Farm Waste and Site Maintenance
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Solid waste from the farm must be disposed of regularly, safely and in accordance with all Federal, state and local regulation. Solid waste includes sharps, such as needles and scalpels, medication packaging, unused medications, chemical containers and unused chemicals as well as general trash. The amount of solid waste can be minimized with careful management and organization. Purchase only what is needed, especially products with an expiration date. Keep track of items with expiry dates and organize storage so the oldest products are used first.
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Farm Waste and Site Maintenance
- 1. FarmWaste & Site Maintenance SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management
- 2. Farm SolidWaste Management SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management
- 3. Veterinary waste •Sharps SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management
- 4. Veterinary waste • Pharmaceutical waste Do not pour down drains SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management
- 5. ChemicalWaste - Storage and Disposal SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management STORAGE AND DISPOSAL Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by storage or disposal. Pesticide Storage: Store only in original container away from heat or open flame. Keep container closed when not in use. Storage must be secured sufficiently to make product inaccessible to children or persons unfamiliar with its proper use. Pesticide Disposal: Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation of Federal Law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance. Container Disposal: Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or by incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke. Do not reuse empty container.
- 6. General trash SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management • Remove trash daily • No trash in manure pits
- 7. Site Maintenance Overall appearance •Standing water •All weather access roads •Manure Spills •Vegetation •Feed •Buildings SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management
- 8. Rodent control • Recognize the problem SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management
- 9. Rodent Control • Control • Sanitation • Construction • Trapping • Rodenticides • Fumigation Summary Pest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management
- 10. Rodent Control SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management
- 11. Fly and Insect control SummaryPest Control Site Maintenance Chemical Waste Management Veterinary Waste Management Farm Waste Management • Sanitation • Ventilation • Trash removal • Cleanup spilled feed • Barn cleanliness
Editor's Notes
- Solid waste from the farm must be disposed of regularly, safely and in accordance with all Federal, state and local regulation. Solid waste includes sharps, such as needles and scalpels, medication packaging, unused medications, chemical containers and unused chemicals as well as general trash. The amount of solid waste can be minimized with careful management and organization. Purchase only what is needed, especially products with an expiration date. Keep track of items with expiry dates and organize storage so the oldest products are used first.
- Veterinary waste, such as needles and scalpel blades, unused vaccines and medications, and empty vaccine and medication containers must be disposed of properly as they can pose a hazard to people and the environment. Dispose of all sharps in designated/labeled puncture-proof sharps containers immediately after use. Sharps containers should be located in every area of the workplace where sharps are used. Do not transfer sharps from one container to another and never dispose of sharps in the regular trash Devices that cut needles prior to disposal should not be used because they increase the potential for the contents to go into the air. Dispose of the used syringe with attached needle in the sharps container when injecting live vaccines or aspirating body fluids. For most other veterinary procedures, use the needle removal device on the sharps container and dispose of the syringe in the regular trash. Follow state and local regulations for disposal of full sharps containers
- Pork producers are responsible in the way they use medications and in how they dispose of them. Veterinary pharmaceuticals that are incorrectly disposed of may enter the environment and cause problems for people, animals, and aquatic life. The levels in the environment may be low but they could still have an adverse effect and may also contribute to the microbial resistance. Municipal water and sewage treatment plants do not eliminate all pharmaceuticals that enter the system. Do not flush pharmaceuticals down the toilet or pour into drains. Your veterinary clinic or the pharmaceutical manufacturer may accept unused or expired pharmaceuticals. Check with your veterinarian or the drug company before returning. If not, you may have to dispose of unused pharmaceuticals in the trash. If possible, mix liquids with cat litter, sawdust or flour to solidify. Take precautions to avoid accidental consumption by people or animals.
- Many types of chemicals may be used on a pig farm. To prevent contamination of the environment, chemicals and the containers they arrive in must be disposed of properly. Read and follow container directions for disposal of toxic chemicals. The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) may also contain information about safe disposal under section 13.
- General trash such as worker food waste and packaging, used disposable PPE and general packaging should be disposed of in the regular trash. Make sure that there are an adequate number of trash containers and that they are placed close to where the trash is generated . Such as near to the areas where artificial insemination is carried out so used AI rods and semen containers can be disposed of immediately and do not end up on the floor or in the manure pit. Do not dispose of any trash in manure pits. Trash should be disposed of at least daily.
- Proper housekeeping is important for overall appearance of the farm. Remember to store materials properly and safely. Toxic and flammable materials must be stored in a secure location and must be clearly marked. Regularly check the farm site for it’s overall appearance. Look for the following and address problems as needed: Water ponding. Such as areas of standing water and waterlogged soils may increase fly and mosquito populations and lead to erosion. All-weather access roads, feed alleys and service aisles should be properly constructed, graded and maintained so vehicles have safe access year round. Roads that are not properly maintained may erode more easily. All manure spills, even small ones, should be cleaned up as soon as possible. Spills can be spread by rain water and vehicle tires. They can be a breeding ground for insects, become a contaminated dust source or be the cause of odor. Keep vegetation trimmed and grass mowed. As well as creating a perception of untidiness and disorganization, uncontrolled vegetation can create a habitat for rodents, flies and other pests and trap dust which may then cause odor when it gets wet. Clean up spilled feed under feed bins and around the site as soon as possible. Spilled feed attracts rodents, insects and other pests and can cause odor. Check that buildings are in a good state of repair and in working order. This includes windows, doors, roofs, fans and walls. Inlets and fans should be cleaned to function properly.
- Rodents on a farm can consume significant amounts of feed, contaminate feed, damage buildings and spread disease. You can recognize areas where rats and mice are present by their droppings, burrows, nests or where you see damage caused by gnawing. Rats and mice are usually most active at night although they may sometimes be seen during the day, particularly where large populations exist. Check barns at dusk or at night to get a better idea of the severity of the rodent infestation. The house mouse is very commonly found on farms. About 5.5 to 7.5 inches long they are brown or gray in color. Mice do not consume large quantities of feed but they will contaminate it. They also carry and spread disease. They will reproduce rapidly, a female having 5-10 litters a year with 5 or 6 young each time. The most common rats found on US farms are Norway rats and Roof rats. Norway rats are fairly large at about 13-18 inches long. Fur color ranges from red-brown to gray-brown with a white-yellow belly. Norway rats can undermine foundations and concrete slabs with their burrows. Roof rats are smaller with relatively larger eyes and ears than the Norway rat. Their tails are longer than the head and body combined. Roof rats climb well and are usually found in the attic space of the farm. All the rodents can be particularly destructive to the building insulation. They will also gnaw on electrical wiring causing a fire risk as well as equipment malfunctions. Rats can gain access through an opening just ½ inch wide. Mice can gain entry through a ¼ inch or wider opening – that’s about the size of a pencil.
- A combination of control measures or Integrated Pest Management (IPM) will help reduce and control rodent numbers. Prevention of an infestation includes good sanitation and rodent proof construction. Sanitation: Poor sanitation will attract rodents and allow populations to thrive. While good sanitation will not however eliminate a rodent problem but it may help to control them. Removing the areas where rodents like to shelter, nest and hide will help to control populations. This includes removing trash and clutter regularly and keeping vegetation trimmed around the buildings. Clear away weeds and debris. Rodent proof construction includes eliminating all holes where rodents might enter. This includes openings around augers, pipes and wires and making sure doors and windows fit well. Maintain a 3ft sterile zone around the buildings. This may be covered with gravel at least 6” deep to discourage rats from burrowing near the building foundation. Trapping: Trapping a can be an effective method for reducing a small population Bait and place the traps where rats and mice travel and where activity is seen. Mice do not travel far, so place many traps about 10’ apart where mice are most active. The traps should set close to walls, behind objects and in corners. If possible, place the bait/trigger end where rodents will pass over in the normal course of travel. Multiple traps will be needed to impact even a small population. 6-8 traps are recommended for just 2-3 mice. Placing baited traps without setting them for a few days may be effective in getting the rodents accustomed to the traps Glue board traps may be used but do not function well in dusty environments or where there are temperature extremes. They may placed inside bait boxes to protect them from dust. Electronic traps use bait to attract mice inside the trap where a high voltage shock is delivered to kill the animal.
- Rodenticides may used to kill rodents. Anticoagulants are the most commonly used rodenticide used on pig farms as they present less risk to humans, pets and livestock compared to non-anticoagulants. Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting, causing the rodent to die from internal bleeding. Anticoagulants are slower acting, taking 3-7 days for death to occur and may require the rodent to eat them for several days to reach a lethal dose. Non-anticoagulants are best used when other animals are not present and other food sources are not available as the taste is not pleasant and the toxins are stronger. Non-anticoagulants are toxic in other ways than preventing bold clotting. Non-anticoagulants are generally quicker acting and can reduce populations rapidly. A single dose of some non-anticoagulants can be lethal within 2-4 days. Non-anticoagulants are more hazardous to humans, domestic animals and non-target species as they are quick acting and first aid treatments are less effective. Bait in pelleted form may be placed in active burrows close to the buildings. Pelleted bait must be placed at least 6 inches into the burrow. Block bait must not be placed in burrows. Keep all rodenticides out of the reach of hogs, children, pets and other animals. Read and follow all label instructions and SDS precautions at all times. This includes using tamper-proof bait stations when bait is placed in any indoor or outdoor location to which children under six years of age, pets or non-target wildlife have access and for all outdoor locations above ground. Do not allow rodenticides to enter water courses as they are highly toxic to fish. Follow manufacturers instructions for knock-down and control. This usually requires maintaining a continuous source of fresh bait available for a couple of weeks until the rodents have stopped eating. Maintain a regular rodent monitoring and control program. Fumigation may be used for Norway rats in their outdoor burrows. Fumigation is very hazardous to humans and animals. Fumigation should be carried out by a trained and qualified pest control operator. Sound devices are available to deter rodents but there is no evidence that these are effective at reducing rodent populations, especially over the long term as the rodents become accustomed to the sound. Cats and dogs are not effective at reducing rodent populations and may even carry or spread disease to livestock. Cats, dogs and other predators are not a recommended method for rodent control on hog farms.
- Flies and insects on the farm can spread disease and be a nuisance to neighbors. The flies feed on manure, decaying feed and other substances found in and around the barns. As with rodent control, an integrated pest management program should be used to control flies. House flies are the most common fly found on hog farms. Sanitation is the primary method of control. Proper ventilation, trash removal, and overall barn cleanliness, including clean up of spilled feed in a timely manner, will help to minimize flies. Remember to clean to the corners and edges of feeders and pens and to remove mortality in a timely manner. Mosquitos can be a problem if there is standing water allowing them to breed. Remove standing water wherever possible. Insecticides placed out of the reach of animals can help to reduce infestations. Insecticides include sprays and baits that usually focus on the elimination of adult flies. Follow all instructions and the SDS when using, handling, storing and disposing of insecticides. Cockroaches can also be a problem on hog operations as they are attracted to animal feed and feces. Cockroaches are usually most active at night. Common hiding spaces include cracks in walls, crevices in feeders and building structures. Sanitation, baits, sticky cards, insecticides and inorganic compounds such as boric acid may all be used as part of an integrated management program to reduce cockroach populations.
- Farm waste and site maintenance includes many aspects that, if not addressed, can have a detrimental effect on the overall appearance of the farm and impact the surrounding environment. Reduce waste using good management and organization. Dispose of all waste properly and according to state and local regulations. Maintain the overall appearance of the farm. Prevent, monitor and reduce pests with an Integrated Pest Management program. It is important to remember that keeping the farm site clean and tidy can improve public perception of the farm. If neighbors approach you with concerns, always treat them respectfully, listen to and acknowledge their concerns. Report their concerns to the farm owner and play your part in improving air quality and odor control.