This summarizes a document describing a new method for random number generation using linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) as boundary conditions for a one-dimensional cellular automaton (CA). The outputs of two uncoupled LFSRs are used as inputs to the left and right boundary cells of the CA. Testing the output string of the central CA cell using the Diehard statistical tests showed it passed all tests, performing better than previous methods using fixed or periodic boundary conditions. The design exhibits good randomness, parallelism, and is suitable for VLSI implementation.
ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY CELLULAR AUTOMATA BOUNDARY CONDITIONSijcsit
We present the findings of analysis of elementary cellular automata (ECA) boundary conditions. Fixed and variable boundaries are attempted. The outputs of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) act as continuous inputs to the two boundaries of a one-dimensional (1-D) Elementary Cellular Automata (ECA) are analyzed and compared. The results show superior randomness features and the output string has passed the Diehard statistical battery of tests. The design has strong correlation immunity and it is inherently amenable for VLSI implementation. Therefore it can be considered to be a good and viable candidate for parallel pseudo random number generation
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modification to the traditional carry select adder (CSLA) circuit to reduce its area and power consumption. The modified CSLA replaces the full adders used for carry inputs of 1 with smaller and less complex binary excess-1 converters (BEC). Evaluation shows the proposed design has lower area (reduced logic gates) and power usage than a regular CSLA, with only a small increase in delay. Simulation results confirm the modified CSLA achieves area and power reductions compared to the traditional CSLA structure.
This document discusses quantum logic synthesis. It begins by comparing traditional and quantum circuits, describing features like superposition and entanglement in quantum computers. It then covers reversible computation and common quantum gates like CNOT, Toffoli, and Fredkin. Various synthesis frameworks are introduced, including RMRLS, DDS, and their hybrid RMDDS. The document provides examples of quantum gate applications and references several foundational works.
This document summarizes Nathan Wendt's final project for EE321, which involved designing third-order passive frequency-selective circuits. Section I derives the general transfer function and analyzes low-pass behavior. Section II examines the low-pass frequency response and Butterworth design. Section III designs a high-pass Butterworth filter. MATLAB is used throughout to simulate and analyze the circuit designs.
Nowadays exponential advancement in reversible comp
utation has lead to better fabrication and
integration process. It has become very popular ove
r the last few years since reversible logic circuit
s
dramatically reduce energy loss. It consumes less p
ower by recovering bit loss from its unique input-o
utput
mapping. This paper presents two new gates called
RC-I and RC-II to design an n-bit signed binary
comparator where simulation results show that the p
roposed circuit works correctly and gives significa
ntly
better performance than the existing counterparts.
An algorithm has been presented in this paper for
constructing an optimized reversible n-bit signed c
omparator circuit. Moreover some lower bounds have
been proposed on the quantum cost, the numbers of g
ates used and the number of garbage outputs
generated for designing a low cost reversible sign
ed comparator. The comparative study shows that the
proposed design exhibits superior performance consi
dering all the efficiency parameters of reversible
logic
design which includes number of gates used, quantum
cost, garbage output and constant inputs. This
proposed design has certainly outperformed all the
other existing approaches.
A modular abstraction is presented to implement model predictive control (MPC) on a three phase two level voltage source inverter to control its output current. Traditional ways of coded implementation do not provide insights into the complex nature of MPC; hence a more intuitive, logical and flexible approach for hardware implementation is conceptualized in the form of signal flow graphs (SFGs) for estimation, prediction and optimization. Simulation results show good performance of the approach and easier code generation for real time implementation. RL load is assumed for the inverter and the importance of choosing load inductance and sampling time ratio is emphasized for better control performance.
This document contains a 30 question multiple choice test on electronics topics. The questions cover areas like signals and systems, communication systems, analog and digital electronics, and CMOS circuits. Some sample questions include determining the output signal frequency of a cascade of T flip flops, simplifying a Boolean function expressed as a sum of minterms, and calculating the load current in an N output current mirror circuit. The test is part of the recruitment process for scientists and engineers at the Indian Space Research Organisation.
This document discusses different graph kernel methods including shortest path kernel, graphlet kernel, and Weisfeiler-Lehman kernel. It outlines the algorithms for each kernel and describes how they are used to compute similarity between graphs. An experiment is described that tests the performance of each kernel on different types of graph datasets using 10-fold SVM classification. The graphlet kernel achieved the highest accuracy while shortest path kernel had the lowest. Graphlet kernel also had the highest computational time complexity.
ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY CELLULAR AUTOMATA BOUNDARY CONDITIONSijcsit
We present the findings of analysis of elementary cellular automata (ECA) boundary conditions. Fixed and variable boundaries are attempted. The outputs of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) act as continuous inputs to the two boundaries of a one-dimensional (1-D) Elementary Cellular Automata (ECA) are analyzed and compared. The results show superior randomness features and the output string has passed the Diehard statistical battery of tests. The design has strong correlation immunity and it is inherently amenable for VLSI implementation. Therefore it can be considered to be a good and viable candidate for parallel pseudo random number generation
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modification to the traditional carry select adder (CSLA) circuit to reduce its area and power consumption. The modified CSLA replaces the full adders used for carry inputs of 1 with smaller and less complex binary excess-1 converters (BEC). Evaluation shows the proposed design has lower area (reduced logic gates) and power usage than a regular CSLA, with only a small increase in delay. Simulation results confirm the modified CSLA achieves area and power reductions compared to the traditional CSLA structure.
This document discusses quantum logic synthesis. It begins by comparing traditional and quantum circuits, describing features like superposition and entanglement in quantum computers. It then covers reversible computation and common quantum gates like CNOT, Toffoli, and Fredkin. Various synthesis frameworks are introduced, including RMRLS, DDS, and their hybrid RMDDS. The document provides examples of quantum gate applications and references several foundational works.
This document summarizes Nathan Wendt's final project for EE321, which involved designing third-order passive frequency-selective circuits. Section I derives the general transfer function and analyzes low-pass behavior. Section II examines the low-pass frequency response and Butterworth design. Section III designs a high-pass Butterworth filter. MATLAB is used throughout to simulate and analyze the circuit designs.
Nowadays exponential advancement in reversible comp
utation has lead to better fabrication and
integration process. It has become very popular ove
r the last few years since reversible logic circuit
s
dramatically reduce energy loss. It consumes less p
ower by recovering bit loss from its unique input-o
utput
mapping. This paper presents two new gates called
RC-I and RC-II to design an n-bit signed binary
comparator where simulation results show that the p
roposed circuit works correctly and gives significa
ntly
better performance than the existing counterparts.
An algorithm has been presented in this paper for
constructing an optimized reversible n-bit signed c
omparator circuit. Moreover some lower bounds have
been proposed on the quantum cost, the numbers of g
ates used and the number of garbage outputs
generated for designing a low cost reversible sign
ed comparator. The comparative study shows that the
proposed design exhibits superior performance consi
dering all the efficiency parameters of reversible
logic
design which includes number of gates used, quantum
cost, garbage output and constant inputs. This
proposed design has certainly outperformed all the
other existing approaches.
A modular abstraction is presented to implement model predictive control (MPC) on a three phase two level voltage source inverter to control its output current. Traditional ways of coded implementation do not provide insights into the complex nature of MPC; hence a more intuitive, logical and flexible approach for hardware implementation is conceptualized in the form of signal flow graphs (SFGs) for estimation, prediction and optimization. Simulation results show good performance of the approach and easier code generation for real time implementation. RL load is assumed for the inverter and the importance of choosing load inductance and sampling time ratio is emphasized for better control performance.
This document contains a 30 question multiple choice test on electronics topics. The questions cover areas like signals and systems, communication systems, analog and digital electronics, and CMOS circuits. Some sample questions include determining the output signal frequency of a cascade of T flip flops, simplifying a Boolean function expressed as a sum of minterms, and calculating the load current in an N output current mirror circuit. The test is part of the recruitment process for scientists and engineers at the Indian Space Research Organisation.
This document discusses different graph kernel methods including shortest path kernel, graphlet kernel, and Weisfeiler-Lehman kernel. It outlines the algorithms for each kernel and describes how they are used to compute similarity between graphs. An experiment is described that tests the performance of each kernel on different types of graph datasets using 10-fold SVM classification. The graphlet kernel achieved the highest accuracy while shortest path kernel had the lowest. Graphlet kernel also had the highest computational time complexity.
Wang-Landau Monte Carlo simulation is a method for calculating the density of states function which can then be used to calculate thermodynamic properties like the mean value of variables. It improves on traditional Monte Carlo methods which struggle at low temperatures due to complicated energy landscapes with many local minima separated by large barriers. The Wang-Landau algorithm calculates the density of states function directly rather than relying on sampling configurations, allowing it to overcome barriers and fully explore the configuration space even at low temperatures.
The document discusses minimum spanning trees and algorithms for finding them. It defines a minimum spanning tree as a tree containing all vertices of a graph with the minimum total weight. It presents Kruskal's algorithm, Prim's algorithm, and Baruvka's algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees and analyzes their running times of O(m log n). While each algorithm has the same worst-case running time, they differ in their approaches and data structures used. The document concludes there is no clear winner among these three algorithms for finding minimum spanning trees.
This document contains exam questions for the subject Digital Communication. It has two parts - Part A and Part B. Part A focuses on digital communication systems, sampling, PCM, delta modulation, line coding techniques and adaptive equalization. Part B covers passband transmission schemes, modulation techniques like BPSK, MSK, spread spectrum techniques and correlation receivers. The questions test concepts like block diagrams, derivations, explanations and comparisons related to digital communication topics.
This document provides an overview of analyzing transient responses in R-L-C circuits with DC excitation. It begins by establishing the objectives of understanding the differential equations that describe such circuits and the different types of responses: overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped. The document then examines the response of a series R-L-C circuit due to a DC voltage source in detail. It derives the second-order differential equation that describes the circuit and shows how to find the natural and complete responses. Based on the characteristics of the differential equation, it classifies the responses as overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped. Finally, it provides an example problem of calculating circuit variables at time t=0
This document describes a complex real-time datastage scenario involving inverse pivoting of data. It involves generating an extra column with the value "1", concatenating columns, using a copy stage with one link going to a remove duplicate stage and another to a lookup stage, and combining the data in a transformer stage before pivoting the data and filtering to the specified output. Screenshots are offered to further clarify the scenario.
Design of a Pseudo-Random Binary Code Generator via a Developed Simulation ModelIDES Editor
This paper presents a developed tool for Pseudo-
Random Binary Code generator (PRBCG). Based on extensive
study of LFSR theory we developed the simulation model of
PRBCG. The developed model is faster and simulates the
process for very high length of Linear Feedback Shift Registers
(LFSRs). We tested our model for the value n = 300 where n is
the length of the LFSR. The developed software model is also
capable of providing the transition states of different bits of
LFSRs. Further, the model has capability of switching to any
possible characteristic polynomial (feedback connections) of
n-bit LFSR. Also, the model is designed such that it can
accommodate all the possible initial conditions (2n) of LFSR
This document presents the design and implementation of optimized reversible sequential and combinational circuits for VLSI applications. Reversible logic is used to reduce power dissipation, which is important for low power VLSI design. Novel designs of reversible latches and flip-flops are proposed to optimize quantum cost, delay, and garbage outputs. Combinational circuits including multiplexers, adders, and subtractors are designed using reversible logic gates. An 8-bit reversible full adder/subtractor is also implemented. The circuits are simulated using Xilinx ISE and EDA tools to analyze power consumption and area. Overall, the document discusses reversible logic circuit designs and their potential for low power VLSI applications.
I am Martin J. I am a DSP System Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Master's in Matlab, University of Maryland. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to the DSP System.
Visit matlabassignmentexperts.com or email info@matlabassignmentexperts.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with DSP System Assignment.
Low Power Adaptive FIR Filter Based on Distributed ArithmeticIJERA Editor
This paper aims at implementation of a low power adaptive FIR filter based on distributed arithmetic (DA) with
low power, high throughput, and low area. Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm is used to update the weight
and decrease the mean square error between the current filter output and the desired response. The pipelined
Distributed Arithmetic table reduces switching activity and hence it reduces power. The power consumption is
reduced by keeping bit-clock used in carry-save accumulation much faster than clock of rest of the operations.
We have implemented it in Quartus II and found that there is a reduction in the total power and the core dynamic
power by 31.31% and 100.24% respectively when compared with the architecture without DA table
The document provides an introduction to quantum computing fundamentals using an object-oriented approach. It discusses quantum theory, registers, gates and simulations. Key concepts covered include superposition, matrix operations, single and multi-qubit gates like Pauli-X, CNOT and their representations. The presenter aims to demonstrate quantum computing principles via a .NET simulator called Q#.
The document discusses the Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) method for solving load flow problems. FDLF is based on the Newton-Raphson method but further simplifies the load flow equations by assuming that active power changes are more sensitive to voltage angle changes and reactive power changes are more sensitive to voltage magnitude changes. This allows the Jacobian matrix to be separated into two square submatrices related to voltage angle and magnitude. FDLF requires fewer iterations than Newton-Raphson, has higher reliability, and is faster and uses less storage. The method is physically justifiable and can be used in optimization studies involving multiple load flow solutions.
- The document discusses topics related to embedded systems design and computer communication networks. It contains 8 questions with subparts related to topics like ISO-OSI reference model, error detection codes, communication protocols, Ethernet, IP addressing, routing algorithms, TCP/UDP, and optical fiber communication.
- The questions are from past exam papers and assess knowledge of fundamental concepts in embedded systems and computer networks. Responses are expected to include explanations, derivations, diagrams and short notes on various technical topics as relevant to the questions.
1) The document discusses topics related to digital communication systems including sampling theory, PCM, delta modulation, line coding techniques, and spread spectrum.
2) It asks questions about deriving expressions, sketching spectra, block diagrams, and analyzing digital modulation techniques.
3) The exam covers two parts - Part A focuses on digital modulation concepts while Part B covers advanced topics like DPSK, channel coding, and adaptive equalization.
The document describes a method called the "Four Russians method" to speed up Bayesian Hidden Markov Model (HMM) classification by exploiting repetition in long observation sequences. The key ideas are to break the observation sequence into blocks of length k and compute the forward variables only at block boundaries, and to sample the hidden state sequence block-by-block from the backward-forward distribution rather than the full backward distribution. This reduces the computational complexity from O(TN^2) to O(TNk/k^2) = O(TN/k).
This document contains a 14 question multiple choice exam on electrical engineering concepts. The questions cover topics like electric fields, Gauss's law, magnetic fields, capacitance, electromagnetic waves, transmission lines, semiconductors, superconductors, and ferromagnetism. For each question there is a short explanation of the correct answer. The exam tests understanding of fundamental EE concepts and relationships.
The document contains questions from an examination on Artificial Intelligence and Agent Technology. It asks students to answer any five full questions out of eight questions provided. The questions cover various topics in AI including state space search, knowledge representation using predicate logic and frames, non-monotonic reasoning, Bayesian networks, and probabilistic inference. Students are expected to explain concepts, provide examples, represent problems logically, and solve problems using appropriate AI techniques.
This document contains questions for an M.Tech examination in VLSI Design. It asks students to answer any five of ten questions. The questions cover topics like CMOS inverter transfer characteristics, MESFET drain current equations, BiCMOS vs CMOS technologies, MOSFET small signal modeling, Carbon nanotube FET operation, super buffers, pass transistor logic gates, multiplexer design using CMOS transmission gates, and VLSI design principles like hierarchy, regularity and modularity. The document tests students' understanding of fundamental analog and digital VLSI analysis and design concepts.
The document contains questions that appear to be from an exam on embedded systems design and biomedical signal processing. It includes 10 questions split into two parts (A and B) on these topics. Some of the questions ask students to:
- Describe design metrics that may compete with one another in embedded systems.
- Derive an expression for the percentage revenue loss of a product based on rise angle.
- Determine volumes that yield lowest total cost for different IC technologies.
- Explain concepts like pipelining, digital filters, real-time clocks, and data reduction algorithms.
I am Martin J. I am a Digital Signal Processing Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Matlab, Arizona University, USA. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 6 years. I solve assignments related to Digital Signal Processing.
Visit matlabassignmentexperts.com or email info@matlabassignmentexperts.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Digital Signal Processing Assignments.
1. The document discusses and compares the key mobile technologies GSM and CDMA.
2. It explains the underlying technologies of TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA that each standard uses.
3. CDMA uses codes to separate users and allows multiple users to access the same channel, providing better spectrum utilization compared to other standards.
Wang-Landau Monte Carlo simulation is a method for calculating the density of states function which can then be used to calculate thermodynamic properties like the mean value of variables. It improves on traditional Monte Carlo methods which struggle at low temperatures due to complicated energy landscapes with many local minima separated by large barriers. The Wang-Landau algorithm calculates the density of states function directly rather than relying on sampling configurations, allowing it to overcome barriers and fully explore the configuration space even at low temperatures.
The document discusses minimum spanning trees and algorithms for finding them. It defines a minimum spanning tree as a tree containing all vertices of a graph with the minimum total weight. It presents Kruskal's algorithm, Prim's algorithm, and Baruvka's algorithm for finding minimum spanning trees and analyzes their running times of O(m log n). While each algorithm has the same worst-case running time, they differ in their approaches and data structures used. The document concludes there is no clear winner among these three algorithms for finding minimum spanning trees.
This document contains exam questions for the subject Digital Communication. It has two parts - Part A and Part B. Part A focuses on digital communication systems, sampling, PCM, delta modulation, line coding techniques and adaptive equalization. Part B covers passband transmission schemes, modulation techniques like BPSK, MSK, spread spectrum techniques and correlation receivers. The questions test concepts like block diagrams, derivations, explanations and comparisons related to digital communication topics.
This document provides an overview of analyzing transient responses in R-L-C circuits with DC excitation. It begins by establishing the objectives of understanding the differential equations that describe such circuits and the different types of responses: overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped. The document then examines the response of a series R-L-C circuit due to a DC voltage source in detail. It derives the second-order differential equation that describes the circuit and shows how to find the natural and complete responses. Based on the characteristics of the differential equation, it classifies the responses as overdamped, critically damped, or underdamped. Finally, it provides an example problem of calculating circuit variables at time t=0
This document describes a complex real-time datastage scenario involving inverse pivoting of data. It involves generating an extra column with the value "1", concatenating columns, using a copy stage with one link going to a remove duplicate stage and another to a lookup stage, and combining the data in a transformer stage before pivoting the data and filtering to the specified output. Screenshots are offered to further clarify the scenario.
Design of a Pseudo-Random Binary Code Generator via a Developed Simulation ModelIDES Editor
This paper presents a developed tool for Pseudo-
Random Binary Code generator (PRBCG). Based on extensive
study of LFSR theory we developed the simulation model of
PRBCG. The developed model is faster and simulates the
process for very high length of Linear Feedback Shift Registers
(LFSRs). We tested our model for the value n = 300 where n is
the length of the LFSR. The developed software model is also
capable of providing the transition states of different bits of
LFSRs. Further, the model has capability of switching to any
possible characteristic polynomial (feedback connections) of
n-bit LFSR. Also, the model is designed such that it can
accommodate all the possible initial conditions (2n) of LFSR
This document presents the design and implementation of optimized reversible sequential and combinational circuits for VLSI applications. Reversible logic is used to reduce power dissipation, which is important for low power VLSI design. Novel designs of reversible latches and flip-flops are proposed to optimize quantum cost, delay, and garbage outputs. Combinational circuits including multiplexers, adders, and subtractors are designed using reversible logic gates. An 8-bit reversible full adder/subtractor is also implemented. The circuits are simulated using Xilinx ISE and EDA tools to analyze power consumption and area. Overall, the document discusses reversible logic circuit designs and their potential for low power VLSI applications.
I am Martin J. I am a DSP System Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Master's in Matlab, University of Maryland. I have been helping students with their assignments for the past 10 years. I solve assignments related to the DSP System.
Visit matlabassignmentexperts.com or email info@matlabassignmentexperts.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with DSP System Assignment.
Low Power Adaptive FIR Filter Based on Distributed ArithmeticIJERA Editor
This paper aims at implementation of a low power adaptive FIR filter based on distributed arithmetic (DA) with
low power, high throughput, and low area. Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm is used to update the weight
and decrease the mean square error between the current filter output and the desired response. The pipelined
Distributed Arithmetic table reduces switching activity and hence it reduces power. The power consumption is
reduced by keeping bit-clock used in carry-save accumulation much faster than clock of rest of the operations.
We have implemented it in Quartus II and found that there is a reduction in the total power and the core dynamic
power by 31.31% and 100.24% respectively when compared with the architecture without DA table
The document provides an introduction to quantum computing fundamentals using an object-oriented approach. It discusses quantum theory, registers, gates and simulations. Key concepts covered include superposition, matrix operations, single and multi-qubit gates like Pauli-X, CNOT and their representations. The presenter aims to demonstrate quantum computing principles via a .NET simulator called Q#.
The document discusses the Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) method for solving load flow problems. FDLF is based on the Newton-Raphson method but further simplifies the load flow equations by assuming that active power changes are more sensitive to voltage angle changes and reactive power changes are more sensitive to voltage magnitude changes. This allows the Jacobian matrix to be separated into two square submatrices related to voltage angle and magnitude. FDLF requires fewer iterations than Newton-Raphson, has higher reliability, and is faster and uses less storage. The method is physically justifiable and can be used in optimization studies involving multiple load flow solutions.
- The document discusses topics related to embedded systems design and computer communication networks. It contains 8 questions with subparts related to topics like ISO-OSI reference model, error detection codes, communication protocols, Ethernet, IP addressing, routing algorithms, TCP/UDP, and optical fiber communication.
- The questions are from past exam papers and assess knowledge of fundamental concepts in embedded systems and computer networks. Responses are expected to include explanations, derivations, diagrams and short notes on various technical topics as relevant to the questions.
1) The document discusses topics related to digital communication systems including sampling theory, PCM, delta modulation, line coding techniques, and spread spectrum.
2) It asks questions about deriving expressions, sketching spectra, block diagrams, and analyzing digital modulation techniques.
3) The exam covers two parts - Part A focuses on digital modulation concepts while Part B covers advanced topics like DPSK, channel coding, and adaptive equalization.
The document describes a method called the "Four Russians method" to speed up Bayesian Hidden Markov Model (HMM) classification by exploiting repetition in long observation sequences. The key ideas are to break the observation sequence into blocks of length k and compute the forward variables only at block boundaries, and to sample the hidden state sequence block-by-block from the backward-forward distribution rather than the full backward distribution. This reduces the computational complexity from O(TN^2) to O(TNk/k^2) = O(TN/k).
This document contains a 14 question multiple choice exam on electrical engineering concepts. The questions cover topics like electric fields, Gauss's law, magnetic fields, capacitance, electromagnetic waves, transmission lines, semiconductors, superconductors, and ferromagnetism. For each question there is a short explanation of the correct answer. The exam tests understanding of fundamental EE concepts and relationships.
The document contains questions from an examination on Artificial Intelligence and Agent Technology. It asks students to answer any five full questions out of eight questions provided. The questions cover various topics in AI including state space search, knowledge representation using predicate logic and frames, non-monotonic reasoning, Bayesian networks, and probabilistic inference. Students are expected to explain concepts, provide examples, represent problems logically, and solve problems using appropriate AI techniques.
This document contains questions for an M.Tech examination in VLSI Design. It asks students to answer any five of ten questions. The questions cover topics like CMOS inverter transfer characteristics, MESFET drain current equations, BiCMOS vs CMOS technologies, MOSFET small signal modeling, Carbon nanotube FET operation, super buffers, pass transistor logic gates, multiplexer design using CMOS transmission gates, and VLSI design principles like hierarchy, regularity and modularity. The document tests students' understanding of fundamental analog and digital VLSI analysis and design concepts.
The document contains questions that appear to be from an exam on embedded systems design and biomedical signal processing. It includes 10 questions split into two parts (A and B) on these topics. Some of the questions ask students to:
- Describe design metrics that may compete with one another in embedded systems.
- Derive an expression for the percentage revenue loss of a product based on rise angle.
- Determine volumes that yield lowest total cost for different IC technologies.
- Explain concepts like pipelining, digital filters, real-time clocks, and data reduction algorithms.
I am Martin J. I am a Digital Signal Processing Assignment Expert at matlabassignmentexperts.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Matlab, Arizona University, USA. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 6 years. I solve assignments related to Digital Signal Processing.
Visit matlabassignmentexperts.com or email info@matlabassignmentexperts.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Digital Signal Processing Assignments.
1. The document discusses and compares the key mobile technologies GSM and CDMA.
2. It explains the underlying technologies of TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA that each standard uses.
3. CDMA uses codes to separate users and allows multiple users to access the same channel, providing better spectrum utilization compared to other standards.
This document presents a mini project on linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). It describes how an 8-bit LFSR works using 8 D-flip flops connected in a chain with outputs XORed together. The LFSR generates a pseudo-random sequence that repeats after 255 cycles. It discusses the circuit, working, and timing diagrams of the 8-bit LFSR. Applications mentioned include random number generation, error detection/correction, and implementing cyclic redundancy checks for data transmission.
Mobile technology refers to devices that allow access to information from any location. This includes technologies like GSM and CDMA.
GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to share the same frequency channel. It provides international roaming and good call quality. CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum to allow multiple transmitters to send over a single channel simultaneously. It provides higher capacity than GSM and better coverage. Both have advantages and disadvantages depending on users' needs.
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) works by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver. The transmitter hops from one frequency to another, transmitting short bursts of information on each channel in turn. The receiver hops in synch to receive the signals. This makes the signal resistant to interference and jamming as an eavesdropper would need to know the hop sequence to intercept the entire message coherently.
Low Power VLSI design architecture for EDA (Electronic Design Automation) and Modern Power Estimation, Reduction and Fixing technologies including clock gating and power gating
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FH-SS) is a type of spread spectrum technique where the available channel bandwidth is divided into a large number of frequency slots arranged continuously. A transmitted signal occupies one or more of the available frequency slots, with the frequencies selected pseudo-randomly based on the output of a pseudo-noise generator. There are two types of FH-SS: slow FH-SS where one or more data bits are transmitted within one hop, and fast FH-SS where one data bit is divided over multiple hops. FH-SS provides advantages like improved interference rejection, code division multiplexing for CDMA, secure communication, and increased capacity and spectral efficiency. It is used in military communication systems, satellite communication,
Spread spectrum communication uses wideband noise-like signals that are hard to detect, intercept, or jam. It spreads data over multiple frequencies. There are two main techniques: direct sequence spread spectrum multiplies a data signal by a pseudorandom code, and frequency hopping spread spectrum modulates a narrowband carrier that hops between frequencies. Spread spectrum provides benefits like resistance to interference and jamming, better signal quality, and inherent security. It finds applications in wireless networks, Bluetooth, and CDMA cellular systems.
Low power VLSI design has become an important discipline due to increasing device densities, operating frequencies, and proliferation of portable electronics. Power dissipation, which was previously neglected, is now a primary design constraint. There are several sources of power dissipation in CMOS circuits, including switching power due to charging and discharging capacitances, short-circuit power during signal transitions, and leakage power from subthreshold and gate leakage currents. Designers have some control over power consumption by optimizing factors such as activity levels, clock frequency, supply voltage, transistor sizing and architecture.
The document describes a project on designing a 4-bit linear feedback shift register (LFSR). It discusses how an LFSR works by shifting bits left and applying an XOR operation to the last two bits. It then provides details on the circuit components including D flip-flops and XOR gates. Applications mentioned include generating pseudo-random numbers for cryptography, digital communications systems, and testing systems.
Sparse Random Network Coding for Reliable Multicast ServicesAndrea Tassi
Point-to-Multipoint communications are expected to play a pivotal role in next-generation networks. This talk refers to a cellular system transmitting layered multicast services to a Multicast Group (MG) of users. Reliability of communications is ensured via different Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC) techniques. We deal with a fundamental problem: the computational complexity of the RLNC decoder. The higher the number of decoding operations is, the more the user's computational overhead grows and, consequently, the faster the batteries of mobile devices drain. By referring to several sparse RLNC techniques, and without any assumption on the implementation of the RLNC decoder in use, we provide an efficient way to characterize the performance of users targeted by ultra-reliable layered multicast services. The proposed modeling allows to efficiently derive the average number of coded packet transmissions needed to recover one or more service layers. We design a convex resource allocation framework that allows to minimize the complexity of the RLNC decoder by jointly optimizing the transmission parameters and the sparsity of the code. The designed optimization framework also ensures service guarantees to predetermined fractions of users. Performance of the proposed optimization framework is then investigated in a LTE-A eMBMS network multicasting H.264/SVC video.
SLAM of Multi-Robot System Considering Its Network Topologytoukaigi
This document proposes a new solution to the multi-robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem that takes into account the network topology between robots. Previous multi-robot SLAM research has expanded one-robot SLAM algorithms without considering how the relationship between robots changes over time. The proposed approach models the network structure and derives the mathematical formulation for estimating the multi-robot SLAM. It presents motion and observation update equations in an information filter framework that can be implemented in a decentralized way on individual robots. Future work will focus on specific challenges in multi-robot SLAM like map merging.
Chemical dynamics and rare events in soft matter physicsBoris Fackovec
Talk for the Trinity Math Society Symposium. First summarises the approximations leading from Dirac equation to molecular description and then the synthesis towards non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. The relaxation approach to projection of a molecular system to a Markov jump process is discussed.
The document contains a sample paper for the GATE Electrical Engineering exam. It includes 25 single mark questions covering topics like Fourier series, power systems, Boolean algebra, and error analysis. The paper provides solutions for sample questions on concepts like power flow in a transmission line, synchronous machine operation, Y-bus matrix formation, and transfer function analysis.
The document describes experiments to simulate and analyze second order systems in time domain. It discusses designing a second order RLC circuit with different damping ratios ξ and applying a unit step input. The time domain specifications like percentage overshoot, peak time, rise time and settling time are calculated theoretically and also measured experimentally for different damping cases. Another experiment aims to design a passive RC lead compensator network for a specified phase lead and verify its performance using Bode plots. A third experiment analyzes steady state error of type-0, type-1 and type-2 digital control systems using MATLAB. A fourth experiment discusses simulating position control of an armature controlled DC motor in state space. The last experiment discusses designing a digital controller with
Tomography is important for network design and routing optimization. Prior approaches require either
precise time synchronization or complex cooperation. Furthermore, active tomography consumes explicit
probing resulting in limited scalability. To address the first issue we propose a novel Delay Correlation
Estimation methodology named DCE with no need of synchronization and special cooperation. For the
second issue we develop a passive realization mechanism merely using regular data flow without explicit
bandwidth consumption. Extensive simulations in OMNeT++ are made to evaluate its accuracy where we
show that DCE measurement is highly identical with the true value. Also from test result we find that
mechanism of passive realization is able to achieve both regular data transmission and purpose of
tomography with excellent robustness versus different background traffic and package size.
The document discusses Tesla's wireless transmission system that was applied in Bolinas, CA and describes various transmission network configurations. It provides equations defining physical coefficients for the transmission lines using conventional dimensions like centimeters and seconds. The coefficients are combined into new relations that include factors for the wave number and angular frequency.
This document examines tests conducted to measure the charge transfer efficiency (CTE) of a KAF-0402 CCD image sensor. An Fe55 radioactive source was used to generate single pixel events which could be tracked across the sensor to calculate CTE. A histogram of pixel values showed a clear spike at 500 counts corresponding to single events. A column histogram also showed a horizontal cluster of single events. By fitting a line and calculating the slope, the CTE was determined to be 0.99999, indicating minimal charge loss during transfer. The total charge loss was calculated to be approximately 1.3 electrons lost per 768 pixel transfers.
Evaluating the Synchronization of a Chaotic Encryption Scheme Using Different...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the synchronization of a chaotic encryption scheme using different channel parameters through simulation. It simulates a chaotic encryption system based on Chua's chaotic oscillator circuits using Multisim software. The paper investigates the robustness of synchronization between a master-slave system by varying the resistance of the connecting line. The results show that synchronization can be achieved when the line resistance is below 3.5kΩ, but not above that value, limiting the potential distance between transmitter and receiver. Maintaining synchronization over channels is important for decrypting encrypted signals at the receiver.
This document evaluates the synchronization of a chaotic encryption scheme using different channel parameters through simulation. It summarizes that:
1) A master-slave synchronization scheme was achieved by connecting the capacitors of two identical Chua's chaotic circuits.
2) Perfect synchronization was achieved when the resistance of the connecting line was below 3.5kΩ. Higher resistances led to only partial or no synchronization.
3) Increasing the resistance of the connecting line beyond 3.5kΩ reduced the ability to synchronize the systems, limiting the distance between the transmitter and receiver for a chaotic encryption scheme. Amplification may help overcome higher resistances.
1) The document discusses dynamics modeling for robotic manipulators using the Denavit-Hartenberg representation and Lagrangian mechanics. It describes using the Euler-Lagrange method to derive equations of motion for robotic links by computing kinetic and potential energy terms.
2) As an example, dynamics equations are derived for a simple 1 degree-of-freedom robotic arm. Kinetic and potential energy expressions are written and the Lagrangian is computed to obtain the equation of motion.
3) State-space modeling basics are reviewed using the example of a damped spring-mass system, showing how to write the system dynamics as state-space matrices to evaluate responses like step response.
Performance Analysis of Differential Beamforming in Decentralized NetworksIJECEIAES
This paper proposes and analyzes a novel differential distributed beamforming strategy for decentralized two-way relay networks. In our strategy, the phases of the received signals at all relays are synchronized without requiring channel feedback or training symbols. Bit error rate (BER) expressions of the proposed strategy are provided for coherent and differential M-PSK modulation. Upper bounds, lower bounds, and simple approximations of the BER are also derived. Based on the theoretical and simulated BER performance, the proposed strategy offers a high system performance and low decoding complexity and delay without requiring channel state information at any transmitting or receiving antenna. Furthermore, the simple approximation of the BER upper bound shows that the proposed strategy enjoys the full diversity gain which is equal to the number of transmitting antennas.
A Threshold Enhancement Technique for Chaotic On-Off Keying SchemeCSCJournals
In this paper, an improvement for Chaotic ON-OFF (COOK) Keying scheme is proposed. The scheme enhances Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of standard COOK by keeping the signal elements at fixed distance from the threshold irrespective of noise power. Each transmitted chaotic segment is added to its flipped version before transmission. This reduces the effect of noise contribution at correlator of the receiver. The proposed system is tested in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and compared with the standard COOK under different Eb/No levels. A theoretical estimate of BER is derived and compared with the simulation results. Effect of spreading factor increment in the proposed system is studied. Results show that the proposed scheme has a considerable advantage over the standard COOK at similar average bit energy and with higher values of spreading factors.
Buck converter controlled with ZAD and FPIC for DC-DC signal regulationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that combines two control techniques, zero average dynamics (ZAD) and fixed-point induction control (FPIC), to regulate the output voltage of a buck converter. The control system is modeled mathematically and simulated in MATLAB. Experimental tests are also conducted using a digital signal processor to validate the simulation results. The control system is able to regulate the output voltage with errors lower than 1% by calculating the duty cycle based on the ZAD and FPIC techniques at each switching period.
ON OPTIMIZATION OF MANUFACTURING OF FIELD-EFFECT HETERO TRANSISTORS A THREE S...jedt_journal
In this paper we introduce an approach to increase density of field-effect hetero transistors framework a three-stage
amplifier circuit. At the same time one can obtain decreasing of dimensions of the above transistors. Dimensions of the elements will be decreased due to manufacture heterostructure with specific structure, doping of required areas of the hetero structure by diffusion or ion implantation and optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects.
A numerical wavefront solution for quantum transmission lines with charge discreteness is
proposed for the first time. The nonlinearity of the system becomes deeply related to charge discreteness. The
wavefront velocity is found to depend on the normalized (pseudo) flux variable. Finally we find the dispersion
relation for the normalized flux
0 / .
This document discusses electromagnetic transmission lines and the Smith chart. It introduces equivalent electrical circuit models for coaxial cables, microstrip lines, and twin lead transmission lines using distributed inductors and capacitors. The telegrapher's equations are derived from Kirchhoff's laws. For sinusoidal waves on the transmission lines, phasor analysis is used. Key concepts covered include characteristic impedance, propagation velocity, wavelength, and modeling forward and backward traveling waves.
Similar to FEEDBACK SHIFT REGISTERS AS CELLULAR AUTOMATA BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (20)
MRI IMAGES THRESHOLDING FOR ALZHEIMER DETECTIONcsitconf
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for thresholding MRI images to detect Alzheimer's disease. The method improves on Otsu's thresholding method by using a mixture of gamma distributions to model the histogram of MRI images, which allows it to handle asymmetric distributions. It introduces a "valley-emphasis" approach that selects threshold values located in valleys of the histogram to better detect small objects. Experimental results on MRI images demonstrate the method can effectively segment images and may help with early Alzheimer's detection.
EDGE DETECTION IN RADAR IMAGES USING WEIBULL DISTRIBUTIONcsitconf
Radar images can reveal information about the shape of the surface terrain as well as its
physical and biophysical properties. Radar images have long been used in geological studies to
map structural features that are revealed by the shape of the landscape. Radar imagery also has
applications in vegetation and crop type mapping, landscape ecology, hydrology, and
volcanology. Image processing is using for detecting for objects in radar images. Edge
detection; which is a method of determining the discontinuities in gray level images; is a very
important initial step in Image processing. Many classical edge detectors have been developed
over time. Some of the well-known edge detection operators based on the first derivative of the
image are Roberts, Prewitt, Sobel which is traditionally implemented by convolving the image
with masks. Also Gaussian distribution has been used to build masks for the first and second
derivative. However, this distribution has limit to only symmetric shape. This paper will use to
construct the masks, the Weibull distribution which was more general than Gaussian because it
has symmetric and asymmetric shape. The constructed masks are applied to images and we
obtained good results.
AUTOMATIC THRESHOLDING TECHNIQUES FOR SAR IMAGEScsitconf
Segmentation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images have a great use in observing the
global environment, and in analysing the target detection and recognition .But , segmentation
of (SAR) images is known as a very complex task, due to the existence of speckle noise.
Therefore, in this paper we present a fast SAR images segmentation based on between class
variance. Our choice for used (BCV) method, because it is one of the most effective thresholding
techniques for most real world images with regard to uniformity and shape measures. Our
experiments will be as a test to determine which technique is effective in thresholding
(extraction) the oil spill for numerous SAR images, and in the future these thresholding
techniques can be very useful in detection objects in other SAR images
IRIS BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION SYSTEM EMPLOYING CANNY OPERATORcsitconf
Biometrics has become important in security applications. In comparison with many other
biometric features, iris recognition has very high recognition accuracy because it depends on
iris which is located in a place that still stable throughout human life and the probability to find
two identical iris's is close to zero. The identification system consists of several stages including
segmentation stage which is the most serious and critical one. The current segmentation
methods still have limitation in localizing the iris due to circular shape consideration of the
pupil. In this research, Daugman method is done to investigate the segmentation techniques.
Eyelid detection is another step that has been included in this study as a part of segmentation
stage to localize the iris accurately and remove unwanted area that might be included. The
obtained iris region is encoded using haar wavelets to construct the iris code, which contains
the most discriminating feature in the iris pattern. Hamming distance is used for comparison of
iris templates in the recognition stage. The dataset which is used for the study is UBIRIS
database. A comparative study of different edge detector operator is performed. It is observed
that canny operator is best suited to extract most of the edges to generate the iris code for
comparison. Recognition rate of 89% and rejection rate of 95% is achieved.
PLANNING BY CASE-BASED REASONING BASED ON FUZZY LOGICcsitconf
The treatment of complex systems often requires the manipulation of vague, imprecise and
uncertain information. Indeed, the human being is competent in handling of such systems in a
natural way. Instead of thinking in mathematical terms, humans describes the behavior of the
system by language proposals. In order to represent this type of information, Zadeh proposed to
model the mechanism of human thought by approximate reasoning based on linguistic
variables. He introduced the theory of fuzzy sets in 1965, which provides an interface between
language and digital worlds. In this paper, we propose a Boolean modeling of the fuzzy
reasoning that we baptized Fuzzy-BML and uses the characteristics of induction graph
classification. Fuzzy-BML is the process by which the retrieval phase of a CBR is modelled not
in the conventional form of mathematical equations, but in the form of a database with
membership functions of fuzzy rules.
SUPERVISED FEATURE SELECTION FOR DIAGNOSIS OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE BASED O...csitconf
Feature Selection (FS) has become the focus of much research on decision support systems
areas for which datasets with tremendous number of variables are analyzed. In this paper we
present a new method for the diagnosis of Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD) founded on Genetic
Algorithm (GA) wrapped Bayes Naïve (BN) based FS.
Basically, CAD dataset contains two classes defined with 13 features. In GA–BN algorithm, GA
generates in each iteration a subset of attributes that will be evaluated using the BN in the
second step of the selection procedure. The final set of attribute contains the most relevant
feature model that increases the accuracy. The algorithm in this case produces 85.50%
classification accuracy in the diagnosis of CAD. Thus, the asset of the Algorithm is then
compared with the use of Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and
C4.5 decision tree Algorithm. The result of classification accuracy for those algorithms are
respectively 83.5%, 83.16% and 80.85%. Consequently, the GA wrapped BN Algorithm is
correspondingly compared with other FS algorithms. The Obtained results have shown very
promising outcomes for the diagnosis of CAD.
NEURAL NETWORKS WITH DECISION TREES FOR DIAGNOSIS ISSUEScsitconf
This paper presents a new idea for fault detection and isolation (FDI) technique which is
applied to industrial system. This technique is based on Neural Networks fault-free and Faulty
behaviours Models (NNFMs). NNFMs are used for residual generation, while decision tree
architecture is used for residual evaluation. The decision tree is realized with data collected
from the NNFM’s outputs and is used to isolate detectable faults depending on computed
threshold. Each part of the tree corresponds to specific residual. With the decision tree, it
becomes possible to take the appropriate decision regarding the actual process behaviour by
evaluating few numbers of residuals. In comparison to usual systematic evaluation of all
residuals, the proposed technique requires less computational effort and can be used for on line
diagnosis. An application example is presented to illustrate and confirm the effectiveness and
the accuracy of the proposed approach.
COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF QUANTUM PHASE ESTIMATION ALGORITHMcsitconf
A quantum computation problem is discussed in this paper. Many new features that make
quantum computation superior to classical computation can be attributed to quantum coherence
effect, which depends on the phase of quantum coherent state. Quantum Fourier transform
algorithm, the most commonly used algorithm, is introduced. And one of its most important
applications, phase estimation of quantum state based on quantum Fourier transform, is
presented in details. The flow of phase estimation algorithm and the quantum circuit model are
shown. And the error of the output phase value, as well as the probability of measurement, is
analysed. The probability distribution of the measuring result of phase value is presented and
the computational efficiency is discussed.
Hamming Distance and Data Compression of 1-D CAcsitconf
This document summarizes an analysis of using Hamming distance to classify one-dimensional cellular automata rules and improve the statistical properties of certain rules for use in pseudo-random number generation. The analysis showed that Hamming distance can effectively distinguish between Wolfram's categories of rules and identify chaotic rules suitable for cryptographic applications. Applying von Neumann density correction and combining the output of two rules was found to significantly improve statistical test results, with one combination passing all Diehard tests.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdfTechgropse Pvt.Ltd.
In this blog post, we'll delve into the intersection of AI and app development in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the food delivery sector. We'll explore how AI is revolutionizing the way Saudi consumers order food, how restaurants manage their operations, and how delivery partners navigate the bustling streets of cities like Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. Through real-world case studies, we'll showcase how leading Saudi food delivery apps are leveraging AI to redefine convenience, personalization, and efficiency.
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How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
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Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
2. 12 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
each other, as depicted in figure 1. An alternative technique used earlier in the literature is to feed
the peripheral cells with fixed inputs. Figure 2 depicts the various boundaries from (2)GF used.
t
k
ct
k 1
c +
t
k 1
c −
t
K 1
c −
t
K 2
c −
t
K 1
c −
t
0
ct
1
ct
0
c
Figure 1, ECA periodic boundary configuration
1
t
K
c 1
t
k
c t
k
c 1
t
k
c 1
t
c 0
t
c2
t
K
c
0 1k K
Figure 2. Common one dimensional cellular automaton fixed boundary conditions.
All these methods running under chaotic rule 30 on uniform one-dimensional ECAs have
produced much shorter periods than the LFSR and drastically failed the well-established Diehard
battery of tests [7]. This paper reports the findings of a new method whereby a pair of
uncorrelated LFSRs are used to generate the two boundary conditions. With this design the output
string of the center bit of the ECA evolving for time steps 2= K
T , where K is the span length,
has passed the Diehard battery of tests and produced attractive parallelism and correlation
properties. This paper is arranged such that the theoretical analysis and the proposed approach are
included in the section called Preliminaries, while the results section discusses the improvement
in the performance of the ECA. The conclusion finalizes the outcome of the paper.
3. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 13
2. PRELIMINARIES
For the purpose of this paper we will restrict our attention towards one dimensional cellular
automaton. The cells are arranged on a linear finite lattice, with a symmetrical neighborhood of
three cells and radius 1=r . Each cell takes its value from the set {0,1,..., }=G p and we let
2=p . All cells are updated synchronously and the cells are restricted to local neighborhood
interaction with no global communication. The ECA will evolve according to one uniform
neighborhood transition function, which is a local function (rule) 2 1
: r
f G G+
® where the
ECA evolves after certain number of time steps T. Out of a total of
2 1+rp
p rules we use rule 30 as
suggested by Wolfram and adopt his numbering scheme [3,4]. It follows that a 1-D ECA is a
linear register of , Î ¥K K , memory cells. Each cell is represented by
t
k
c , where [1 : ]k K=
and [1, )= ¥t , that describes the content of memory location k at time evolution stept . Since
2=p the cell takes one of two states from (2)GF . This implies the applicability of Boolean
algebra to the design over (2)GF . A minimum Boolean representation of chaotic Rule30 in terms
of the relative neighborhood cells is:
1
1 1( )t t t t
k k k kc c c c+
+ -= Å + or 1
1 1 1( ) mod 2t t t t t t
i k k k k kc c c c c c+
+ - -= + + + × , where
2 2k K£ £ - , as depicted in figure 3.
1
t
K
c 2
t
K
c 1
t
k
c t
k
c 1
t
k
c 1
t
c 0
t
c
1
1
t
K
c 1
2
t
K
c 1
1
t
k
c 1t
k
c 1
1
t
k
c 1
1
t
c 1
0
t
c
Time step
t
Time step
t+1
Figure 3. Illustration of Rule 30 operating on the present state of neighborhood of time step t to
produce the next state cell of time step t+1.
4. 14 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Furthermore, since the ECA is actually a finite state machine then the present state of the
neighborhood of cell
t
k
c , 1 1
( , , )t t t
k k k
c c c+ -
at time step t and the next state
1t
k
c +
at time step t+1,
can be analyzed by the state transition table and the state diagram depicted in figure 4.
1 1+ −−t t
k kc c
1 1+ −−t t
k kc c
1 1+ −−t t
k kc c1 1+ −−t t
k kc c1 1+ −−t t
k kc c
t
kc
Figure 4, State machine analysis of Rule 30.
It can be seen from above that in order to evolve from the present time step t to the next time step
t+1, each cell at lattice location k would require the present state of itself
t
k
c as well as the
present state of the other two cells in its neighborhood 1+
t
k
c and 1−
t
k
c . Therefore, if the ECA is
allowed to expand freely, leftwise and rightwise the total number of cells at each time step t+1,
say K ∈N would need 2K + cells at time step t. For example to produce the string
1101110T = from the evolution of the unbounded ECA of span length WÎ ¥ by the
concatenation of the center cell would require a span of length 2 1TW= + , i.e. 13 cells, as can
be seen in figure 5. Hence, if the ECA is unbounded then for a string of T-bits would require the
evolution of the ECA of span 2 1T + as illustrated in figure 5. This condition will eventually lead
to an unpractical span of the ECA. Hence, it is imperative that the ECA has to be bounded. The
open literature is rich with research on fixing the size of the ECA and provides data for the
extreme cells of the bounded ECA. Figure 2 gives a brief account of some common fixed
boundary conditions. Figure 6 categorizes the boundary conditions to include the new boundary
condition proposed in this paper using LFSR as a new source for boundary conditions. The fixed
boundary conditions are already illustrated in figure 1. The miscellaneous category includes
either some ad hoc permutations of the fixed boundaries or some fixed sequence of inputs. The
autonomous category, commonly referred to as periodic, make the extreme cells of the ECA
adjacent, as illustrated in figure 2. The resultant ECA becomes circular as depicted in figure 8,
and with time evolution it can be visualized as a cylinder. The expression for the extreme left and
right cells at time step t+1 are, respectively
1
1 0 1 2
( )t t t t
K K K
c c c c+
- - -
= Å + and
1
0 1 1 0
( )t t t t
K
c c c c+
-
= Å + .
The published results of these different types of boundary conditions produced poor results when
used as a source of generating random numbers. In this paper we are proposing a new source for
the boundaries. We have used the well established LFSR as the source of inputs to the extreme
cells of the fixed 1-D ECA, as shown in figure 9. A LFSR of span N memory cells can be
described by the following simple recurrence equation,
1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
t t t t t
i i N NL a L a L a L a L+
- -Å Å Å Å= ××× ××× where (2)Îia GF .
The choice of ia are exactly the coefficients of a primitive polynomial of degreeN . The extreme
cells of the new design at time step t+1 can now be described by
5. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 15
1
1 2 0 1( )t t t t
K K Kc c L c+
- - -= Å + and 1
0 0 0 1( )t t t t
c R c c+
= Å +
0000001000000
00001110000
001100100
1101111
00100
111
0
Figure 5, Simple time evolution of an unbounded 1-D ECA under GF(2).
T
T
c
1T
T
c −
2T
T
c −
3T
T
c − 3
3
T
T
c −
+
3
2
T
T
c −
+
3
1
T
T
c −
+
3
1
T
T
c −
−
3
2
T
T
c −
−
3
3
T
T
c −
−
2
2
T
T
c −
−
2
1
T
T
c −
−
2
1
T
T
c −
+
2
2
T
T
c −
+
1
1
T
T
c −
−
1
1
T
T
c −
+
Figure 6, Illustration of time evolution of a bi-infinite 1-D ECA.
Figure 7, Categorization of a fixed span 1-D ECA boundary condition sources.
6. 16 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
1
t
K
c
2
t
K
c 1
t
c
0
t
c
1
t
k
c
t
k
c
1
t
k
c
Figure 8, Another illustration of the autonomous (periodic) boundary conditions.
3. RESULTS
In order to test the statistical properties of the new proposed design, we developed a suite of
programs emulating all known types of boundary conditions for wide range of spans for both the
ECA and the LFSRs used as boundaries. We will include snapshots of results obtained for
representative runs on the Diehard battery of tests [8], which has been adopted in this paper due
to its well established stringent requirements on the statistical randomness of the output string.
Due to the restrictions imposed by this test the ECA span K has to be at least 27-bit long evolving
for a minimum of
K
2 time steps. Table 1 shows the results of running the diehard tests on the
periodic boundary conditions for spans 32, 33, up to 512. The ECA running in the periodic
boundary mode has not been able to pass all the tests even for a span of 256-bits. The results of
running the diehard tests on the fixed boundary conditions have totally failed and therefore not
worth reporting here. The results of the diehard tests on the ECA using two LFSRs of span 3-bit
each as the boundary conditions for various increasing spans of the ECA did not show any
significant change and therefore it is not reported. It is clear that such boundary conditions will
give slightly better results than fixed boundary conditions but do not show improvement over the
periodic boundary condition. However, when the LFSR span increased to 15-bits for both
registers some improvement were noticeable as shown by the results reported in table 2. Excellent
results were obtained when the span of the LFSRs were increased to match the span of the ECA.
The ECA has passed all tests with extremely superior p-values, as shown in table 3.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The string of contiguous stream data collected from the evolution of the 1-D ECA for the center
cell of various boundary conditions were tested by the 15 Diehard battery of tests. The various
fixed boundary conditions failed the diehard tests almost completely and were considered
unworthy reporting. The autonomous boundary conditions have shown far better statistical
properties than the fixed boundary conditions. However, it still falls far below the minimum
requirements of the diehard tests for reliable considerations in producing dependable random
numbers even for long spans of the ECA (512-bit). When the boundaries were fed from LFSRs
results did not improve significantly until the span of the LFSRs were comparable to that of the
ECA. The results steadily improved up to the upper bound when the two spans were comparable.
7. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 17
It can be concluded that the new approach can produce random numbers even at modest size of
the ECA (i.e. 27-bit). More in depth study of the results show that the new approach produced
superior p-values than the best of the autonomous results. Further assertion of the diehard results
are also apparent from visual inspection of the spatiotemporal output as can be seen from figure
10. It is easy to expect that the fixed boundary conditions cause a ECA running under Rule 30,
which is in group III (i.e. the chaotic class) to evolve into Group I or II (i.e. point attractors or
limit cycles with extremely small periods), according to Wolfram’s ECA classification [4-5].
Therefore, such boundary conditions preclude these ECAs from achieving strong random number
generators. The autonomous (periodic) boundary conditions, on the other hand gave better results
which is indicative of better distribution during ECA evolution. However, the periods of this type
were far lower than the maximum length obtainable from LFSRs. The proposed design have an
added favorable feature when considering the initial seeds. It is clear that all the possible
K
2 K-
tuples can be used as seeds including the all 0’s and all 1’s that usually yield quiescent states.
This is not possible with any other known boundary conditions including the autonomous type.
All the tests were performed using a single one as the initial seed. This is admittedly not the case
in a practical situation. Some patterns were observed during the initial evolution of the ECA but
did not persist. Although these initial patterns did not negatively impact the diehard tests it was
found that avoiding the use of trinomials for the LFSRs and replace them with primitive
polynomials of better distribution of the coefficients managed to remove these patterns. One
salient feature of the design is the almost total destruction of the cross-correlation between
different cells as shown in figure 11(a). This strong correlation is an inherent feature of LFSRs
that can be observed as maximum and constant between any two cells of the LFSR and as linear
patterns on the diagonal ridge between the outputs of the LFSR cells, figure 11(b). An immediate
consequence is the ability to use the ECA as a parallel source of pseudo random numbers that can
be considered a strong candidate for parallel data compaction (signature analysis) in VLSI testing
[8]. This is justified since the structure as depicted in figure 9 presents a simple memory-based
and inherently parallel design that is amenable to large scale integration. Inspection of rule 30
reveals that the function is surjective. Since reversibility implies bijection, it follows that the
proposed system is not clear cut reversible. Hence analytical techniques may not be available to
adequately and inversely describe the spatiotemporal data evolution in at most polynomial time.
For a LFSR of spanN , there are
N
(2 1)− N-tuple words as seeds. The two LFSRs are
uncorrelated and running independently and synchronously, hence the effective input
computational complexity from these registers to the ECA would be N 2
(2 1)− . The 1-D ECA of
span K can be initialized with a total of
K
2 K-tuple words as initial seeds. There are a total of
3
2
2
rules, which is the rule space of a1-D ECA. Thus the computational asymptotic complexity of the
system is
Ο
3
N 2 2 K
((2 1) 2 2 )− ⋅ ⋅ ≈ Ο 3K
(2 ) for K N, as compared to 2N for the LFSR and Ο K
(2 ) for a 1-D
ECA with autonomous boundary conditions.
8. 18 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
1
t
K
c 2
t
K
c 1
t
k
c t
K
c 1
t
k
c 1
t
c 0
t
c
0
t
L 1
t
L t
j
L 2
t
N
L 1
t
N
L
t
j
R 0
t
R1
t
R
1
0
t
L 1
0
t
R
1
1
t
c1
1
t
k
c 1t
k
c
1
1
t
k
c1
1
t
K
c 1
2
t
K
c 1
0
t
c
2
t
N
R1
t
N
R
0 1j N
0 1k K
Figure 9, Block Diagram Representation of the Proposed ECA System, reversing the order of
indexing, such that the most significant cell is the extreme left hand cell and vice versa for the
extreme right hand cell which becomes the least significant cell.
Table 1, Diehard tests results for 1-D ECA of variable spans and with autonomous boundaries.
S32 S33 S64 S128 S256 S512
T_1 0.4913 0.6089 0.4871 0.5683 0.5976 0.7166
T_2 1 1 1 1 1 1
T_3 0.759 0.7895 0.5035 0.4525 0.643 1
T_4 1 1 1 1 1 1
T_5 1 1 0.4973 0.5195 0.5777 0.7068
T_6 1 1 0.804 0.7769 0.4856 0.7756
T_7 1 1 0.999 1 1 1
T_8 1 1 1 1 1 1
T_9 1 1 0.6235 1 0.431 0.3777
T_10 1 1 0.4376 0.6587 0.489 0.5068
T_11 1 1 0.5549 0.5016 0.457 0.4066
T_12 1 1 1 0.019 1 1
T_13 0.3985 0.4106 0.337 1 0.2194 0.375
T_14 1 1 1 0.3576 1 1
T_15 1 0.8809 1 1 0.8697 0.8524
3 pass
12 fail
4 pass
11 fail
8 pass
7 fail
8 pass
7 fail
9 pass
6 fail
8 pass
7 fail
P_VALUES
Summary
10. 20 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Figure 10, Spatiotemporal output of 1-D ECA span 31-bit with two LFSRs as boundary inputs
source of the same span. One hundred time steps is shown.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
(a) (b)
Figure 11, Spatiotemporal images of ECA28, LFSR28 and correlation properties.
11. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 21
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