This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
Mass production of bio pesticides and bio agents. balram2424
Detail Mass production of....
Trichoderma viride
Corcyra cephalonica
cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Trichogramma chilonis
Zygogramma bicolarata
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Spodoptera litura.
in this ppt you will get all detail mass production procedure of all mentioned above bio pesticides and bio agents.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
Mass production of bio pesticides and bio agents. balram2424
Detail Mass production of....
Trichoderma viride
Corcyra cephalonica
cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Trichogramma chilonis
Zygogramma bicolarata
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Spodoptera litura.
in this ppt you will get all detail mass production procedure of all mentioned above bio pesticides and bio agents.
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
Palestra apresentada durante o XXXII Congresso Brasileiro de Nematologia (junho de 2015), em Londrina - PR, promovido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia.
Apresentação para o o curso "Utilização de nematoides para o monitoramento da qualidade do solo", ministrado ao Programa de Pós-graduação da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Campus de Marechal Cândido Rondon, em abril de 2016.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
Soil is an ecological niche contains all major groups of microorganism - bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and virus, but bacteria are most numerouse each play a vital role in the ecological diversity.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
9.The Proteobacteria have a metabolically diverse group of organis.pdfarasequ
9.
The Proteobacteria have a metabolically diverse group of organisms. Four of which, - (at very
low levels of nutrients) , -(highly metabolically diverse and containing chemolithoautotrophs,
photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs), - (largest class in terms of species ), and - (
predators on other bacteria) Proteobacteria are commonly reported in the soil ecosystems.
Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, they are so dominative and can be
able to grown in any soil ecosystem with minimum support of its requirements (c source).
The proteo bacteria dominates soil ecosystems, its relative abundance increases from 21.40% in
sandy to 35.35% in forest soil ecosystems.In Grass /forest-grass ecosystems, Proteobacteria were
the most abundant and there the soil had the highest soil nutrients and MAP. Proteobacteria had
significant correlations with pH, and soil moisture, mean annual precipitation (MAP), and
nutrients. MAP was correlated with soil chemical and physical properties. MAP plays a major
role that affects the composition of the soil bacteria. If MAP gradient increases Proteeobacterial
level decreases.
The fundamental difference between spatial and chemical specialist bacteria: Spatial Bacteria
can be seen/ grown in any area whereas, chemical specialist bacteria found in some /endemic/
restricted places only. Ex: Special bacteria types in coal mines and on oil spils. Where spatial
bacteria are normal bacteria , whereas chemical specialist bacteria creates energy from that
degrading chemical/ toxic and utilises it for its energy, in that way it degrades that chemical. Ex:
Certain bacteria can degrade pesticides, they get energy from that pesticide by utilising the
pesticide. Further it degrades the toxic effect of that pesticide. These are of commercial value,
with industrial usage.
50-80% of the soil bacteria remains in inactive state:
Most of the bacteria remains inactive until environmental conditions are favorable. So 50-80% of
the soil bacteria remains in inactive state, until favourable conditions are available. Endospores,
cysts, conidia or states of reduced metabolic activity are the inactive states for bacteria. They
break the inactive states if favourable conditions comes.
Solution
9.
The Proteobacteria have a metabolically diverse group of organisms. Four of which, - (at very
low levels of nutrients) , -(highly metabolically diverse and containing chemolithoautotrophs,
photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs), - (largest class in terms of species ), and - (
predators on other bacteria) Proteobacteria are commonly reported in the soil ecosystems.
Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, they are so dominative and can be
able to grown in any soil ecosystem with minimum support of its requirements (c source).
The proteo bacteria dominates soil ecosystems, its relative abundance increases from 21.40% in
sandy to 35.35% in forest soil ecosystems.In Grass /forest-grass ecosystems, Proteo.
Plant microbe interaction by dr. ashwin chekeAshwin Cheke
PLANT MICROBE – INTERACTIONS AND THEIR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN ENHANCING SOIL HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,
IT ALSO INCREASE CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH
This presentation is about Nematode management options for organic and precision farming. In this presentation care and management practices used for nematode control are explained, some of them are 1) Resistant crop variety 2) Crop rotation 3) Soil solarization 4) Biological control etc.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
4. Abiotic Factors
Most plant parasitic nematodes spend their entire
life cycle in soil. Even those nematodes which enter
plant tissues including forms parasitizing aboue
ground plant parts, spend atleast part of their life
cycle in soil.
5. Soil Temperature
Most plant parasitic nematodes have optimum
thermal requirements between 15-30o C. Nematodes
are able to survive a lower temperature limit of 5o C
& upper limit 40o C, but further extremes of lower &
upper limits may be lethal.
Ex: Meloidogyne javanica may by completed in 25-30
days at 30o C, but same may be extend to 90 days at
15-20o C.
6. Soil Moisture & Aeration
Agricultural soils are beset with wide flactuations in
soil moisture.
Soil aeration is inversely related to moisture content.
Nematodes require a thin film of water for their
biological activities.
Excessive moisture tends to inhibit the locomotion of
nematodes in soil.
7.
Lack of oxygen in saturated soil also adversely
affects nematode population due to asphyxia.
Ex: Hirschmanniella spp thrive well in flooded soils of
rice field.
8. Soil Texture
The relative proportion of sand, silt & clay
determines the soil texture.
Certain nematodes prove more pathogenic in light
textured soil.
Ex: Heterodera avenae on wheat & barley.
Rotylechulus reniformis thrive well in fine & medium
textured soils.
9. Soil Chemicals
The concentration of chemical constituents of soil
flactuates drastically depending upon soil moisture
content (irrigation, drought). The use of chemical
fertilizer, organic manures, pesticide etc. further
adds to the dynamism of soil chemistry.
10. Soil pH
pH does not affect the nematodes directly. They can
exist with in normal pH range (4-8) of agricultural
soils, provided it safe for host plant growth.
11. Biotic Factor
Host plants
Crops & cropping pattern influence plant parasitic
nematode populations tremendously.
Some nematodes have wide host ranges while others
parasitize only selected hosts.
The status of host is highly variable.
The multiplication rate of nematode species may be
very high on a plant species (good host),while some
other plant species (poor host) may not be very
favourable for multiplication.
12. Micro-organism
Soil micro-oraganisms in the rhizosphere influence
nematodes in various ways.
The nature of damage by nematodes to plants may
be drastically influenced by other plant pathogenic
organisms (fungi, bacteria, virus) present in
rhizosphere.
Nematodes actively interact with these organisms
resulting in disease complexes which are common
places in nature.
13. Distribution
The locomotion of nematodes per se is very limited.
They can hardly move a few cm in a year by their
own movement.
They can spread by various means.
Short distance spread is usually facilitated by
irrigation, agricultural machinery, wind, livestock
etc.,
Long distance occurs through plant propagating
material, seedlings, saplings etc.,
