The document discusses various factors influencing fluorescence and phosphorescence, such as molecular nature, substituent effects, concentration, and environmental conditions like temperature and pH. It highlights that certain molecules are capable of luminescence, and specific applications of fluorimetry include vitamin analysis and organic compound detection. Key points emphasize the role of electron-donating and withdrawing groups on luminescence and the importance of using monochromatic light for excitation.

1. By-
Mr. Samarth H. Giri
Ashokrao Mane College Of Pharmacy
TOPIC –
Factors affecting
Fluorescence and
Phosphorescence,
Applications of
Fluorimetry.

2. Factors Affecting Fluorescence and Phosphorescence -
1) Nature of Molecule
2) Nature of Substituent
3) Effect of Concentration
4) Adsorption
5) Light / Radiation
6) Oxygen
7) pH
8) Photodecomposition
9) Temperature
10)Viscosity

3. NATURE OF MOLECULES -
 All molecules can not show Fluorescence and Phosphorescence.
 Only those molecule which absorb UV or visible radiation can show this
phenomenon.
 In general, greater the absorbance by molecule intense the luminescence
 Molecule having conjugated double bond can absorb UV radiation more and
those are suitable for this study
 Aliphatic and saturated cyclic organic compounds are not suitable

4. NATURE OF SUBSTITUENT -
 Substituents often exhibit a marked effect on the fluorescence and phosphorescence of
molecules.
 Different groups show different types of effect on fluorescence and phosphorescence.
 Electron donating groups like -NH₂ and OH often enhance fluorescence.
 Electron withdrawing groups like -COOH, -NO₂, -N=N- and halides decrease or destroy
fluorescence.
 Groups like -SO3H, NH4 and alkyl groups do not have much effect on both
phosphorescence and fluorescence.

5. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION-
 fluorescence is proportional to concentration but it can be applied only to small values of
fluorescence.
 Reduction in intensity of fluorescence may be caused by too high a concentration of non-
fluorescent absorbing solute or impurity.
 When the absorbing impurity is present in small amount, it will not interfere.
 When the concentration of impurity is high, so much incident radiation may be absorbed
which may destroy the fluorescence.

6. ADSORPTION-
 Adsorption of substance on the wall of the sample cells may cause a serious problem.
 This happens when the concentration of substance solution is strong hence the strong
stock solution must be diluted.
 The method require a very dilute solution (10-100 times) weaker than those used in
absorption study.
RADIATION-
 Monochromatic light is essential for the excitation and fluorescence.

7. OXYGEN-
 The presence of oxygen may interfere by direct oxidation of the fluorescent substance to
non-fluorescent products or by quenching of fluorescence.
 Eg-Anthracene.
TEMPERATURE , VISCOSITY-
QUENCHING-
Quenching is the reduction of fluorescence intensity by the presence substance in the sample
other than the fluorescent analyte.

8. pH-
Alteration of the pH of the solution will have a significant effect on fluorescence ,if absorption
curve of the solute is changed.
Eg- Aniline

9. APPLICATIONS OF FLUORIMETRY-
1) Determination of vitamin B1 (Thiamine):Thiamine is non-fluorescent but its oxidation
product thiochrome have fluoresces with blue colour. The property is used for the
determination of thiamine in the food samples like meat, cereal etc.
2) Determination of vitamin B2 (Riboflavin):Determination of vitamin B2 is done by a
fluorescence method because the fluorescent power depends upon the exact conditions
and upon the nature and amount of impurities.
3) Organic analysis: To carry out qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of aromatic
compounds present in cigarette smoke, air-pollutant, concentrate and automobile exhaust.

10. 4) Analysis of pharmaceuticals : The substances such as allyl morphine, PAS, chloroquine,
folic acid, menadione, phenobarbitone, procaine, thymol can be analysed by coupling with
suitable reagents.
5) Determination of indoles, phenols, phenothiazines , Napthols , proteins plant pigment and
steroids .
6) Detection of impurities at nanogram quantities.