The human eye is located in bony sockets called orbits. It has three layers - the outer sclera, middle choroid layer with blood vessels, and inner retina layer with photoreceptor cells. The retina contains rod and cone cells that contain light-sensitive proteins to detect light and color. Signals from these cells are transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain for vision. The lens focuses light rays onto the retina, especially the dense fovea region for highest visual acuity. Fluids in the eye's chambers, such as the aqueous humor and vitreous humor, help maintain its shape and transfer signals.

1. HUMAN EYE
• Eyes located in shocket of skull called
Orbits.
• Eye ball is nearly a spherical structure.

3. Eye muscles

4. Layer of eye

5. • The wall of the eye ball its composed of three
layers.
• The external layer -a dense connective tissue
called the sclera.
• The anterior portion of eye sclera layer is
called the cornea.
• The middle layer, choroid, contains many
blood vessels and looks bluish in colour.
• The choroid layer is thin over the posterior
two- third of the eye ball, but its become thick
in the anterior part of cilliary body.

7. • The ciliary body itself continues forward to from a
pigmented and opaque structure called the iris
which is the visible coloured portion of the eye.
• The eye ball contains a trsanparent crystalline lens
which is held in place by ligaments attached to the
ciliary body.
• In front of the lens, the aperture surrounded by the
iris is called the pupil.
• The diameter of the pupil is regulated by the iris is
called the pupil

8. 3 layers of neural cells in retina
• The inner layer is the retina and its contains
three layer of nerual cell-from inside to outside
- ganglion cell, bipolor cells and photoreceptor
cell.

10. 2 Type Photoreceptor cells
1. Rods
2. Cones

11. • These cells contain the Light-sensitive proteins
called the photo pigments.
• The day light(photopic) vision and colour vision
are function of cones and the twilight (Scotopic)
vision is the function of the rods.
• The rods contain a pruplish-red protein called the
rhodosin or visual purple, which contains a
derivative of vitamine A.

12. • In the human eye, there are three types of cones
which possess their own characteristic photo
pigments that respond to red, green and blue
light.
• The sensations of the different
colours are produced by
various combinations of these
cones and their photo
pigments.
• When these cones are
stimulated equally, a sensation
of which light is produced.

13. Optic nerve

15. • The optic nerves leave the eye and the retina blood
vessels enter it at a point medial to and slightly
above the posterior pole of the eye ball.
• At the posterior pole of the eye lateral to the blind
spot, there is a yellowish pigmented spot called
macula lutea with a central pit called the fovea.
• The fovea is a thinned-out portion of the point
where ghe retina where the only the cones are
densely packed. It is the point where the visual
acuity(resolution) is the greatest.
• Photoreceptor cell are not present in that region
and hence it is called the blind spot.

17. Optic and other eye nerve

18. Fluid filled chamber of eye
• The space between the cornea and the lens
is called the aquous chamber and contains a
thin watery fluid called aquous humor.
• The space between the lens and retina is
called the vitreous chamber and is filled
with a transparent gel called vitreous
humor.

21. Mechanisms of vision
• The light rays in visible wavelength focussed on
the retina through the cornea & lens generate
potentials (impulses) in rods & cones.
• The photosensitive
compounds(Photopigments) in the human eye
is composed of opsin (a protin)and retainal (an
aldehyde of vitamin A).
• Light induces dissociation of the retinal from
opsin resulting in change in the structure of the
opsin. This cause membrane permeability
changes.

23. • As a result, potential differences are generated
in the photoreceptor cell.
• This produces a signal that generates action
potentials in the in the ganglion cells through
the bipolar cells.
• This action potentials (impulse) are
transmitted by the optic nerves to the visual
cortex area of the brain. Where the neural
impulses are analysed and the image formed
on the retina is recognised based on earlier
memory and experience.