 weeks of age.
Many farmers have been unable to successfully breed African Catfish.Several attempts made have given unfruitful results. In this guide, Lanre Ogunsina lists his own simple 19 proven steps to efficiently breed the African Catfish.
Due to the difficulties of getting consistent, fast growing, disease resistant and uniform sized catfish fingerlings and juveniles, the African Catfish Hatchery came into existence.
In the African Catfish Hatchery, catfish fry ‘come out’ from eggs under an artificial condition in commercial numbers. These fry grow into fingerlings and they later become juveniles.
Similar to Feeding of differet sps of poultry (20)
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. 1. FEEDING OF DUCKS
General Information on Production Traits Ducks occupy
an important position next to chicken farming in India.
Feeding of ducks in rural India is mostly done under
range system.
Duck keepers move from village to village with their
flocks. Ducks mostly feed on grains, insects, forage,
etc. that are available in different fields after
harvesting the crop. They also get fish, etc. from the
local streams, canals.
Farmer may hire the duck keeper to keep the ducks
on their farm lands in order to get the manure during
the nights. Eggs are collected the next day morning.
3. Khaki Campbell's
Are noted for their egg production potential and
yield 250-300 eggs per year. Khaki Campbell
duck originated by crossing a Malaysian
Indian Runner female with a Rouen male.
A strain of Khaki Campbell ducks developed in
Holland produced between 335 and 340 eggs
per duck per 365 days
The egg size was 73.4 g. This indicates their
potential.
4.
5. Pekin Duck
In China Pekin Duck is a famous food and the roasted
ducks have been the most relished dish of Emperors and high
officials in Peking since 1368 AD.
They were taken to Newyork in 1873 after one hundred and
twenty four day voyage and there became Pekin Ducks. Of
several breeds of meaty ducks, the Pekin duck has been by
far the most popular meat duck in the world. White Pekin
ducks are broiler type.
They attain a body weight of 3.3 kg to 3.6 kg by 8 weeks
of age and cumulative feed consumption is about 10 kg
(9.6 to 9.9 kg) .
Central Duck Breeding Farm (CDBF), Hessarghatta,
Bangalore imported Vigova-Super M broiler ducks from
Vietnam.
Vigova would weigh 3 kg at 49 days of age.
6.
7.
8. Digestive System and Feeding Habit
Ducks do not have a crop and their
proventriculus is cylindrical. The absence of a crop
is probably responsible for the faster rate of passage
of ingesta in ducks than in broilers.
Ducks are voracious eaters and foragers too.
Apart from compound feeds, snails, earthworms,
and insects, vegetation also form a part of their diet
when reared in ponds which reduce the feed cost.
Ducks have difficulty in swallowing dry mash.
When fed dry mash, they will take mouthful and
swill it down at the nearest water source, thus
wasting a great amount of nutrients in the water.
9. This kind of feeding behaviour is related to the
structure of the bill.
The structures of the duck's bill which allow
efficient straining of submerged food materials as
well as the consumption of the most dry food
particles of appropriate size, are not well
designed for the consumption of mixed feeds in
the dry mash form.
Most mashes form a sticky paste when mixed with
saliva and adhere to the papillae and other
structures bordering the outer margin of the
tongue and upper and lower bill.
10. This caking interferes with the movement of the food
mass to the tongue where it is normally rotated and
coated with saliva and then propelled back to the
esophagus for swallowing.
This interference results in a reduction in feed intake and
an increase in feed wastage which occurs when the
duck attempts to shake or wash off the mash adhering
to its mouthparts.
Pellet feeding has become popular and is
practiced in all the commercial farms of the
developed countries because of wastage and_labour
intensive nature of wet mash feeding. Ducks prefer
pellets to mash
when given a choice. The acceptable pellet size for a
newly hatched pekin duckling is 3.97 mm pellet
11. During the first two weeks for starter duck
rations, the pellet diameter is 3.18 mm to 3.97 mm
with length not more than 8 mm. Excessively long
pellets are also difficult for the duckling to swallow.
After about two weeks of age, Pekin duckling can
consume pellets of 4.76 mm in diameter and about
13 mm in length without difficulty.
12. Nutrient Requirement of White Pekin
Ducks
A typical three-feed programme provides 20, 18 and 16%
protein for the periods from 0-2, 2-4 and 4-7 weeks,
respectively. The feed efficiency and carcass fat may be
improved when dietary energy is increased.
NRC (1994) gave two-feed programme (Table 12). A diet
containing 22%protein for the period of 0 to 2 weeks and a
16% protein diet for the period from 2 to 7 weeks. These
requirement data are presented on the basis of 90% dietary
DM, which approximates most feeding conditions .
Nutritional requirements of ducks differ considerably
from those of chickens, and duck are less affected by
dietary bulk than chickens; hence some lower cost feed
ingredients can be used at fairly high levels in duck feeds.
It was reported that the MEn values of several feedstuffs
were very similar for ducks and broiler chickens.
13.
14. Aflatoxin poisoning in ducks:
Ducks are very much susceptible to aflatoxin .while
guinea fowls and chickens are the most tolerant. Ducks can
tolerate to the extent of 0.03 ppm as against 0.2 ppm in
case of chickens.
Muller et al. (1970) fed graded levels of aflatoxin to a variety
of birds and found that the order of toxicity ranged
from greatest for ducklings through turkey poults, goslings,
pheasants to the lowest level of toxicity in chicks.
Fernando et al. (1977, 1984) reported that aflatoxin B1 is
more toxic to ducks than is aflatoxin M1 Aflatoxin
metabolism is 90 times faster in the duck liver than in rat
liver.
A number of studies have. indicated that the reason for the
exceptional toxicity of aflatoxin B1 for ducks is that this
species contain a very high level of enzyme in the liver to
convert aflatoxin B1 to 'aflatoxicol' (B2 > B1 >
aflatoxicol).
15. Even though aflatoxin cause serious
damage to both growing dukling and laying ducks.
No aflatoxins have been found to' be carried
over into eggs; nor have they been shown to
cause any testicular damage in drakes.
Hafez etal. (1979) could find no aflatoxins in
eggs of ducks fed 8.1 mg of aflatoxin per kg of
diet over a 3 week period.
The hens soon stopped laying and showed
follicular atresia of the ovaries
16. Accumulation of Methylmercury
In a few instances, mercury has been known to
contaminate lakes or ponds via spills from factories.
Methylmercury is produced in large part by
microorganisms in the bottom of lakes and ponds
where natural deposits of mercury compounds are
found in the soil of the lake bed.
These microorganisms methylate the inorganic
mercury, thus producing a fat-soluble form of mercury
that can be taken up by the algae or other plant life
in the lake.
Small fishes consume the algae, larger fishes and
diving ducks consume the small fishes,
thereby accumulating methylmercury in their fatty
tissues particularly in the liver.
17. 2.Japanese Quail
HISTORY
• First domesticated in Japan in 1595
• There are two species of quail in India:
A. The black-breasted quail found in jungle
B. The brown-coloured Japanese Quail
• Introduced in India in 1974 from California
18. Quail farming as economically viable and
technically feasible
Quails are very robust to diseases
Very short generation interval
No vaccination is required
Low space requirement
Early maturity
Very high laying intensity- female starts laying at an age
of 42 days
19. Advantages of quail farming
Requires minimum floor space
Needs low investment
Quails are comparatively sturdy birds
Can be marketed at an early age ie. five weeks
Early sexual maturity - starts laying eggs in about
six to seven weeks of age
High rate of egg laying -280 eggs per year
20. HOUSING
Deep litter system
6 quails can be reared in a sq.ft. of floor
space.
After 2 weeks, Quails can be reared in cages
This will help to gain good body weight.
21. Nutrient Requirements for
Japanese Quail
Japanese quails reach adult body weight in about
5-6 weeks and start laying eggs for the next 12 to 18
months, Quails are becoming popular as an alternate
meat bird to the broiler chicken.
Since feed consumption is low broiler quails
require high levels of protein (27%) and critical
amino acids in the diet.
Energy requirement is 2750 Kcal ME/kg. Comparatively
lower levels of nutrients seem to be satisfactory for
egg production (CP 22%; ME 2650 Kcal/kg).
Work on nutrient requirements had been done at
Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), Izatanagar in
22.
23. Egg production
Smaller eggs than chicken
Average age at first egg production is about
50 days
Average egg production 280-300/year
Eggs laid between 3-5 pm
Eggs are multicoloured (dark brown, white,
buff, blue etc)
Egg wt. is 10-12 g
26. 3. Feeding of Turkey
Turkey birds are mainly reared for meat
purpose in India since turkey provides excellent
meat.
Turkey birds are reared in Central Poultry
Breeding Farm (CPBF), Hessarghatta near
Bangalore. They are as efficient as chicken in the
utilization of feed for growth.
The breeds reared in CPBF are Broad Breasted
Bronze turkey and Broad breasted Large
White turkey. The data on average body weight
and feed efficiency as published by CPBF,
27.
28. Nutrient requirements of Turkeys are higher
because of their faster growth.
The protein requirement of poults is 28% during 0
to 4 weeks and the energy requirement for the
corresponding period is 2800 Kcal MEn per kg
diet.
The energy and protein requirement of turkey (20
to 24 weeks for males and 17 to 20 weeks for
females) are 3300 Kcal MEn/kg diet and
14%,(NRC, 1994).
Turkey's requirement particularly for vitamins A,
D,
Niacin and choline is substantially higher than for
29. Starter diets and poult viability
Feeder management and feed texture are just as
important as feed formulation in influencing early
poult growth.
Poults are much more reluctant to eat mash
rather than crumbled feed, and this phenomenon
is most evident in the7 – 14 d growth period .
Quality crumbles and then quality pellets are
important to ensure optimum feed intake.
During the first week, poults should not have to
move too far to find feed and water.
It is good management practice to ‘overfill’
feeders at this time, to ensure easy access to
feed, even though this creates some feed
wastage .
30. There has always been higher mortality in the first
week in turkeys compared to chickens.
Mortality of 1 – 2% in the first 7 d is still common,
and in part, this may relate to feeding program.
As its name implies ‘starve-out’ is caused by
failure of poults to eat and/or drink, even though
feed is apparently readily accessible.
For whatever reasons, metabolic conditions
cause lethargy in some poults and they seem
reluctant to feed and drink.
The situation may be compounded by hatchery
conditions such as beak trimming, vaccinating,
detoeing and desnooding of male poults
31.
32. Broiler turkeys
• There has been a decline in production of broiler
turkeys, essentially due to competition with large
roaster chickens.
• None of the commercial breeders now have a
strain specifically designed for this market.
• Feeding programs for small females essentially
entail quicker scheduling of diets with earlier
moves to higher energy diets.
• It is very difficult to obtain sufficient fat depots on
males for this 6 –6.5 kg broiler category and so
they are rarely used for this purpose.
• Turkey hens will be around 5kg at 10 weeks and
6.5 kg at 12 weeks with feed conversion at 1.8 –
2.0.
33.
34.
35. 4.FEEDING OF GEESE
Geese are largely herbivorous. Geese are reared under
three different systems
1.The goslings are fed starter diets for 2 weeks in
confinement and ther after allowed for foraging
2.The goslings are fed limited amounts of feed
throughout the growing period and allowed for
foraging
3.The gosling are provided feed adlibitum consumpstion
in confinement. the energy and protein requirement of
geese during 0-4weeks is 2900kcal MEn/kg diet and
20% while requirement of energy and protein after
4weeks is3000k cal and 15%(NRC1994)
36.
37. Because geese produce relatively few eggs, their
nutrient requirements for egg production are not
greatly increased over maintenance – or at least not
increased for any sustained period.
In order to control body weight, breeder candidates
should be offered holding diets soon after selection
,and this feed offered on a restricted basis up to time
of maturity.
Specialized breeder diets can be introduced 2 – 3
weeks prior to anticipated first egg, or alternatively
the birds fed increasing quantities of the holding diet
together with 3 – 4 g calcium/d as large particle
limestone or oyster shell.
If breeders are retained for subsequent breeding
seasons,then holding diets and/or grains with
minerals and vitamins should be allocated according