This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
Performance Study of Wind Friction Reduction Attachments for Van Using Comput...IJERA Editor
Road transport is the key factor as it is the major method to connect places through land. Along with wide use of internal combustion engines for this purpose comes the massive consumption of fossil fuels by vehicles. Most of the research today is toward making efficient machines. This paper mainly deals with providing attachments to existing models of vehicle to make it more efficient. An assessment of the impact of aerodynamic drag and its relationship to energy consumption presented. A few models are designed and analysed for reducing drag with the help of Attachments. Solid works is used to model and ANSYS Fluent is used for CFD analysis. The results of Cd of various configuration is analysed, 0.427 being the Cd for conventional Van is reduced to 0.234 for van with front and rear attachment.
Drag Reduction of Front Wing of an F1 Car using Adjoint Optimisationyasirmaliq
The Project Poster summarizes the aims and objectives of the Final Year Dissertation. The project starts with a detailed study on the parameters that tend to affect the performance of front wings of an F1 car and goes through designing the front wings(3) with endplates and wheel, meshing it, solving/analysing the flow and finally optimising the selected geometry using Fluent Adjoint Solver for efficient performance.
Adjoint optimisation technique is used to achieve optimal performance from the front wings. It's the most successful shape optimisation method as it's independent of the number of design variables exponentially reducing computational time and cost. The emphasis has been put on optimising the shape of the front wings using the Adjoint method as it’s the most efficient and computationally inexpensive method for design optimisation. The approach towards shape optimisation is downforce constrained drag minimization as it would result in keeping a constraint on downforce and reducing the drag at the same time, thus producing optima for a given downforce/drag value.
Design of Rear wing for high performance cars and Simulation using Computatio...IJTET Journal
The performance of a sports car is not only limited to its engine power but also to aerodynamic properties of the car. By decreasing the drag force it is possible to reduce the engine power required to achieve same top speed thus decreasing the fuel requirement. The stability of a sports car is considerably important at high speed. The provision of a rear wing increases the downforce thus reducing the rear axle lift and provides increased traction. In this study an optimum rear wing is designed for the high performance car so as to decrease drag and increase downforce. The CAD designed baseline model with or without rear wing is being analyzed in computational fluid dynamics software. The lift and drag coefficient are calculated for all the design thus an optimum rear wing is designed for the considered baseline model.
Performance Study of Wind Friction Reduction Attachments for Van Using Comput...IJERA Editor
Road transport is the key factor as it is the major method to connect places through land. Along with wide use of internal combustion engines for this purpose comes the massive consumption of fossil fuels by vehicles. Most of the research today is toward making efficient machines. This paper mainly deals with providing attachments to existing models of vehicle to make it more efficient. An assessment of the impact of aerodynamic drag and its relationship to energy consumption presented. A few models are designed and analysed for reducing drag with the help of Attachments. Solid works is used to model and ANSYS Fluent is used for CFD analysis. The results of Cd of various configuration is analysed, 0.427 being the Cd for conventional Van is reduced to 0.234 for van with front and rear attachment.
Drag Reduction of Front Wing of an F1 Car using Adjoint Optimisationyasirmaliq
The Project Poster summarizes the aims and objectives of the Final Year Dissertation. The project starts with a detailed study on the parameters that tend to affect the performance of front wings of an F1 car and goes through designing the front wings(3) with endplates and wheel, meshing it, solving/analysing the flow and finally optimising the selected geometry using Fluent Adjoint Solver for efficient performance.
Adjoint optimisation technique is used to achieve optimal performance from the front wings. It's the most successful shape optimisation method as it's independent of the number of design variables exponentially reducing computational time and cost. The emphasis has been put on optimising the shape of the front wings using the Adjoint method as it’s the most efficient and computationally inexpensive method for design optimisation. The approach towards shape optimisation is downforce constrained drag minimization as it would result in keeping a constraint on downforce and reducing the drag at the same time, thus producing optima for a given downforce/drag value.
Design of Rear wing for high performance cars and Simulation using Computatio...IJTET Journal
The performance of a sports car is not only limited to its engine power but also to aerodynamic properties of the car. By decreasing the drag force it is possible to reduce the engine power required to achieve same top speed thus decreasing the fuel requirement. The stability of a sports car is considerably important at high speed. The provision of a rear wing increases the downforce thus reducing the rear axle lift and provides increased traction. In this study an optimum rear wing is designed for the high performance car so as to decrease drag and increase downforce. The CAD designed baseline model with or without rear wing is being analyzed in computational fluid dynamics software. The lift and drag coefficient are calculated for all the design thus an optimum rear wing is designed for the considered baseline model.
A presentation given at the SAE COMVEC conference this year during the CFD expert panel. Focuses on the new adjoint solver that is part of the automotive CFD suite, Elements, from Streamline Solutions.
Cfd analysis of car body aerodynamics including effect of passive flow device...eSAT Journals
Abstract With the emphasis lying on increasing fuel efficiency of vehicles in order to combat rising fuel prices and environmental
challenges the manufacturers are thinking beyond the conventional vehicle systems by focusing on its aerodynamics. Aerodynamic
drag exceeds 50 per cent of the total resistance to motion at speeds above 70km/hr, and above 100 km/hr it is the most important
factor. The review is done to identify the various shortcomings of the automotive designers when it is in regards to flow
separation of air at the rear of the vehicle which causes most of the losses. This paper focuses on the work already done in the
field of aerodynamics starting with Ahmed Body. It is a bluff body with adjustable rear slant angle and the basis upon which the
aerodynamicists test their models. And then, moving onto passive aerodynamic enhancements for automobiles like vortex
generators and diffusers whose various dimensional modulations were discussed with several steps leading to its advancement in
vehicle body design. This brings to the simulation, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and its role in this analysis was
covered. CFD has been modified a lot from the beginning to increase the accuracy of its predictions. So the paper lists various
simulation techniques studied by the previous researchers in order to understand the wake region behind the car which has been
notoriously difficult to predict till date. Several aspects of aerodynamic drag that need further analysis to improve the
aerodynamic were highlighted.
Keywords: Drag Force, Drag Coefficient, Ahmed Body, CFD Simulation, Vehicle Aerodynamics, Passive Flow
Devices
Fluid-Structure Interaction Over an Aircraft WingIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Aircraft is a brilliant man-made structure which helps us to fly over the world. At the same time, aircraft is a complex structure to be checked and maintained for the aero elasticity due to aerodynamic properties. In this paper, the fluid-structure interaction problem in super critical NASA SC(2)-0412 airfoil is discussed. The main aim of this project is to find the best performance and deformation limit of the wing on different Mach numbers. This project is completely done by numerical methods of designing the wing using CATIA and flow properties in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Finally, the structural analysis for deformation is analysed in ANSYS. The analytical approach of fluid-structure interaction over an Aircraft wing is complex.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF SEMIACTIVE QUARTER CAR SUSPENSION PARAMETERS USI...ijmech
In present paper, a methodology is presented related to the optimization of semi-active quarter car model
suspension parameters having three degrees of freedom, subjected to bump type of road excitation.
Influence of primary suspension stiffness, primary suspension damping, secondary suspension stiffness and
secondary suspension damping are studied on the passenger ride comfort, taking root mean square (RMS)
values of passenger seat displacement and settling time into account. Semi-active quarter car model
assembled with magneto-rheological (MR) shock absorber is selected for optimization of suspension
parameters using Taguchi method in combination with Grey relational analysis. Confirmatory results with
simulation run indicates that the optimized results of suspension parameters are helpful in achieving the
best ride comfort to travelling passengers in terms of minimization of passenger seat displacement and
settling time values.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development IJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering.
A presentation given at the SAE COMVEC conference this year during the CFD expert panel. Focuses on the new adjoint solver that is part of the automotive CFD suite, Elements, from Streamline Solutions.
Cfd analysis of car body aerodynamics including effect of passive flow device...eSAT Journals
Abstract With the emphasis lying on increasing fuel efficiency of vehicles in order to combat rising fuel prices and environmental
challenges the manufacturers are thinking beyond the conventional vehicle systems by focusing on its aerodynamics. Aerodynamic
drag exceeds 50 per cent of the total resistance to motion at speeds above 70km/hr, and above 100 km/hr it is the most important
factor. The review is done to identify the various shortcomings of the automotive designers when it is in regards to flow
separation of air at the rear of the vehicle which causes most of the losses. This paper focuses on the work already done in the
field of aerodynamics starting with Ahmed Body. It is a bluff body with adjustable rear slant angle and the basis upon which the
aerodynamicists test their models. And then, moving onto passive aerodynamic enhancements for automobiles like vortex
generators and diffusers whose various dimensional modulations were discussed with several steps leading to its advancement in
vehicle body design. This brings to the simulation, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and its role in this analysis was
covered. CFD has been modified a lot from the beginning to increase the accuracy of its predictions. So the paper lists various
simulation techniques studied by the previous researchers in order to understand the wake region behind the car which has been
notoriously difficult to predict till date. Several aspects of aerodynamic drag that need further analysis to improve the
aerodynamic were highlighted.
Keywords: Drag Force, Drag Coefficient, Ahmed Body, CFD Simulation, Vehicle Aerodynamics, Passive Flow
Devices
Fluid-Structure Interaction Over an Aircraft WingIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Aircraft is a brilliant man-made structure which helps us to fly over the world. At the same time, aircraft is a complex structure to be checked and maintained for the aero elasticity due to aerodynamic properties. In this paper, the fluid-structure interaction problem in super critical NASA SC(2)-0412 airfoil is discussed. The main aim of this project is to find the best performance and deformation limit of the wing on different Mach numbers. This project is completely done by numerical methods of designing the wing using CATIA and flow properties in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Finally, the structural analysis for deformation is analysed in ANSYS. The analytical approach of fluid-structure interaction over an Aircraft wing is complex.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF SEMIACTIVE QUARTER CAR SUSPENSION PARAMETERS USI...ijmech
In present paper, a methodology is presented related to the optimization of semi-active quarter car model
suspension parameters having three degrees of freedom, subjected to bump type of road excitation.
Influence of primary suspension stiffness, primary suspension damping, secondary suspension stiffness and
secondary suspension damping are studied on the passenger ride comfort, taking root mean square (RMS)
values of passenger seat displacement and settling time into account. Semi-active quarter car model
assembled with magneto-rheological (MR) shock absorber is selected for optimization of suspension
parameters using Taguchi method in combination with Grey relational analysis. Confirmatory results with
simulation run indicates that the optimized results of suspension parameters are helpful in achieving the
best ride comfort to travelling passengers in terms of minimization of passenger seat displacement and
settling time values.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development IJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering.
De nos jours, la technologie est omniprésente et fait partie intégrante de nos vies. On pense directement aux ordinateurs et aux smartphones, mais elle est également présente dans la plupart de l'électroménager, l'automobile, l'aviation, le nucléaire ou encore l'aérospatiale. De nombreux accidents se sont produits, impliquant de tels systèmes, dont de plus en plus sont liés à des mauvaises interactions entre l'homme et la machine. On peut par exemple repenser aux accidents suivants : Three Mile Island, Therac-25, le vol KAL007... Afin de pouvoir utiliser tous ces systèmes, de manière sûre et fiable afin d’éviter tout risque potentiel d'accidents, il faut pouvoir garantir certaines propriétés sur toutes les interactions possibles entre un système et son opérateur. Cette présentation présente une approche possible pour résoudre le problème de garanties à imposer sur les interactions homme-machine, basée sur les méthodes formelles, le tout illustré par des exemples concrets d'accidents.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
Optimization of parameters affecting the performance of passive solar distill...IOSR Journals
This paper represent the performance of operating parameter of solar still. In this paper optimizing
the four parameter with the help of Taguchi method. This four parameters (glass cover angle, Water
temperature ,glass cover temperature, Average spacing between water and glass cover) influence on the total
distill output. The present paper optimize the Taguchi method to optimize the operating parameter for higher
yield for a passive single slope solar distillation system. The main objective of the present study was to apply the
Taguchi method to establish the optimal set of parameters for passive slope solar still. The Taguchi method is
employed to determine the optimal combination of design parameter .This paper present new optimize
parameter using Taguchi method in the case of passive solar still.
Performance Study of Wind Friction Reduction Attachments for Van Using Comput...IJERA Editor
Road transport is the key factor as it is the major method to connect places through land. Along with wide use of internal combustion engines for this purpose comes the massive consumption of fossil fuels by vehicles. Most of the research today is toward making efficient machines. This paper mainly deals with providing attachments to existing models of vehicle to make it more efficient. An assessment of the impact of aerodynamic drag and its relationship to energy consumption presented. A few models are designed and analysed for reducing drag with the help of Attachments. Solid works is used to model and ANSYS Fluent is used for CFD analysis. The results of Cd of various configuration is analysed, 0.427 being the Cd for conventional Van is reduced to 0.234 for van with front and rear attachment
Automotive aerodynamics is the study of the aerodynamics of road vehicles. Its main goals are reducing drag and wind noise, minimizing noise emission, and preventing undesired lift forces and other causes of aerodynamic instability at high speeds. Air is also considered a fluid in this case.
Comparison of CFD Simulation of a Hyundai I20 Model with Four Different Turbu...IJERA Editor
This article describes the CFD analysis of a Hyundai i20 car Model. The focus of this study is to investigate the
aerodynamics characteristics of Hyundai i20 car model and the flow obtained by solving the steady-state
governing continuity equations as well as the momentum conservation equations combined with one of four
turbulence models (1.Spalart-Allmaras 2.k-ε Standard 3.Transition k-kl-ω 4.Transition Shear Stress Transport
(SST)) and the solutions obtained using these different models were compared. Except transition k-kl-ω model,
other three models show nearly similar velocity variations plot. Pressure variation plot are almost similar with
K-ε and transition-SST models. Eddy viscosity plot are almost similar with K-ε and transition k-kl-ω models.
AUTOMOTIVE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF A CAR USING ANSYSIAEME Publication
In this paper, ANSYS CFX method is used to simulate a single car model with and without a spoiler and by using two types of mesh. The solution of the Reynolds average Navier Stokes equations (RANS equations) has been achieved by using two models such as K-Epsilon and K –Omega Turbulence model will be analysed. In this report, mesh quality, boundary layer and turbulent y+ value simulation has been thoroughly analysed and solution for both the models has also been compared and discussed the results. We use the ANSYS software to determine the drag and lift forces at different turbulence kinetic energy variables k-Epsilon and K-Omega for the given vehicle domain. Further, the effects of aerodynamic are verified with and without the spoiler.
ADVANCED TOOL FOR FLUID DYNAMICS-CFD AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE, AERO...IAEME Publication
Today Automotive, Aerospace and Machine industry is striving for better Efficiency and Design. Advanced tools like Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) may be used for improving the fuel efficiency of these and hence controlling the atmospheric air pollution. In this paper, CFD analysis software is used a) to study fluid flow and detect the cavitation in centrifugal pump to find out safe operating conditions b) to find out effect of front shape to improve drag coefficient of a car. The results of the simulation shows, how CFD can be used to study flow distribution, pressure loss, thermal distribution (cooling and climate control) in the field of Automotive, Aerospace and Machine industries.
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction for A Generic Sport Utility Vehicle Using Rear Suc...IJERA Editor
The high demand for new and improved aerodynamic drag reduction devices has led to the invention of flow control mechanisms and continuous suction is a promising strategy that does not have major impact on vehicle geometry. The implementation of this technique on sport utility vehicles (SUV) requires adequate choice of the size and location of the opening as well as the magnitude of the boundary suction velocity. In this paper we introduce a new methodology to identifying these parameters for maximum reduction in aerodynamic drag. The technique combines automatic modeling of the suction slit, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a global search method using orthogonal arrays. It is shown that a properly designed suction mechanism can reduce drag by up to 9%.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 7, Issue 5 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 28-35
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates
for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
R. B. Sharma1
, Ram Bansal2
1
HOD, Mechanical Engineering Department, RJIT BSF ACEDEMY Tekanpur
2
Research Scholar, Department of Automobile Engineering, RJIT BSF ACEDEMY Tekanpur
Abstract: This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
Keywords: Aerodynamic Drag, Coefficient of Drag, Coefficient of Lift,Tail Plate, Wind tunnel simulation,
ANSYS FLUENT, Generic passenger car, CFD.
I. Introduction
A few years ago when fuel crisis was not a problem, cars were mainly designed for high-speed
manoeuver, comfort, and safety. However, with the recent impact due to the increasing fuel price since 2002,
the sale of automobile industry all over the world crippled. This was immediately followed by many questions
raised regarding the effect of oil supply shortage on the future of this industry. Many solutions were certainly
suggested and many once-considered-infeasible solutions were now given serious second thoughts. Beside the
development of electronic car and fuel cell, other proposed approaches include the integration of air
conditioning system with electronic devices to cut down energy consumption, the redesign of car frame and
body to reduce its total weight, and the modification of car external to improve the car overall aerodynamic
characteristics for better cruising conditions, greater stability of navigation, and lower energy consumption.
These subjects are also indirectly related to environmental protection and noise pollution.
In the process of car design, the aerodynamics must be seriously considered. A car design can only be
acceptable if its form drag reduced. Many researchers have made use of CFD techniques [1–4] to perform
numerical simulations related to automobile.
The current study presents the development process of aerodynamic holography in the vehicle outer-
body.Several numerical simulations were performed to analyse the pressure field, velocity vector field, and
aerodynamic force prediction related to a passenger car.Then, the stability of the aerodynamic forces caused by
the airflow outside the car was identified. After that, the installation of tail plates that leads to lower wind drag is
carefully evaluated.Through Fluent [5, 6], this work used k-esteady model to compute the flow properties
around the car and its tail plates.
As a matter fact, it is very uncommon to use k–e steady model in an iterations-dependent problem.
However, it is the goal of this work to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating this very uncommon approach
(i.e., the using of k–e steady model) with the computational procedure.Within a relatively short amount of time,
this computational process is capable of estimating the aerodynamics of a car at high accuracy.This will provide
the automobile research and development teams an alternative approach when performing CAE analysis.
In general, the design criteria of tail plate are only limited to considering the aerodynamics aspect due
to the tail plates.Car drivers usually install tail plates that successfully reduce the drag and improve traction
leading to better manoeuvre.However, the aero-dynamics performance corresponding to the tail plates has
deteriorated severely. For this reason, this work has introduced the designers of tail plate a new direction, tool,
and idea for tail plate design process. In the following sections, the methodology will be presented in detail.
2. CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
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II. Methodology& Various Steps
In this work, first of all a generic model of the passenger car is prepared in the SOLIDWORKS
software and this generic model is import into the ANSYS FLUENT to do the simulation of the coefficient of
drag and coefficient of lift in the wind tunnel which is generated in the design module of the ANSYS FLUENT.
After this the meshing is generated on the surface of the passenger car.
Aerodynamic evaluation of air flow over an object can be performed using analytical method or CFD
approach. On one hand, analytical method of solving air flow over an object can be done only for simple flows
over simple geometries like laminar flow over a flat plate. If air flow gets complex as in flows over a bluff body,
the flow becomes turbulent and it is impossible to solve Navier- Stokes and continuity equations analytically.
On the other hand, obtaining direct numerical solution of Navier-stoke equation is not yet possible even with
modern day computers. In order to come up with reasonable solution, a time averaged Navier-Stokes equation is
being used (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations – RANS equations) together with turbulent models to
resolve the issue involving Reynolds Stress resulting from the time averaging process.
In present work the k-e turbulence model with non-equilibrium wall function is selected to analyze the
flow over the generic passenger car model. This k-e turbulence model is very robust, having reasonable
computational turnaround time, and widely used by the auto industry.
Steps of Analysis
Select the models of vehicle upon which add on devices are to be used.
Formation of Base Line Model: Designing of model in solid works with proper dimensions &
parameters.
Baseline passenger car CFD method and setup: Apply the boundary conditions.
Generate the wind tunnel for simulation.
Simulation & Testing of base line passenger car for drag coefficient and lift coefficient.
Simulation & Testing of passenger car with tail plates for drag coefficient & lift coefficient.
Impact of add on device on fuel economy of Passenger car.
III. Formation of Base Line Model
The base line model of generic passenger car is designed in Solid Works. Figure 1 show the generic
passenger car used in the present CFD simulation. The full size generic passenger car is 3395mm long, 1490mm
wide, 1475mm high.Then after, this model has been analysed for drag coefficient and forces under the ANSYS-
14.0 (FULENT) module and values of drag coefficient, lift coefficient
.
Figure 1 solid-work model of car without VGs
Figure 2 Meshed model of Base Car
The surface mesh of generic passenger car is shown in figure 2. This surface mesh is Tetrahedrons type
is generated on its surface.A surface mesh of 1.5 mm size is created on the vehicle surface.
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IV. Baseline passenger car CFD Simulation and setup
The CFD simulation by Yang [12] is reproduced in the present simulation. Table 1, Table2, Table 3
and Table 4 shows the solver setup, viscous model and Turbulence model settings, boundary condition settings
and solution controls for present simulation respectively.The assumptions made in present simulation have the
air flow is steady state with constant velocity at inlet and with zero degree yaw angle, constant pressure outlet,
no slip wall boundary conditions at the vehicle surfaces, and inviscid flow wall boundary condition on the top,
sidewalls and ground face of the virtual wind tunnel.
Table 1 Solver setting
CFD
Simulation
3d dp (3-D Double
Precision)
Solver
Solver Fluent
Space 3D
Formulation Implicit
Time Steady
Velocity
Formulation
Absolute
Gradient
Option
Cell-Based
Porous
Formulation
Superficial Velocity
Table 2 viscous model and Turbulence model settings
Turbulence Model k-e (2 eqn)
k-epsilon Model Standard
Near-Wall Treatment Enhanced wall
Function
Operating Conditions Ambient
Table 3 Boundary condition settings
Boundary Conditions
Velocity Inlet Magnitude (Measured
normal to Boundary)
22 m⁄s (constant)
Turbulence Specification
Method
Intensity and Viscosity Ratio
Turbulence Intensity 1.00%
Turbulence Viscosity Ratio 20
Pressure Outlet Gauge Pressure magnitude 0 pascal
Gauge Pressure direction normal to boundary
Turbulence Specification
Method
Intensity and Viscosity Ratio
Backflow Turbulence
Intensity
10%
Backflow Turbulent
Viscosity Ratio
10
Wall Zones - vehicle surface-noslip wall B/c
- Ground face- invicisd wall B/C
-Side faces -inviscid wall B/C
Fluid Properties Fluid Type Air
Density ρ = 1.175 (kg⁄m^3 )
Kinematic viscosity v = 1.7894×10^(-5) (kg⁄(m∙s))
4. CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
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Table 4 Solution Controls
Equations Flow and Turbulence
Discretization • Pressure: Standard
• Momentum: Second Order
Upwind
• Turbulence Kinetic
Energy: Second Order
Upwind
• Turbulence Dissipation
Rate: Second Order Upwind
Monitor Residuals & Drag Coefficient
Convergence
Criterion
- Continuity = 0.001
- X-Velocity = 0.001
- Y-Velocity = 0.001
- k = 0.001
- epsilon = 0.001
V. Simulation and testing of Baseline passenger car for drag coefficient & lift coefficient
Figure 7 shows the pressure coefficient plot on the car surface for base model simulation. The pressure
coefficient plot shows that the stagnation point is created on the front surface of the passenger car. The pressure
coefficient also indicates that CFD simulations have a tendency to overshoot the CP value at stagnation point.
The Maximum CP value obtained in base model simulation is CP = 2.0.
Figure 3 Total Pressure on car surface, Velocity inlet, pressure outlet and road of base model
Figure 4 and 5 are shows the Coefficients of drag (CD) and Coefficients of lift (CL) on the base model.
Maximum value of the coefficient of drag is 0.3512 and the Maximum value of the coefficient of lift is 0.2310.
Figure 4 Drag Coefficients CD of base model
Figure 5 Lift Coefficients CL of base model
5. CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
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Figure 6 Static pressure distributionon Base model car surface
Figure 7 Pressure Coefficient on Base model Car surface
Figure 8 Total pressure on surface of the of base model passenger car
Figure 9 Path lines on surface of the of base model passenger car
Figure 10 Velocity Vector on surface of the of base model passenger car
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VI. Simulation and testing of passenger car with Tail Plates for drag coefficient & lift
coefficient
First, a background on vehicle aerodynamics will be covered, including explanation of the concepts.
Next, the procedure for building a basic model, including the passenger car and wind tunnel, along with
dimensions and simulation parameters, will be developed. The basic model will then be compared with a
reputable benchmark to confirm validity of the simulation setup and corresponding results. Once the basic
simulation model is benchmarked, it will then be modified to include the external drag reduction devices.
The Tail plates are placed at back side of the roof and at the tail bumper of the passenger car at 12o
inclination angle. The arrangement of them is shows in the figure 11.
Figure 11 Passenger car with Tail Plates
Figure 12 is shows the Mesh generated on the surface of the model of Generic Passenger car with Tail
Plates. The tetrahedron mesh is generated on its surface and a surface mesh of 1.5mm size is created on the
vehicle surface.
Figure 12 Meshed model of the Passenger car with Tail Plates
Figure 13 is shows the total pressure distribution on the car surface, velocity inlet, pressure outlet, side
wall and on the road. The distribution of pressure on the front bumper is 2.250e+03 pascal and at the rear boot is
2.50e+02 pascal are shown in it.
Figure 13 Total Pressure distributions on the car surface, velocity inlet, pressure outlet and on road
The coefficient of drag and coefficient of lift are shown in figure 14 and figure 15 respectively. The
maximum value of the Coefficient of drag (CD) is 0.3376 and the Maximum value of the coefficient of lift (CL)
is 0.1926.
7. CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
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Figure 14 Coefficient of Drag (CD) passenger car with Tail Plates
Figure 15 Coefficient of Lift (CL) passenger car with Tail Plates
The figure 16 shows the distribution of the pressure coefficient on the passenger car surface with tail
plates. The value of pressure coefficient on the front bumper is 3.00e+03 and at the rear boot the value of the
pressure coefficient is 0.500e+02.
Figure 16 Pressure Coefficient distributions on surface of the car with Tail Plates
Figure 17Total Pressure Contour on surface of car with Tail Plates
Figure 18 Velocity Vector on surface of car with Tail Plates
8. CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
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Figure 19 Total Pressure Path Lines on surface of car with Tail Plates
VII. Result
In the case of tail plates are applied on the rear bumper and rear side of roof of the base line car
respectively with inclination angle 12o
. The coefficient of drag is 0.3376and the coefficient of lift is 0.1926. The
percentage reduction in drag coefficient in comparison of base line car is 3.87% and in coefficient of lift is
16.62%. Hence drag force & lift force on the passenger car is reduced as proportional to drag coefficient and lift
coefficient respectively. The comparative results between the baseline car and car with spoiler are shown in
table below:
Table 5 Comparison of drag and lift coefficient of baseline Passenger car with a model attached with Pail
Plates
Configurations Drag
Coefficient
%CD
reduction
from
baseline
Lift
Coefficient
%CL
reduction
from
Baseline
Baseline 0.351 0 0.231 0
Tail Plates 0.337 3.87 0.192 16.6
VIII. Conclusion
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the steady flow field around passenger car models
with and without Tail Plates were presented and compared the simulated data to each other. The ANSYS-14.0
Fluent with the k-e steady model is used for the simulations of aerodynamics. In this analysis, the coefficient of
drag has been reduced 3.87% and coefficient of lift is reduced 16.62%. Hence, the Tail Plates is the effective
tool to reduce the drag force on vehicle.
The effects of different aerodynamic add-on devices on flow and its structure over a generic passenger
car may be analysed using CFD approach. The objective is to reduce aerodynamic drag acting on the vehicle
and thus improve the fuel efficiency of passenger car. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on
devices on vehicle and fuel economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
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