The document discusses various topics relating to threaded fasteners including types of fasteners, materials and grades, tightening torque, and manufacturing processes. It notes that a Boeing 747 uses around 2.5 million fasteners including 70,000 titanium bolts costing $150,000. Tightening bolts to the specified torque is important as it ensures an even load distribution and prevents parts from loosening or failing. Common bolt manufacturing methods include forging, rolling, and thread rolling which strengthen the material.

1. Fasteners.ppt
Threaded Fastener Issues:
Types
Materials/Grades
Tightening Torque
Nuts and Bolts

2. Fasteners.ppt
Threaded Fasteners
Did you know that?
the Boeing 747 uses about 2.5 million fasteners
• 70,000 titanium costing $150,000
• 400,000 other fasteners costing about $250,000
• 30,000 squeeze rivets, 50cents each installed
In certain applications (such as an engine
head), you should tighten the bolt as much as
possible, if it does not fail by twisting during
tightening, there is a very good possibility that
the bolt will never fail

3. Fasteners.ppt
Why are fasteners used?
Advantages
Removable
Easy to install
Wide variety of standard parts
Disadvantages
loosening
failure
cost

4. Fasteners.ppt
Types
Machine screws
Wood screws
Tapping screws

5. Fasteners.ppt
Standard Thread Systems
Unified or American ACME
SI (ISO)
Pipe Whitworth (UK)

6. Fasteners.ppt
Typical Designation
1/2” - 13 UNC - 2A
external thread
(B means internal)
Class of fit
(1 is loosest tolerance, 3 is tightest)
Thread Series
UNC (Unified Coarse)
UNF (Unified Fine)
Pitch (threads/inch)
Nominal Diameter
(also shown as decimal or screw #)
Terminology of screw threads
Sharp vee threads shown for
clarity; the crests and roots are
actually flattened or rounded
during the forming operation.

7. Fasteners.ppt
Bolt Grades
Grade indicates the tensile
strength of the bolt
Determined by bolt
material and heat treating

8. Fasteners.ppt
Tightening Torque
It is typical on engines for bolts to have a
specified tightening torque. Why?
It results in a quantified preload on the bolts
Insures that parts never separate
Maintains friction (no sliding to shear forces)
Insures even distribution of loading
• prevent warpage of mating parts
• uniform pressure distribution over seal or gasket
Prevents bolt from loosening
Reduces fatique effects

9. Fasteners.ppt
Bolt Manufacturing Processes
Forging (upsetting)
Rolling
Thread-rolling processes: a) reciprocating flat dies; and b) two-roller dies.
Threaded fasteners, such as bolts, are made economically by these
processes at high rates of production
a) b)

10. Fasteners.ppt -
Manufacturing Processes -
continued
Turning on screw machines
(a) Differences in the diameters of machined and rolled threads. (b) Grain flow in machined
and rolled threads. Unlike machining, which cuts through the grains of the metal, rolled threads
have improved strength because of cold working and favorable grain flow.

11. Fasteners.ppt -
References
Kalpakjian, S. Manufacturing Engineering
and Technology, 2nd Edition, Addison
Wesley, 1992.
Spotts, M.F., Design of Machine Elements.
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985.
Shigley, Joseph and Mitchell, Larry,
Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw-
HillBook Company, 1983.