Feed additives are ingredients added to animal feed to fulfill specific needs. The FDA regulates their use and new additives require clearance. Additives are used to alter animal metabolism, growth, pH, microflora and more. Major classes include growth promoters, medicines, hormones, and others like antioxidants. Common growth promoters are antibiotics and chemotherapeutics which work by inhibiting bacterial cell processes. Medicinal additives prevent issues like coccidiosis. Hormone-like additives can promote growth and milk production.

1. Feed Additives

2. Feed Additives - Defined
• As ingredients or combinations of ingredients
added to the basic feed mix or parts there of to
fulfill a specific need.
• Usually used in micro quantities and requires
careful handling and mixing.

3. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Center for Veterinary Medicine
• Regulates use of Feed additives
• Clearance for testing of new feed additives
requires obtaining an investigational new animal
drug (INAD) to test a product.
• New animal drug Application( NADA) is required
to market a product.
• Clearance is required to use feed additives.

4. Why use them?
• Cause a desired response/benefit:
 Alter metabolism
 Affect growth
 Change pH
 Manipulate microflora
 Improve digestion
 increase yield
 Reduce acidosis
 Improve immune response
 Increase palatability
 Reduce fecal odor
 Reduce joint pain

5. Major Classes
• Growth Promotion and Feed Efficiency
– Antibiotics
• Medicinal Uses
– Coccidiostats, worming agents
• Hormone like products
– Feed Additives
– Implants
• Other Feed additives
– Antioxidants
– Preservatives
– Binders
– Buffers and Neutralizers
– Probiotics
– Enzymes

6. • Others
− Mold Inhibitors
− Thickeners
− Sweeteners
− Organic Acid
− Xanthophyll
− Surfactants
− Emulsifiers
− Anionic salts

7. Growth Promotion and Feed
Efficiency
• Antibiotics
• Chemotherapeutic Agents

8. Antibiotics
• Antibiotics are compounds produced by
microorganisms.
– inhibit growth/metabolism of some (not all) other
microorganisms.
– In some instances, they may be toxic to warm-
blooded animals.
– Most antibiotic names end in -cin or -mycin.
• All antibiotics used commercially for growth
promotion are produced by fermentation processes
using fungi or bacteria.

9. Mode of action
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

10. Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis:
• Some of the antibacterial compounds
interfere with the cell wall synthesis by
weakening the peptidoglycan structures in
bacterial cell wall, by this integrity of bacterial
cell wall structure weakens and eventually
disrupts.
• Mammalian cells only have plasma membrane
so these antibiotics specifically target only
bacterial cells.

11. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis:
• This category of antibacterial compounds
interferes in the synthesis of nucleic acid of
bacterial cells.
• For example compound quinonoles interfere
with synthesis of DNA molecule by inhibiting
activity of enzyme topoisomerase. This
enzyme is involved in the DNA (deoxy nucleic
acid) replication.

12. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis:
• Some of the antibiotic compounds inhibit
bacterial cell multiplication by inhibiting
protein synthesis in them. Protein synthesis is
a multi-step process.
• Majority of antibiotics inhibit the process that
occurs in the 30S 0r 50S subunit of 70S
bacterial ribosome, this in turn inhibits the
protein biosynthesis.

13. AMOXIVET(ICI PAK)
• Compo.
• Amoxycilline
• Indication
• Prevention and treatment of both
gram + and gram – bacterial
infections of poultry and livestock.
• Dose
• Poultry -0.25ml/kg of body wt.(I.M)
• Livestock-1ml/kg of body wt.

14. EMITRYL(Manhattan Pharma)
• Comp.
• Each ml contains Enrofloxacin 200 mg
• Indications
• For prevention and control of
Mycoplasmois and E.coli infections.
• Dose
• 1ml/litter of water for 3-5 days.

15. GENTACARE-10% (Leads pharma)
• Comp.
• Each ml contains Gentamycin sulphate
equal to 100 mg of gentamycin base
• Indications
• Treatment of severe bacterial infections
• Broad spectrum antibiotic
• Dose
• Cattle-3-4ml/100kg of body wt.
• Calf/sheep/goat-2ml/50kg of body wt.

16. LA-PPS Inj.(Selmore Agencies)
• Comp.
• Each ml contains:
• Benzathine penicillin G 100000 I.U
• Procaline Penicillin G 150000 I.U
• Indications
• Phenmonea, Diarrhea, mastitis, matritis
• Dose
• Cattle/sheep(I.M) -3-6ml/100kg body wt.

17. Chemotherapeutic Agents
– An inorganic or organic compound that inhibits
the growth of organisms but is not produced
by a living organism.
• Arsanilic acid – chicken and swine
• Carbadox - swine
• Ipronidazole - turkey
• Roxarsone – turkey and chicken

18. Arsenicals
• All synthetic compounds (chemotherapeutic agent) &
include a number of drugs used in turkey, chicken, and
swine rations.
– Control of parasites.
– Some stimulate growth in the same manner as
antibiotics.
– The effect can be additive to antibiotic stimulation.
– And control of Blackhead in poultry & diarrhea in
swine.

19. • Arsenicals have the disadvantage that they may
accumulate in body tissues, particularly the liver.
– At the levels fed, they are not considered toxic.
– All have a minimum 5-day withdrawal period before
animals are to be slaughtered for human food.
– Large public concern: “arsenic in my food”

20. Medicinal Uses of Additives
• Prevention or treatment
– Coccidiostats (poultry)
– Histostats
• Histomoniasis (Blackhead) – protozoan
disease affecting turkeys and some other
poultry. Affects the liver and cecum.
– G.I = enteritis, diarrhea, dysentery
– Anthelmintic (worming) agents

21. Coccidiostats
• Coccidia are microscopic parasites.
– Coccidiostats include a wide variety of compounds,
ranging from a number of synthetic drugs to
antibiotics.
• Coccidiosis outbreaks are very large concern in
confinement poultry operations.
– Evidence suggests coccidiosis is becoming a greater
problem with sheep & cattle in close confinement.

22. AMCOSUL
• Composition
• Each gram contains :
• Amprolium HCl 166 gm
• Sulphaquinoxaline 166 gm
• Colistin sulphate 500 M.I.U
• Vit. A 5 M.I.U
• Vit. K3 5 gm
• Dose
• 100/200Litter of drinking water for 2-3 days.

23. AMFUSTAT
• Compo.
• Each kg contains:
• Amprulium HCl200 g
• Furaltadone 200g
• Vit.K3 5g
• Dose
• Mix 30g of powder in 100L of water and give 5-7
days.

24. COLPIDOL-25
• Comp.
• Each kg conatins
• 25% Colpidol 250g
• Dose
• 500g/ton of feed

25. Anthelmintic (worming) Agents
_Fenbendazole (Safe-Guard) – swine and cattle
– Invermectrin (Ivomec) – swine cattle
– Levamisole hydrochloride(Tramisol) - cattle
and swine
– Thiabendazole (TBZ) – cattle, sheep, swine

26. Misc. functions of Feed Additives
• Enterotoxemia (overeating) disease in Sheep
– Tetracyclines.
• Fly control
– Methoprene – cattle
– Rabon – cattle, horse, sheep and swine
• Bloat
– Poloxalene

27. • Ketosis
– Propylene glycol dairy cattle
• Foot rot
– Chlortetracycline
• Stress
– Tetracyclines – cattle, chicken, turkey
– Erythromycin - chickens

28. Hormone-Like Additives
• Hormones are substances produced by the endocrine
organs to activate other organs. Synthesized
compounds that produce the same responses as
natural hormones can be used to:
– Promote milk production
– Promote animal growth
• Fed as an additive or implanted

29. Melengestrol acetate (MGA)
• It is the only hormone-like production improver
remaining on the approved list.
– Extensively used with beef heifers
– Suppress estrus which results in more efficient
and more rapid gain.

30. • In ruminants, natural or synthetic hormones
produce a response that results from increased
nitrogen retention accompanied by an increased
intake of feed.
– Increased growth rate; Improvement in feed
efficiency.
– Reduced deposition of body fat, which may, at
times, result in a lower carcass grade for
animals fed to the same weight as nontreated
animals.

31. -agonists
• Molecules that structurally resemble epinephrine
– Caffeine, ephedrine, aspirin
• Easily made in the lab
• Muscle:
– Increase in muscle synthesis
– Decrease in muscle breakdown
• Fat
– Decrease in lipogenesis
– Increase in lipolysis
• Ractopamine (Paylean)
• May impact behavior: Aggression

32. Other Feed Additives
–Antioxidants
–Binders
–Preservatives
–Buffers and Neutralizers
–Probiotics

33. Antioxidants
• Used to prevent rancidity of unsaturated fatty
acids
• Inclusion rates up to 0.25 Lb per ton feed.
• BHA/BHT (Butylated hydroxyanisole or
toluene)
• Ethyoxiquin
• Vitamin E
• Rosemary

34. MID SORBITOL
• Comp.
• Sorbitol 25000mg
• Vit.B1 200mg
• Vit.B2 20000mg
• Vit.B12 20000mcg
• Methionine 200mg
• Indications
• For prevention of baterial and viral infections
• Anticonctipation to pragnent animals for prevention
of mastitis,matritis

35. • Dosage
• Poultry-1ml/5kg of body wt.
• Or 1ml/litter of water
• Cattle 1ml/10kg of body wt.

36. HALTOX
• Comp.
• BHT
• BHA
• Ethoxyquin
• Indication
• Poor potancy,poor feed platability,poor
nutritive profile

37. • Dosage
• In feed 125g/MT (finished feed)
• Packing 20kg carton

38. Preservatives
• Used to prevent feed deterioration
(mold/bacteria inhibitors) – Increase shelf life
– Vitamin C
– Calcium sorbate
– Citric acid
– Phosphoric acid
– Propylene glycol (toxic to cats)
– Sodium propionate
– Sodium metabisulfate

39. Pellet binding Agents
Pellet Binders keeps feed in pellet form.
These are:
–Bentonite (calcium or sodium)
–Ball clay
–Lignin sulfonate
–Hemicellulose extract
–Molasses

40. Buffers and Neutralizers
• Chemical compounds that lessen the decrease in
pH caused by volatile fatty acid without causing
any major increase in ruminal pH.
• Valuable for use in high concentrate diets to
ruminants but not high forage diets
• Examples
– Sodium bicarbonate (most effective and most common;
AKA: baking soda)
– Potassium bicarbonate
– Calcium carbonate
– Magnesium oxide
– Magnesium carbonate

41. Probiotics
• Scientifically inconsistent
• Consist of microbial cultures
– Can stimulate cultural growth
• Reasons for use
– Increase/balance beneficial bacteria
– Reduce toxic byproducts of digestion
– Support rate of gain and feed efficiency
– Alleviate/minimize stress
• Various times for use
• Most common with horses, young animals

42. PROBIOKAP
• Compo.
• Culture of Acid producing bacteria of
lactobacillus and bacillus.
• Dose
• Oraly given
• Cattle 1kg/ton in feed
• Poultry 0.2-1kg/ton

43. Enzymes
Enzymes are also used as feed additives as:
• Amylase
• Xylanase
• Cellulase
• Protease
• Phytase
• Lactase
• Lipase

44. Essential oil and aromatic plants
• Often claimed to improve the flavor and
palatability of feed , so ,increasing voluntary
feed intake resulting in improved weight gain.
• Supplementation of 0.1% cheesy or sweet
flavor increased feed consumption and
average body weight gain compared to a
commercial flavor during the first week after
weaning.

45. Aromatic Flavors
• Eight major flavor groups:
 Buttery
 Cheesy
 Fatty
 Fruity
 Green
 Meaty
 Musty
 Sweet

46. Flavors
• Flavors are feed additives that attempt to
enhance the taste and smell of feed to
stimulate intake.
• Taste and smell are the senses associated with
feed intake. Because smell is the fi rst
sensation detected by the pig, aroma of the
diet becomes the initial stimulus that drives
the pig to eat.

47. • Flavor additives may also have a benefit
during lactation
• Flavor additives may increase palatability of
feeds.

48. Flavors
• Examples;
Saccharin
Talin
Vanilla
Milky or fruity flavors or a combination of
these.
 Coconut
Strawberry

49. Some Others
• Mold Inhibitors
 Propionic Acid,
 Calcium Propionate,
 Sodium Propionate
• Thickeners
 Sodium Alginate
• Sweeteners
 Saccharin Sodium
• Organic Acid
 Fumaric Acid,
 Sodium gluconate,

50. • Xanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellow
Cantaxanthin
• Surfactants: lipid digestion, increase milk
production, yield
• Anionic salts: acidify diet to increase Ca
absorption
• Emulsifiers
Glycerin Fatty Acid Ester
 Sucrose Fatty Acid Ester

51. Summary
• Feed additives must be used according to
label.
• Stiff fines for non compliance.
• For best results use as directed.
• Protect your market and livelihood.