In this paper, ANSYS CFX method is used to simulate a single car model with and without a spoiler and by using two types of mesh. The solution of the Reynolds average Navier Stokes equations (RANS equations) has been achieved by using two models such as K-Epsilon and K –Omega Turbulence model will be analysed. In this report, mesh quality, boundary layer and turbulent y+ value simulation has been thoroughly analysed and solution for both the models has also been compared and discussed the results. We use the ANSYS software to determine the drag and lift forces at different turbulence kinetic energy variables k-Epsilon and K-Omega for the given vehicle domain. Further, the effects of aerodynamic are verified with and without the spoiler.
Investigations of Drag and Lift Forces Over the Profiles of Car Using CFDijsrd.com
Aerodynamic characteristics of racing car are of significant interest in reducing racing accidents due to wind loading and save the fuel consumption. This work outlines the process taken to optimize the geometry of a vehicle. Vertices and edges of car were imported into GAMBIT and a computational domain is created. An unstructured triangular mesh was then applied. The goal is to obtain a better flow around the car model to lower the coefficient of drag force; the work is carried out in a ANSYS CFD FLUENT program towards a converged solution. These practices are helpful to redesign existing vehicles in order to improve handling and increase fuel efficiency. In the present work an attempt has been made by considering three models of car by varying speed of vehicle, the pressure coefficients and drag coefficients are obtained.
Design analysis of bumper beam subjected to offset impact loading for automot...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the design analysis of bumper beams subjected to offset impact loading for automotive applications. It aims to increase understanding of phenomena during offset impacts and validate modeling of bumper beam crash performance. Finite element analysis was conducted in ANSYS-LS DYNA to simulate impact on bumper beam-longitudinal systems made of different aluminum alloys (AA6060-T1, AA7003-T1, AA7003-T79). The results showed AA7003-T79 experienced the least deformation and minimized energy transfer, suggesting it is the best material for manufacturing bumper beam longitudinal systems.
Newly Developed Nonlinear Vehicle Model for an Active Anti-roll Bar SystemjournalBEEI
This paper presents the development of a newly developed nonlinear vehicle model is used in the validation process of the vehicle model. The parameters chosen in a newly developed vehicle model is developed based on CARSIM vehicle model by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) optimization method. The ride comfort and handling performances have been one of the main objective to fulfil the expectation of customers in the vehicle development. Full nonlinear vehicle model which consists of ride, handling and Magic tyre subsystems has been derived and developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Then, optimum values of the full nonlinear vehicle parameters are investigated by using NSGA-II. The two objective functions are established based on RMS error between simulation and benchmark system. A stiffer suspension provides good stability and handling during manoeuvres while softer suspension gives better ride quality. The final results indicated that the newly developed nonlinear vehicle model is behaving accurately with input ride and manoeuvre. The outputs trend are successfully replicated.
- The document discusses external aerodynamic analysis of heavy commercial vehicles (HCVs) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and wind tunnel testing.
- It aims to study the coefficient of drag of HCVs with different shapes and heights of wind deflectors. Three-dimensional models of the HCV are created in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS-CFX to compare flow patterns and drag forces.
- The simulation results will be validated through subsonic wind tunnel testing of scaled physical models, which will also utilize smoke flow visualization and surface pressure distribution measurements.
The article describes the design of the surface topography. The model uses
experimental data on the rough surface morphology. It is a 3-dimensional surface
microtopography. In case of incomplete or absent data, we can use statistically
processed parameters for longitudinal and transverse surface profiles. Taking into
account the possible inhomogeneity of the object of research, the microroughness of
generation uses a specially developed mathematical apparatus. The simulated surface
credibility. This approach makes it possible to estimate the parameters of each
surface microroughness. The analysis of the simulated and real surfaces. The actual
rough surface inhomogeneity causes discrepancies. It has been found that the
physical processes have been carried out during the contact. It has been found that
the process is to complete the process. The simulator has the highest possible
reliability. It is necessary to solve a specific engineering task. This software combines
a rough surface generation. It is a separate basic module modeling system.
Big Data and Data Analytics: An Action Platform for the Science of PredictionIJERA Editor
Analytics is the detection and communication of meaningful motive in data. Analytics plays a key role in areas rich with recorded information. The role of data is escalating tenaciously in the present day. Analysis of the data is the process of inspecting, removing the obsolete information and transforming the data into useful information. Data analytics approach is pragmatic in nature. Data Analytics uses multiple approaches and techniques, like use of mathematical approach and data analytics is used in multiple domains namely business, technology, automobile and many more. This paper focuses on how data plays a key role in the field of analytics. It deals with the implementation of data analytics in different domains. Data analytics:An action platform for the science of prediction.
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic ...IOSR Journals
This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF SEMIACTIVE QUARTER CAR SUSPENSION PARAMETERS USI...ijmech
In present paper, a methodology is presented related to the optimization of semi-active quarter car model
suspension parameters having three degrees of freedom, subjected to bump type of road excitation.
Influence of primary suspension stiffness, primary suspension damping, secondary suspension stiffness and
secondary suspension damping are studied on the passenger ride comfort, taking root mean square (RMS)
values of passenger seat displacement and settling time into account. Semi-active quarter car model
assembled with magneto-rheological (MR) shock absorber is selected for optimization of suspension
parameters using Taguchi method in combination with Grey relational analysis. Confirmatory results with
simulation run indicates that the optimized results of suspension parameters are helpful in achieving the
best ride comfort to travelling passengers in terms of minimization of passenger seat displacement and
settling time values.
Investigations of Drag and Lift Forces Over the Profiles of Car Using CFDijsrd.com
Aerodynamic characteristics of racing car are of significant interest in reducing racing accidents due to wind loading and save the fuel consumption. This work outlines the process taken to optimize the geometry of a vehicle. Vertices and edges of car were imported into GAMBIT and a computational domain is created. An unstructured triangular mesh was then applied. The goal is to obtain a better flow around the car model to lower the coefficient of drag force; the work is carried out in a ANSYS CFD FLUENT program towards a converged solution. These practices are helpful to redesign existing vehicles in order to improve handling and increase fuel efficiency. In the present work an attempt has been made by considering three models of car by varying speed of vehicle, the pressure coefficients and drag coefficients are obtained.
Design analysis of bumper beam subjected to offset impact loading for automot...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the design analysis of bumper beams subjected to offset impact loading for automotive applications. It aims to increase understanding of phenomena during offset impacts and validate modeling of bumper beam crash performance. Finite element analysis was conducted in ANSYS-LS DYNA to simulate impact on bumper beam-longitudinal systems made of different aluminum alloys (AA6060-T1, AA7003-T1, AA7003-T79). The results showed AA7003-T79 experienced the least deformation and minimized energy transfer, suggesting it is the best material for manufacturing bumper beam longitudinal systems.
Newly Developed Nonlinear Vehicle Model for an Active Anti-roll Bar SystemjournalBEEI
This paper presents the development of a newly developed nonlinear vehicle model is used in the validation process of the vehicle model. The parameters chosen in a newly developed vehicle model is developed based on CARSIM vehicle model by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) optimization method. The ride comfort and handling performances have been one of the main objective to fulfil the expectation of customers in the vehicle development. Full nonlinear vehicle model which consists of ride, handling and Magic tyre subsystems has been derived and developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Then, optimum values of the full nonlinear vehicle parameters are investigated by using NSGA-II. The two objective functions are established based on RMS error between simulation and benchmark system. A stiffer suspension provides good stability and handling during manoeuvres while softer suspension gives better ride quality. The final results indicated that the newly developed nonlinear vehicle model is behaving accurately with input ride and manoeuvre. The outputs trend are successfully replicated.
- The document discusses external aerodynamic analysis of heavy commercial vehicles (HCVs) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and wind tunnel testing.
- It aims to study the coefficient of drag of HCVs with different shapes and heights of wind deflectors. Three-dimensional models of the HCV are created in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS-CFX to compare flow patterns and drag forces.
- The simulation results will be validated through subsonic wind tunnel testing of scaled physical models, which will also utilize smoke flow visualization and surface pressure distribution measurements.
The article describes the design of the surface topography. The model uses
experimental data on the rough surface morphology. It is a 3-dimensional surface
microtopography. In case of incomplete or absent data, we can use statistically
processed parameters for longitudinal and transverse surface profiles. Taking into
account the possible inhomogeneity of the object of research, the microroughness of
generation uses a specially developed mathematical apparatus. The simulated surface
credibility. This approach makes it possible to estimate the parameters of each
surface microroughness. The analysis of the simulated and real surfaces. The actual
rough surface inhomogeneity causes discrepancies. It has been found that the
physical processes have been carried out during the contact. It has been found that
the process is to complete the process. The simulator has the highest possible
reliability. It is necessary to solve a specific engineering task. This software combines
a rough surface generation. It is a separate basic module modeling system.
Big Data and Data Analytics: An Action Platform for the Science of PredictionIJERA Editor
Analytics is the detection and communication of meaningful motive in data. Analytics plays a key role in areas rich with recorded information. The role of data is escalating tenaciously in the present day. Analysis of the data is the process of inspecting, removing the obsolete information and transforming the data into useful information. Data analytics approach is pragmatic in nature. Data Analytics uses multiple approaches and techniques, like use of mathematical approach and data analytics is used in multiple domains namely business, technology, automobile and many more. This paper focuses on how data plays a key role in the field of analytics. It deals with the implementation of data analytics in different domains. Data analytics:An action platform for the science of prediction.
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic ...IOSR Journals
This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF SEMIACTIVE QUARTER CAR SUSPENSION PARAMETERS USI...ijmech
In present paper, a methodology is presented related to the optimization of semi-active quarter car model
suspension parameters having three degrees of freedom, subjected to bump type of road excitation.
Influence of primary suspension stiffness, primary suspension damping, secondary suspension stiffness and
secondary suspension damping are studied on the passenger ride comfort, taking root mean square (RMS)
values of passenger seat displacement and settling time into account. Semi-active quarter car model
assembled with magneto-rheological (MR) shock absorber is selected for optimization of suspension
parameters using Taguchi method in combination with Grey relational analysis. Confirmatory results with
simulation run indicates that the optimized results of suspension parameters are helpful in achieving the
best ride comfort to travelling passengers in terms of minimization of passenger seat displacement and
settling time values.
IRJET- CFD-A Trend in Automobile Aerodynamics TechnologyIRJET Journal
1. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a computational science used to simulate fluid flows by using computers. CFD involves modeling physical problems mathematically, discretizing the equations, and using numerical methods and grid generation to solve the equations.
2. CFD provides three main benefits - insight into designs that can't be prototyped, foresight into how designs will perform through simulation of 'what if' scenarios, and efficiency through shorter design cycles.
3. A case study describes using CFD to optimize the aerodynamic design of an Opel Astra vehicle. The process involves creating a CAD model, generating surface and volume meshes, running CFD simulations, and visualizing and analyzing results to
IRJET- Aerodynamic Analysis on a Car to Reduce Drag Force using Vertex GeneratorIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze aerodynamic drag on a car model and evaluate methods for reducing drag through the addition of vortex generators. Seven different vertex generator designs were modeled and their effects on drag reduction were evaluated using CFD software. The goal was to improve fuel efficiency and vehicle performance by reducing aerodynamic drag through optimized vortex generator placement on the rear of the vehicle.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF IMPACT LOADS ON BUMPER BEAM AT DIFFERENT OFFSETSIAEME Publication
The objectives of this study were to increase the physical understanding of the different phenomena taking place during the offset impact of an automotive bumper beam-longitudinal system as well as to validate a modeling procedure for the system’s crash performance. The experimental database was used for the development and validation of modeling procedures for the crash performance of the bumper beam-longitudinal system with the use of the FE-code ANSYS-DYNA. The numerical model should be able to predict the collapse mode with a high level of certainty in order to ensure robust design.
IRJET- Experimentally and CFD Analysis on Spoiler in Wind Tunnel ExperimentIRJET Journal
1. Researchers experimentally tested a fabricated spoiler in a wind tunnel at different wind velocities and analyzed the results using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software.
2. Both the wind tunnel experiments and CFD analysis yielded similar results for lift and drag coefficients, with a small percentage error between the two methods.
3. While CFD simulations are cheaper and easier than physical experiments, wind tunnel tests are still needed to validate CFD results, especially for turbulent flows.
This document discusses a finite element analysis of the natural frequencies of an aluminum cylinder head cover (CHC). It begins by introducing the use of finite element modeling in automotive component design. It then describes modeling the CHC geometry in HyperWorks, generating a mesh, applying material properties and constraints, and performing a modal analysis in OptiStrut. The results identify the natural frequencies of the first six modes for the original design and an altered design with half the thickness. The minimum natural frequency of 1195 Hz for the original design is above the expected engine vibration frequency, indicating the design is safe from resonance failure.
Vibration in IC engines is a significant factor to be considered while designing IC engine as it can have a negative impact on various engine components. This happens when the natural frequency of component coincides with the forced frequency produce by the engine leading to the phenomenon of resonance.
Wind-induced Stress Analysis of Front Bumpertheijes
At high velocities, such as on highways, the relative velocity between the oncoming wind and side winds is very high. The high velocity winds that act on the bumper induce certain stresses on it. These stresses may cause deformation of the bumper; if this deformation exceeds a predesigned value, the functionality of the bumper may be hampered. This may result in safety issues and other design issues. In this paper, the effect and nature of these stresses have been quantified by conducting a wind-induced stress analysis on a model of the bumper. The bumper selected is that of Jeep Wrangler and the modelling is done on Creo 2.2. The CFD simulation and structural analysis is conducted on Ansys Workbench 15. The structural analysis and fluid flow data is summarized alongwith the deformation and induced stress values.
This document summarizes a study that uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate ways to reduce aerodynamic drag and increase stability of the Land Rover Discovery vehicle. The study validates CFD simulations of the baseline vehicle model against experimental data. It then analyzes modifications like adding a longitudinal ventilation duct or ditch on the roof to reduce drag. Simulations were run at various velocities and mesh refinements to optimize the analysis. Results show modifications can lower drag compared to the baseline model.
ADVANCED TOOL FOR FLUID DYNAMICS-CFD AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE, AERO...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in automotive, aerodynamics, and machine industries. It provides two case studies as examples: (1) using CFD to study fluid flow and detect cavitation in a centrifugal pump to determine safe operating conditions, and (2) using CFD to analyze the effect of vehicle shape on drag coefficient for a car and jeep. The results show how CFD can be used to study flow distribution, pressure loss, and thermal distribution to improve design in these industries.
CFD Analysis on Aerodynamic Effects on a Passenger CarIRJET Journal
This document discusses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of aerodynamic effects on a passenger car with and without spoilers. It first provides background on spoilers and their purpose in improving vehicle stability at high speeds. It then details the CFD modeling process using CAD software to model a baseline car model and variations with rear and roof spoilers. CFD analysis was performed to determine total pressure and velocity contours and estimate drag and lift forces. Results showed that a roof spoiler provided the most drag reduction and increased negative lift, improving stability at high speeds, while a rear spoiler primarily increased negative lift with less drag reduction.
DESIGN & STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SUPRA SAE CAR CHASSISPrashant Sahgal
This document summarizes the design and structural analysis of a racing car chassis. It describes using CATIA software to model the chassis and ANSYS for finite element analysis to simulate various loads on the chassis, including front impact, side impact, torsion, bumps, and rollovers. The analysis found maximum deformations between 1-5 mm and stresses below 300 MPa across the tests, with safety factors above 1.5 in all cases. The document concludes the finite element analysis provided valuable insights for designing a chassis that can withstand the forces of racing.
The document summarizes a student's final project on studying the frontal impact of a passenger bus. The aim was to simulate frontal impact and recommend safety improvements. The student conducted literature reviews, modeled the bus geometry, generated finite element models, and simulated frontal impact. Results showed peak loads could be reduced by 4% with crush initiators. Future work could involve simulating subsystems and injury parameters to further improve structural safety.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Strategies for Aerodynamic Development discusses computational techniques for aerodynamic shape optimization to reduce drag. Adjoint methods efficiently compute gradients with respect to design variables, allowing optimization of hundreds or thousands of variables at once. Free-form deformation uses control points to parameterize geometry changes, making complex geometry manipulation easier. Direct optimization of the Common Research Model wing minimized drag subject to constraints.
IRJET - Design Modification of Car Bonnet to Reduce the Frictional DragIRJET Journal
The document discusses modifying the design of a car's bonnet to reduce aerodynamic drag. The initial design of a Honda Amaze is modeled. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is performed on the initial design and on a modified design with a smaller bonnet area and decreased attack angle. The modified design shows a reduction in drag force of 42N, pressure difference of 112Pa, and drag coefficient of 0.033. The modified design is concluded to provide better performance and efficiency compared to the initial design.
Design modification on Indian Road Vehicles to Reduce Aerodynamic DragIJAEMSJORNAL
Reducing vehicle fuel consumption has become one of the most important issues in recent years. Aerodynamic drag contributes to 50-60% of fuel consumption in trucks on highways. Vehicle aerodynamic performance is mainly determined by drag coefficient, which directly affects engine requirements and fuel consumption. It’s well known that drag changes in a crosswind compared with a condition without a crosswind, and that the change depends on the vehicle shape. Pressure drag, a major drag for trucks as they run at lower speeds is produced by the shape of the object. Therefore, addition of some components can suffice the need. The vehicle has been designed by using Catia and then analysed with CFD. The values are compared and the resultant drag reduction is calculated.
Computational Aerodynamics Research and Vehicle Engineering Development (CAR-...inventionjournals
Many Persons, both from industry and also private individuals have performed research in regards to this new issue. Many have performed research on aerodynamics on certain portions of the vehicle and also on effects of shape of the body and other technologies used such as Computational Fluid Dynamics and Wind tunnel Testing.The effects of these studies is seen in the industry today. Not so long ago,the vehicles were having shapes lose to boxes and today beautiful curves dominate the vehicles bodies. These curves not only help in the beauty of the vehicle but also help the vehicle in terms of aerodynamics and fuel efficiency. In this paper we would like to highlight some important topics related with aerodynamics and how they affect the drag of the vehicles. We shall also discuss on methods used in the industry today to calculate the aerodynamic efficiency of the vehicles and their effects.
This document describes the BMW Group's use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in the aerodynamic development of passenger cars and motorcycles. It discusses how CFD is used at different stages of the development process to address various aerodynamic questions. It also provides details on BMW's simulation process using a Lattice-Boltzmann code, shows examples of validation cases demonstrating the achievable accuracy, and highlights practical applications of CFD including assessing aerodynamic loads, passenger comfort, and thermal management.
IRJET- Design and Fluid Flow Analysis of F1 Race CarIRJET Journal
This document describes a study analyzing the fluid flow and aerodynamic design of an F1 race car using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The researchers modeled an F1 car in SolidWorks and analyzed drag force, downforce, and airflow around various components using CFD software. Their results showed reasonable agreement between theoretical calculations and CFD simulations. The study demonstrated how CFD can provide insight into vehicle aerodynamics to help optimize performance.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
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IRJET- CFD-A Trend in Automobile Aerodynamics TechnologyIRJET Journal
1. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a computational science used to simulate fluid flows by using computers. CFD involves modeling physical problems mathematically, discretizing the equations, and using numerical methods and grid generation to solve the equations.
2. CFD provides three main benefits - insight into designs that can't be prototyped, foresight into how designs will perform through simulation of 'what if' scenarios, and efficiency through shorter design cycles.
3. A case study describes using CFD to optimize the aerodynamic design of an Opel Astra vehicle. The process involves creating a CAD model, generating surface and volume meshes, running CFD simulations, and visualizing and analyzing results to
IRJET- Aerodynamic Analysis on a Car to Reduce Drag Force using Vertex GeneratorIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze aerodynamic drag on a car model and evaluate methods for reducing drag through the addition of vortex generators. Seven different vertex generator designs were modeled and their effects on drag reduction were evaluated using CFD software. The goal was to improve fuel efficiency and vehicle performance by reducing aerodynamic drag through optimized vortex generator placement on the rear of the vehicle.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF IMPACT LOADS ON BUMPER BEAM AT DIFFERENT OFFSETSIAEME Publication
The objectives of this study were to increase the physical understanding of the different phenomena taking place during the offset impact of an automotive bumper beam-longitudinal system as well as to validate a modeling procedure for the system’s crash performance. The experimental database was used for the development and validation of modeling procedures for the crash performance of the bumper beam-longitudinal system with the use of the FE-code ANSYS-DYNA. The numerical model should be able to predict the collapse mode with a high level of certainty in order to ensure robust design.
IRJET- Experimentally and CFD Analysis on Spoiler in Wind Tunnel ExperimentIRJET Journal
1. Researchers experimentally tested a fabricated spoiler in a wind tunnel at different wind velocities and analyzed the results using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software.
2. Both the wind tunnel experiments and CFD analysis yielded similar results for lift and drag coefficients, with a small percentage error between the two methods.
3. While CFD simulations are cheaper and easier than physical experiments, wind tunnel tests are still needed to validate CFD results, especially for turbulent flows.
This document discusses a finite element analysis of the natural frequencies of an aluminum cylinder head cover (CHC). It begins by introducing the use of finite element modeling in automotive component design. It then describes modeling the CHC geometry in HyperWorks, generating a mesh, applying material properties and constraints, and performing a modal analysis in OptiStrut. The results identify the natural frequencies of the first six modes for the original design and an altered design with half the thickness. The minimum natural frequency of 1195 Hz for the original design is above the expected engine vibration frequency, indicating the design is safe from resonance failure.
Vibration in IC engines is a significant factor to be considered while designing IC engine as it can have a negative impact on various engine components. This happens when the natural frequency of component coincides with the forced frequency produce by the engine leading to the phenomenon of resonance.
Wind-induced Stress Analysis of Front Bumpertheijes
At high velocities, such as on highways, the relative velocity between the oncoming wind and side winds is very high. The high velocity winds that act on the bumper induce certain stresses on it. These stresses may cause deformation of the bumper; if this deformation exceeds a predesigned value, the functionality of the bumper may be hampered. This may result in safety issues and other design issues. In this paper, the effect and nature of these stresses have been quantified by conducting a wind-induced stress analysis on a model of the bumper. The bumper selected is that of Jeep Wrangler and the modelling is done on Creo 2.2. The CFD simulation and structural analysis is conducted on Ansys Workbench 15. The structural analysis and fluid flow data is summarized alongwith the deformation and induced stress values.
This document summarizes a study that uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate ways to reduce aerodynamic drag and increase stability of the Land Rover Discovery vehicle. The study validates CFD simulations of the baseline vehicle model against experimental data. It then analyzes modifications like adding a longitudinal ventilation duct or ditch on the roof to reduce drag. Simulations were run at various velocities and mesh refinements to optimize the analysis. Results show modifications can lower drag compared to the baseline model.
ADVANCED TOOL FOR FLUID DYNAMICS-CFD AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE, AERO...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in automotive, aerodynamics, and machine industries. It provides two case studies as examples: (1) using CFD to study fluid flow and detect cavitation in a centrifugal pump to determine safe operating conditions, and (2) using CFD to analyze the effect of vehicle shape on drag coefficient for a car and jeep. The results show how CFD can be used to study flow distribution, pressure loss, and thermal distribution to improve design in these industries.
CFD Analysis on Aerodynamic Effects on a Passenger CarIRJET Journal
This document discusses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of aerodynamic effects on a passenger car with and without spoilers. It first provides background on spoilers and their purpose in improving vehicle stability at high speeds. It then details the CFD modeling process using CAD software to model a baseline car model and variations with rear and roof spoilers. CFD analysis was performed to determine total pressure and velocity contours and estimate drag and lift forces. Results showed that a roof spoiler provided the most drag reduction and increased negative lift, improving stability at high speeds, while a rear spoiler primarily increased negative lift with less drag reduction.
DESIGN & STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SUPRA SAE CAR CHASSISPrashant Sahgal
This document summarizes the design and structural analysis of a racing car chassis. It describes using CATIA software to model the chassis and ANSYS for finite element analysis to simulate various loads on the chassis, including front impact, side impact, torsion, bumps, and rollovers. The analysis found maximum deformations between 1-5 mm and stresses below 300 MPa across the tests, with safety factors above 1.5 in all cases. The document concludes the finite element analysis provided valuable insights for designing a chassis that can withstand the forces of racing.
The document summarizes a student's final project on studying the frontal impact of a passenger bus. The aim was to simulate frontal impact and recommend safety improvements. The student conducted literature reviews, modeled the bus geometry, generated finite element models, and simulated frontal impact. Results showed peak loads could be reduced by 4% with crush initiators. Future work could involve simulating subsystems and injury parameters to further improve structural safety.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Strategies for Aerodynamic Development discusses computational techniques for aerodynamic shape optimization to reduce drag. Adjoint methods efficiently compute gradients with respect to design variables, allowing optimization of hundreds or thousands of variables at once. Free-form deformation uses control points to parameterize geometry changes, making complex geometry manipulation easier. Direct optimization of the Common Research Model wing minimized drag subject to constraints.
IRJET - Design Modification of Car Bonnet to Reduce the Frictional DragIRJET Journal
The document discusses modifying the design of a car's bonnet to reduce aerodynamic drag. The initial design of a Honda Amaze is modeled. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is performed on the initial design and on a modified design with a smaller bonnet area and decreased attack angle. The modified design shows a reduction in drag force of 42N, pressure difference of 112Pa, and drag coefficient of 0.033. The modified design is concluded to provide better performance and efficiency compared to the initial design.
Design modification on Indian Road Vehicles to Reduce Aerodynamic DragIJAEMSJORNAL
Reducing vehicle fuel consumption has become one of the most important issues in recent years. Aerodynamic drag contributes to 50-60% of fuel consumption in trucks on highways. Vehicle aerodynamic performance is mainly determined by drag coefficient, which directly affects engine requirements and fuel consumption. It’s well known that drag changes in a crosswind compared with a condition without a crosswind, and that the change depends on the vehicle shape. Pressure drag, a major drag for trucks as they run at lower speeds is produced by the shape of the object. Therefore, addition of some components can suffice the need. The vehicle has been designed by using Catia and then analysed with CFD. The values are compared and the resultant drag reduction is calculated.
Computational Aerodynamics Research and Vehicle Engineering Development (CAR-...inventionjournals
Many Persons, both from industry and also private individuals have performed research in regards to this new issue. Many have performed research on aerodynamics on certain portions of the vehicle and also on effects of shape of the body and other technologies used such as Computational Fluid Dynamics and Wind tunnel Testing.The effects of these studies is seen in the industry today. Not so long ago,the vehicles were having shapes lose to boxes and today beautiful curves dominate the vehicles bodies. These curves not only help in the beauty of the vehicle but also help the vehicle in terms of aerodynamics and fuel efficiency. In this paper we would like to highlight some important topics related with aerodynamics and how they affect the drag of the vehicles. We shall also discuss on methods used in the industry today to calculate the aerodynamic efficiency of the vehicles and their effects.
This document describes the BMW Group's use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in the aerodynamic development of passenger cars and motorcycles. It discusses how CFD is used at different stages of the development process to address various aerodynamic questions. It also provides details on BMW's simulation process using a Lattice-Boltzmann code, shows examples of validation cases demonstrating the achievable accuracy, and highlights practical applications of CFD including assessing aerodynamic loads, passenger comfort, and thermal management.
IRJET- Design and Fluid Flow Analysis of F1 Race CarIRJET Journal
This document describes a study analyzing the fluid flow and aerodynamic design of an F1 race car using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The researchers modeled an F1 car in SolidWorks and analyzed drag force, downforce, and airflow around various components using CFD software. Their results showed reasonable agreement between theoretical calculations and CFD simulations. The study demonstrated how CFD can provide insight into vehicle aerodynamics to help optimize performance.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. Praveen Padagannavar and Manohara Bheemanna
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 92 editor@iaeme.com
obtained by attaching a spoiler at the rear of the car body. Most of the aerodynamic
evaluation of air flow has been carried out computationally by computational fluid
dynamics software by ANSYS.
Aim of stimulation models
To create a quality Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation of a single car model
and extract meaningful data.
To create quality Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation of a single car with a
spoiler and to study the aerodynamic effects of the spoiler on the car.
To create quality CFD simulations of two cars closely follow each other to study drag
phenomenon.
2. METHODOLOGY
1. The physical boundaries are defined for the given problem.
2. The volume occupied with the fluid is divided by discrete cells and meshing can be
uniform or non-uniform.
3. Boundary condition is defined and involves specific fluid behaviour and properties at
boundaries of the problem.
4. The simulation is started and the equations are solved at steady state.
5. Finally a postprocessor is used for analysis and visualization of the results.
2.1. Car Model without Spoiler
A single car model has been created by using the given construction points and
designed the model in a specified computational domain by using ANSYS software.
Construction points used to construct the car model are as shown below.
X(m) Y(m)
0 0.075
0 0.113
0.025 0.063
0.025 0.119
0.025 0.176
0.189 0.057
0.189 0.214
0.302 0.050
0.302 0.220
0.440 0.050
0.440 0.289
0.566 0.050
0.566 0.302
0.755 0.057
0.755 0.277
0.818 0.214
0.956 0.069
0.975 0.082
0.975 0.126
0.975 0.182
1 0.082
1 0.113
Table 1 construction points for the car model without spoiler
3. Automotive Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of A Car Using Ansys
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2.2. Car Model with Spoiler
Construction points used to construct spoiler:
X (m) Y (m)
0.8800 0.2663
0.8868 0.2595
0.8868 0.2718
0.8978 0.2567
0.8978 0.2711
0.9252 0.2595
0.9252 0.2690
0.9526 0.2670
0.9526 0.2718
0.9800 0.2800
Table 2 construction points for the car spoiler
The car model geometry is normalised by its length from nose to tail of the car
model. The characteristics length of the car model is 1 and with the free stream
velocity 100 Km/hr (27.78m/s), Reynolds Number is 1.84 x106
and turbulence
intensity assumed is 5%.
2.3. Creating computational domain
The computational domain means airflow in following sections which is created by
using given boundary points.
X Y
-8 0
-8 3
18 0
18 3
Table 3 Construction points for computational domain
3. PROCEDURE TO CREATE CAR MODEL
Step 1: Create 3D Geometry in Computational Domain
On generate the car geometry form the given construction point and then suppressed
onto the 3D air domain in design model. The assumption is that the car is moving
forward with a constant velocity ‘U’ through the air. But this is interpreted in
simulation, if the air is moving towards the car with the same velocity but the opposite
direction the car is stationary. The entire computational domain is done in the air
domain. Therefore, the car is suppressed in the fluid domain and suitable boundary
condition is assigned. The surface of the car body: inlet, sky, side plane, symmetry
plane, ground, outlet, car body and spoiler.
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Figure 1 3D geometry
Step 2: Meshing the Model
Meshing is one of the important steps for simulation in ANSYS. A suitable mesh will
give meaningful and accurate solution whereas wrong meshing will give inaccurate or
wrong answers. In order to know the turbulence properly the mesh should be grid
independently and also it should be fine as much as possible especially at the
boundary layer. On the other hand, greater number of mesh element in the car model
which leads to finer meshing and this will increase the computational cost. Therefore,
selecting mesh element size and applying suitable inflation on boundary layer will
optimize in the computational cost and accurate results. Turbulence can be properly
obtained when the mesh is done independent and fine including boundary layers. The
flow domains are split into smaller subdomain. The subdomains are often called
elements or cells and collections of these cells called as mesh.
Mesh Sizing: To account all the changes of the flow at the car model, the mesh size
of all the surface of the car body has been taken 2.5cm or mesh to element with size
0.025m. On the other hand, the air domain is not that important except the near region
of the car body, so it is kept default setting for meshing. The element of sizing is kept
soft for smooth transition between the coarse to fine elements of the car model. The
inflation is created on the body domain and on the surface of car body and spoiler.
The inflation option to first layer thickness is 0.0013m and maximum layer is 16. The
face sizing is created by changing the scoping method to name selection for the car
and spoiler model.
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Figure 2 Mesh of the car model.
Step 3: Boundary layer mesh
In the ANSYS CFX, the method provided for turbulence models involving the
boundary layer simulation. To know all the effect in the boundary layer of the car
body, it is important to use inflation layer into the boundary layer with finer mesh. In
the turbulence model, the first layer thickness setting is useful to save time in meshing
because the value used by constant inflation layer.
The quality of the mesh is determined by the shape of the individual cells. The key
factor that affects the quality of the cell is skewness, aspect ratio, angle between the
adjacent element of the cells and determinants. Skewness is primary quality measure
for a mesh. It determines how close to idea a face or cell is. In single car model the
skewness average of k-epsilon model is 0.26648 and k-omega is 0.26611. The mesh
element models have the shape to meet the requirements.
Step 4: Mesh element requirements
Triangular 45< θ< 135
Rectangular 1< Ratio of adjacent side < 5
The shape of the mesh element is qualified for the requirements shown in the above
figures.
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Step 5: Boundary Condition and Setting
NAME
BOUNDARY
TYPE
LOCATION BOUNDARY DETAILS
Inlet Inlet Inlet
Normal speed 27.78 m/s, Flow Regime: Subsonic.
Turbulence: Medium (Intensity = 5%)
Outlet Outlet Outlet Average static pressure= 0pa
Symmetry Symmetry Symmetric plane
Car body Wall Car body
Mass and Momentum: No slip wall.
Wall Roughness: Smooth Wall
Ground Wall Ground Wall U=27.78m/s, wall V =wall W=0
Far field Opening
Sky and back
plane
Flow Regime: subsonic, Turbulence: Zero Gradient
Mass and Momentum: Entrainment, 0.
Table 4 Boundary condition
According to the data from the table and figure, in reality the car is travelling at a
constant speed U forward and the air is assumed to be still. In this case, it is
equivalent to placing a stationary car in the air with a free stream speed U moving
against the car towards the positive x direction. The ground also moves together with
air in same speed and direction as the air.
Figure 3 Boundary condition
Boundary condition
The car is simulation to the drive at 100 km/h.
The car is assumed to be fixed or set as wall to the model.
The outlet boundary condition is set to pressure outlet with the gauge pressure of 0pa.
The car contour, the top and the bottom of the wind tunnel are set as walls.
The ground moves in the opposite direction at the same speed. Ground is set as wall,
U velocity same as air is 27.78 ms^-1, V and W velocity are 0.
The density of air is set as 1.185 kg/m^3.
The dynamic velocity of air is 1.831 x 10^-5 kg/ms.
Relative pressure of sky and side plane is 0; average static pressure of outlet is 0.
Car body is set as wall.
Drag coefficient: force_x()@carbody*2/1.185[kg m^-3]/27.78[m s^-
1]^2/0.252[m]/0.17[m].
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Boundary Flows for CFX:
LOCATION TYPE
MASS
FLOW
MOMENTUM
X Y Z
Car body Boundary 0.0000e+00 -7.0039e+00 4.3995e+00 1.8647e+01
Far field Boundary -2.3439e+00 -6.5293e+00 -4.2522e-03 3.9834e-03
Ground Boundary 0.0000e+00 3.9507e-02 -4.6187e+00 -3.8233e-03
Inlet Boundary 2.9627e+02 8.2306e+03 -3.0941e-08 3.1031e-02
Outlet Boundary -2.9604e+02 -8.2175e+03 2.3078e-01 -8.2808e-02
Symmetry Boundary 0.0000e+00 0.0000e+00 0.0000e+00 -1.8604e+01
Table 5 Boundary flows
4. RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS FOR CAR MODEL
WITHOUT SPOILER
4.1 Pressure Contour, Velocity Vector, Streamline, Turbulence Kinetic
Energy for Car without Spoiler
Note: K-Epsilon and K-Omega are two approaches to simulate the model and have
two different simulating results.
4.1.1 Pressure Contour for K- Epsilon Model and K-Omega Model
Figure 4 pressure contour for K-Epsilon model and K- Omega model
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According to the above figure, for both models the high pressure at the front of the
vehicle is due to the flat and projected front portion. This can be reduced by making
the design more streamlined. The pressure level varies behind the rear windshield and
it is lower in the K-Epsilon model and the K-Omega model has lower pressure behind
the car. The pressure for the K-Epsilon model range varies from 549pa to -852pa and
K-Omega model pressure range varies from 548 pa to -879 pa, hence the K- Omega
model does not account for wall boundary conditions. Different calculation methods
are used for two different models so the results for both the models are alike.
4.1.2 Velocity Vector for K- Epsilon Model and K-Omega Model
Figure 5 Velocity vector for K-Epsilon model and K-Omega model
The above figure shows velocity vector of K-Epsilon and K-Omega. The K-
Omega model does not involve complex non-linear damping functions required for
the K-Epsilon model and is more accurate. According to the velocity plots when
compared with K- Epsilon and K-Omega models, the negative area in K-Epsilon is
larger than that in K-Omega model. The results using K-Epsilon modal is more
accurate than using K- omega model.
4.1.3 Streamline Plots for K- Epsilon Model and K-Omega Model
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Figure 6 Streamline plots for K-Epsilon model and K- Omega Model
The above figure shows a vortex can be observed at the rear of the vehicle due to
back pressure for the k-Epsilon model. The streamline flow over the rear of car body
for k-Omega is more smooth and convergent. This proves k-Omega is most preferred
for near wall problems. The high velocity at the top of the vehicle is due to the sudden
change in profile. From the streamline plots it can be seen that, the turbulence behind
the rear windshield in the K-Epsilon is larger than K-Omega. For the area behind the
car, the turbulence in K-Epsilon is smaller.
4.1.4 Turbulence Kinetic Energy for K-Epsilon Model and K-Omega model
Figure 7 Turbulence kinetic Energy for K-Epsilon model and K-Omega model
The vehicle turbulence air is considered as a fluid medium through which our
current model moves at constant speed U. There are many types of turbulence
produced on roadways.
The K-Epsilon model has become one of the most widely used turbulence models
as it provides economy and accuracy for a wide range of turbulent flows. It is used for
fully turbulent flow (high Reynolds number). It cannot handle low Re. and also flow
separations. K-Omega is majorly used for near wall problems and damping functions
are not required. The turbulence frequency is used as a variable for detecting length
scales. According to the above figure, the turbulence kinetic energy behind the rear
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windshield area in k-Epsilon model is around about 20 Kg m2
/s2
and 6 Kg m2
/s2
in the
area behind the car.
The above figure illustrates high level of turbulence at the rear end of the vehicle
because of taper and small turbulence occurs over a larger distance in k-omega model.
The kinetic energy behind the rear windshield does not change significantly because
of the turbulence in K-Omega model. Nevertheless, the turbulence area behind the car
is larger than in present K-Epsilon model. The K-Epsilon model, the turbulence
kinetic energy behind the area of car is higher than K-Omega model.
4.2 Calculate the Lift and Drag Coefficient of Car Model without Spoiler
4.2.1 Drag
Drag is the force that acts opposite to the path of the vehicle’s motion. Drag is
detrimental to vehicle performance because it limits the top speed of a vehicle and
increases the fuel consumption. Reducing drag in road vehicle has led to increasing
the speed of vehicle, fuel efficiency handling, and acceleration
Drag coefficient (CD) = FD / ( ½ * ρ * V2 * AF) (1)
Where, FD is the drag force
ρ is the air density,
V is the free stream velocity
AF is the frontal area of the vehicle.
4.2.2 Lift
Lift can be manipulated to enhance the performance of a race car and decrease lap
times. Lift is the force that acts on a vehicle normal to the road surface that the vehicle
rides on.
Lift coefficient (CL) = FL / ( ½ * ρ * V2 * AT) (2)
Where FL is the lift force
ρ is the air density
V is the free stream velocity
AT is the area of the top surface of the vehicle
The forces and coefficient of the two models are as following below:
K-EPSILON K-OMEGA
DRAG FORCE 7.25692 N 8.05381 N
DRAG COEFFICIENT 0.375363 0.420639
LIFT FORCE -3.96126 N -4.87552 N
LIFT COEFFICIENT -0.2245 -0.24306
Table 6 Force and coefficient
The table shows, Drag coefficient and lift coefficient for the two turbulence car
models. The two turbulence models have two different results. The drag force and
coefficient in K-Omega are larger than in K-Epsilon model and the lift force and
coefficient in K-Omega are both smaller than compared to K-Epsilon model.
According to the results, it is understood that the car can hold the ground better in K-
Omega model than in K-Epsilon model.
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4.2.3 Calculate Co-efficient drag (Cd) and Co-efficient lift (C )
Car Body C C
Generic
Automotive
0.32 0.43
Model
-0.046 0.36
K-
Epsilon
-0.049 0.41 K-Omega
Table 7: Cd and Cl
The coefficients in the model are lower than the generic car because of different
shape of car body. The model is developed on spline, so angle is blunter, area
smoother and drag is lower than generic. The bottom of the model is smoother and
speed flow is slower than generic car. A symmetric model cannot cause to happen lift
force and round body has lowest drag coefficient. The lift force of the model car is
negative and the force is acting down towards the ground and this is useful for
stability of the vehicle and driving.
5. RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS FOR CAR MODEL
WITH SPOILER
5.1 Y Plus Value, Pressure Contour, Velocity Vector, Streamline,
Turbulence Kinetic Energy with Spoiler for K-Epsilon Model
NOTE: Spoiler reduces the drag force and the lift force on the road.
5.1.1 Y Plus Plot with Spoiler for K-Epsilon Model
Figure 8 y plus plot with spoiler for K-Epsilon
According to the results, the Y plus values should not exceed 300 and by analysis
the results we got: K-epsilon model car body is 143, K-omega model car body is 135
and K-epsilon model car body with spoiler is 142. So it meets all the following
conditions. It is important to have the y+ values less than the allowed limit because it
determines the quality of the mesh for the flow pattern and to have appropriate
Reynolds number for the turbulent flow.
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5.1.2 Pressure Contour Plots with Spoiler for K-Epsilon Model
Figure 9 pressure contour plot with spoiler for K-Epsilon model
The above figure shows the pressure in the model of a car-spoiler. The pressure is
focused on the front part of the vehicle and the rear part of the car body does not
undergo extreme pressure. Furthermore, the area on the top of the spoiler is pushed
downwards with approximately 200pa. When the high pressure air approaches in front
of the windshield, the air travels over the windshield and accelerates and then
decrease in pressure. This lower pressure produces a lift force on the car roof as the
air passes over it. The pressure behind the car-spoiler is reduced. There is a large
amount of pressure over the spoiler surface and this pressure is generating down force
and results in better stability of the vehicle.
5.1.3 Velocity Vector with Spoiler for K-Epsilon Model
Figure 10 velocity vector with spoiler for K-Epsilon model
From the above figure, the velocity on top of the car especially at the spoiler end
is more than the velocity under the car. This increases the downward force which
helps the car to stay on the road.
5.1.4 Streamline Plot with Spoiler for K-Epsilon Model
Figure 11 streamline plot with spoiler for K-Epsilon model
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From the above figure, the spoiler splits the air flow at the rear and it consequently
reduces the velocity on top of the car and reduces the formation of a vortex at the rear.
But there is a high pressure zone created above the spoiler.
5.1.5 Turbulence Kinetic Energy with Spoiler for K-Epsilon Model
Figure 12 Turbulence kinetic energy with spoiler for K-Epsilon model
In the above figure, the turbulence area in the car spoiler is smaller compare to K-
Epsilon model. The turbulence kinetic energy of K-Epsilon car model is
approximately 23 Kg m2
/s2
compared with K-Epsilon model which is smaller.
5.2 Lift and Drag Coefficient for the Car Spoiler Model
K-EPSILON K-OMEGA K-EPSILON
CAR CAR CAR SPOILER
DRAG FORCE 7.15692 N 8.04382 N
8.70156 N 0.111492 N
8.813052 N
DRAG
COEFFICIENT
0.365362 0.410639 0.444216
LIFT FORCE -3.86116 N -4.76551 N
-5.50031 N -7.37853 N
-12.87884 N
LIFT
COEFFICIENT
-0.0496725 -0.0613066 -0.66078
DRAG COEFFICIENT DRAG FORCE LIFT COEFFICIENT LIFT FORCE
0.44 8.81 N -0.660 -12.87 N
CAR BODY Cl Cd
K-EPSILON -0.049 0.36
CAR SPOILER -7.37 N 0.44
Table 8 Lift and Drag Coefficient for the Car Spoiler Model
The Compared with the K-Epsilon car model Cl and Cd are both smaller than the
car spoiler model. The drag force differs because of spoiler. The turbulence and flow
created by spoiler that increases the drag force of the vehicle. The reason is that the
spoiler suffers from turbulence and flow. The drag force of the car model with a
spoiler is higher than the without spoiler. When it comes to lift coefficient and force
have lots of changes. In the front and rear of the spoiler there is positive pressure and
there would be additional drag force when compared with car model. The top aspect
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of spoiler is positive pressure and bottom receives negative pressure. The increase in
the lift force is the main reason that the down force in car spoiler is large than in car
model without spoiler.
6. CONCLUSION
The Reynolds average Navier Stokes equations or single car body model can be
solved in two ways by using K-Epsilon and K-Omega turbulence models. The single
car with spoiler has been solved using K-Epsilon model. For the different types of
mesh K-Epsilon and K-Omega the simulation results are different. The results of K-
Omega models provides more smooth of the fluid medium over the car body surface
reducing the swirls at the rear window region. The coefficient of drag and lift along
with drag and lift forces has been calculated by using the equation. Cl and Cd in K-
omega model are both larger than in K-Epsilon model. K-Omega model have better
down force than K-Epsilon model but has larger drag force. The car spoiler is a better
way to increase the down force. The results will be different in case of adding a
spoiler. In velocity vector plots with spoiler, an excess force acts on rear end resulting
in an increase in downwards force which ultimately increases the frag on the car.
The state of different car model in fluid domain can be simulated and different
model have different actions in fluid domain and also different method of analysis.
The computational fluid dynamics provides visual images and numerical data to
simulate the car body in the fluid flow. The computational fluid dynamics provides
simulations for design which can be used in practical. The results also help to reduce
the fuel consumption and increase the stability of the vehicle. CFD contributes vehicle
design, visible results and shows approximate results and helps simulations for
designers to design the vehicle and improve accordingly.
REFERENCES
[1] Anderson, ‘Race Car Aerodynamics Part 2: Lift and Drag’, 2014.
[2] http://jeffrin.hubpages.com/hub/Mesh-Generation-in-CFD-An-Overview.
[3] J.Ducoste, ‘An Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics’, 2008
[4] Katz, J. 1995, ‘Race car aerodynamics: Designing for speed’, 1st edn, Robert
Bentley.
[5] M.Cable, ‘An Evaluation of Turbulence Models for the Numerical Study of
Forced and Natural Convective Flow in Atria’, 2009.
[6] Rakesh Jaiswal, Anupam Raj Jha, Anush Karki, Debayan Das, Pawan Jaiswal,
Saurav Rajgadia, Ankit Basnet and Rabindra Nath Barman, Structural and
Thermal Analysis of Disc Brake Using Solidworks and Ansys. International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 2016, pp. 67–77.
[7] Janvijay Pateriya, Raj Kumar Yadav, Vikas Mukhraiya and Pankaj Singh, Brake
Disc Analysis with the Help of Ansys Software. International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(11), 2015, pp. 114–122.