This document defines allergies as conditions caused by an immune system reaction to typically harmless substances. It discusses allergens like pollen, mold and foods that can cause allergic reactions. The document also describes the different types of hypersensitivity reactions, clinical manifestations of allergies, diagnostic tests, and medical and nursing management of allergic conditions.

2.  Define Allergy
 Illustrate the Incidence of allergy
 Define allergens
 Enlist the types of allergens
 Enumerate the types of allergens
 Explain about hypersensitivity types
 Describe the pathophysiology of allergy
 Enumerate the clinical manifestation
 Discuss the diagnostic evaluations
 Explain the medical management
 Discuss the Nursing management
Objective

3. Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a
number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of
the immune system to typically harmless
substances in the environment.

4.  Allergens is a substance that can cause an allergic
reactions .
 The substances like pollen, mold, dust, animal
dander, certain foods, insects stings etc. are called
Allergens.

7.  It is also known as anaphylactic hypersensitivity.
 It may involve skin, eyes, Nasopharynx,
bronchopulmonary and GI tract.
 It takes place in 15-30 minutes from the time of
exposure to the antigen. Although it may have a
delayed onset ( 10-12 hours) sometimes.

8.  Mediated by IgE antibody to specific antigens.
 Mast cell or basophiles is the primary cellular
component.
 The reaction is amplified by platelets, Neutrophils and
eosinophils.
 Mast cell stimulate and release histamine.

9.  The reaction time is minutes to hours.
 It is mediated by antibodies of the IgM or IgG and
complement.
 Phagocytosis may also plays a role.
 The lesion contains antibodies, complement and
Neutrophils

10.  It forms antigen- antibody complex.
 If not eliminated can deposit in capillaries or
joints and trigger inflammation.
 It is IgG mediated. the reaction may be general or
involve a specific organ.
 The reaction may take 3-10 hours after exposure
to the antigen.

11.  The antigen may be exogenous or autoimmune.
 The antigen is soluble and is not attached to the organ
involved.
 Macrophages bind to the immune complexes and
phagocyte the complexes.
 If unable to phagocyte the immune complexes can
cause inflammation.

12.  It is also known as delayed hypersensitivity.
 Reaction involves sensitized T- cells and
release of its lymphocytes as mediators and
amplifies.
 It cell mediated hypersensitivity.
 Example: contact dermatitis, transplant
rejection.

13.  T- cells release cytokines to activate
macrophages causing inflammation and
tissue damage.
 Continued macrophage activation can
cause chronic inflammation resulting in
the tissue lesions, scarring and granuloma
formation.
 Response starts after 48-72 hours of
exposure to antigen.

17.  History collection
› Medical history
› Family history
› Allergic history
Physical examination
Blood investigations

18. SKIN PRICK TEST
 A few drops of the purified allergen are gently
pricked on the skin surface , usually forearms.

20. PATCH TEST
 It is used to determine which
allergens a patient with allergic
contact dermatitis reacts.
 A series of allergens are applied
to the back & then removed
after 48 hours.
 Positive reactions show
erythema and papules or
vesicles.

21.  Antihistamines. (H1-blockers bind selectively to H1
receptors, preventing the actions of histamines at the
site)
 Mast cell Stabilizers : Nasalcrom spray (it inhibits
macrophages, eosinophils, Monocytes and platelets and
histamine release.
 Corticosteroid (decrease inflammation)
Pharmacological

22.  Adrenergic agents (They activate the alpha-adrenergic
receptor sites on the smooth muscle of the nasal mucosal
blood vessels, reducing local blood flow, fluid exudation,
and mucosal edema.
 Immunotherapy:
It consists of administering increasing concentrations
of extracts of specific allergens over a long period
Goals of immunotherapy include reducing the level of
circulating IgE, increasing the level of blocking antibody
IgG and reducing mediator cell sensitivity

24.  Assess the airway for patency.
 Assess the respiratory rate, rhythm, depth.
 Assess the presence of sputum.
 Assess the oxygen saturation
 Teach patient breathing exercises.
 Maintain high- fowler or semi- fowler position.
 Provide oxygen, as prescribed by physician.

25.  Assess the vital signs of the patient.
 Assess the level of consciousness of the patient.
 Place the patient in trendelenberg position
 Administer parentral fluids using large bore needle
 Administer anti-inflammatory drugs as prescribed by
physician.

26.  Assess the fluid and electrolyte balance .
 Assess the vomiting characteristics.
 Provide IV fluids to the patient.
 Determine allergen that causes nausea and vomiting
 Provide antiemetic as prescribed by the physician.
 Provide anti- allergic as prescribed by physician.

27.  Assess the patient’s emotional status.
 Assess the patients perception for body image
disturbance.
 Encourage patient to verbalize their feelings
 Provide psychological support to the patient
 Educate the patient to join in activities.

28.  Monitor patient’s vital signs regularly.
 Review laboratory results for coagulation status.
 Assess skin and mucous membrane for the signs of
bruising, petechiae, hematoma.
 Educate the patient for the early signs of bleeding.
 Provide blood transfusion if needed.