Extraction and washing
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This document discusses extraction and washing processes. It defines extraction as removing solid constituents from solids or liquids using solvents. The solvent dissolves the desired compounds, reaching equilibrium between the solute inside and solvent outside. Rate of extraction depends on factors like mass transfer coefficient, interface area, and solute concentrations. Common extraction methods include liquid-liquid, solid phase, acid-base, supercritical fluid, ultrasound, heat reflux, and microwave extractions. Common equipment used are mixer-settlers, pulse extractors, unagitated columns, and mechanically agitated columns like Scheibel, rotating disk contactor, Oldshue-Rushton, and Kuhni columns. Washing is similar to extraction
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Absorption and Adsorption
Adsorption involves the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. It is a surface phenomenon that occurs more readily at low temperatures. Absorption involves one substance being taken up by another through its entire volume. It is a bulk phenomenon that generally occurs uniformly throughout the material regardless of temperature. Some common adsorbents include activated charcoal and alumina, while common absorbents include cotton and absorbent polymers. Adsorption and absorption both have various industrial and medical uses.
Derivation of Bet equation and different isotherms
This file includes BET adsorption isotherm and five types of isotherms, derivation of BET adsorption isotherms.
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction, also known as liquid-liquid extraction, is a method used to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It involves transferring solutes from a feed solution to another immiscible liquid called the extract. Solvent extraction was first developed in analytical chemistry and is now widely used in hydrometallurgy and other industries to separate and extract various metals, rare earth elements, and other compounds. Key aspects of solvent extraction processes include the selection of appropriate organic solvents and diluents, extraction equipment like mixer-settlers or columns, and multi-stage counter-current contacting to efficiently separate solutes.
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)
This document defines and provides examples of the leaching process. Leaching involves extracting a substance from a solid material by contact with a liquid. A simple example given is making green tea, where steeping a green tea bag in hot water extracts the green flavor from the solid bag into the liquid water. The principle of leaching is that it can be done in batches, semi-batches, or continuously at an elevated temperature to increase solubility. Common uses of leaching include extracting minerals from ores in the metals industry, sugar from beets in the sugar industry, and oil from seeds in the oilseeds industry.
Liquid liquid extraction ppt
Liquid-liquid extraction is a separation process where one or more components of a liquid mixture are preferentially dissolved into another immiscible liquid solvent based on factors like distribution coefficient, selectivity, density, and chemical reactivity. Solvent choice depends on these factors as well as properties like insolubility, recoverability, viscosity, vapor pressure, freezing point, availability, and cost. Extraction is often preferred over distillation when relative volatility is near unity, azeotropes would limit separation, heating must be avoided, or components are very different in nature.
Adsorption isotherms
The document discusses different adsorption isotherm models including Freundlich, Langmuir, and BET isotherms. The Freundlich isotherm accounts for heterogeneous adsorption sites while the Langmuir isotherm assumes monolayer adsorption. The BET isotherm built upon Langmuir's assumptions to account for multilayer adsorption. Key factors in adsorption include pressure, temperature, surface energy, and the equilibrium between adsorbed and gaseous molecules. Adsorption amounts level off at high pressures when all adsorption sites are filled.
Crystallization
Crystallization is a process where a solute forms solid crystalline structures from a liquid solution. It involves two main steps - nucleation, where clusters of solute molecules form stable nuclei, and crystal growth, where additional solute molecules attach to the nuclei in an orderly pattern. There are seven main types of unit cells that make up crystal structures, repeating three-dimensionally. Crystallization is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to purify compounds and isolate active pharmaceutical ingredients. Careful control of nucleation is important to obtain large, pure crystals of the desired size and shape.
Extraction
The presentation gives the basic information regarding the extraction in food matrix. It includes basics of extraction, principles of extraction and the theory behind the solvent extraction. It also involves terms and terminologies involved in the extraction process, Factors affecting extraction efficiency and Types of Extractors. Mixer-Settlers for extraction, Spray extraction towers, Plate towers contactors, etc.
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Absorption and Adsorption
Adsorption involves the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. It is a surface phenomenon that occurs more readily at low temperatures. Absorption involves one substance being taken up by another through its entire volume. It is a bulk phenomenon that generally occurs uniformly throughout the material regardless of temperature. Some common adsorbents include activated charcoal and alumina, while common absorbents include cotton and absorbent polymers. Adsorption and absorption both have various industrial and medical uses.
Derivation of Bet equation and different isotherms
This file includes BET adsorption isotherm and five types of isotherms, derivation of BET adsorption isotherms.
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction, also known as liquid-liquid extraction, is a method used to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It involves transferring solutes from a feed solution to another immiscible liquid called the extract. Solvent extraction was first developed in analytical chemistry and is now widely used in hydrometallurgy and other industries to separate and extract various metals, rare earth elements, and other compounds. Key aspects of solvent extraction processes include the selection of appropriate organic solvents and diluents, extraction equipment like mixer-settlers or columns, and multi-stage counter-current contacting to efficiently separate solutes.
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)
This document defines and provides examples of the leaching process. Leaching involves extracting a substance from a solid material by contact with a liquid. A simple example given is making green tea, where steeping a green tea bag in hot water extracts the green flavor from the solid bag into the liquid water. The principle of leaching is that it can be done in batches, semi-batches, or continuously at an elevated temperature to increase solubility. Common uses of leaching include extracting minerals from ores in the metals industry, sugar from beets in the sugar industry, and oil from seeds in the oilseeds industry.
Liquid liquid extraction ppt
Liquid-liquid extraction is a separation process where one or more components of a liquid mixture are preferentially dissolved into another immiscible liquid solvent based on factors like distribution coefficient, selectivity, density, and chemical reactivity. Solvent choice depends on these factors as well as properties like insolubility, recoverability, viscosity, vapor pressure, freezing point, availability, and cost. Extraction is often preferred over distillation when relative volatility is near unity, azeotropes would limit separation, heating must be avoided, or components are very different in nature.
Adsorption isotherms
The document discusses different adsorption isotherm models including Freundlich, Langmuir, and BET isotherms. The Freundlich isotherm accounts for heterogeneous adsorption sites while the Langmuir isotherm assumes monolayer adsorption. The BET isotherm built upon Langmuir's assumptions to account for multilayer adsorption. Key factors in adsorption include pressure, temperature, surface energy, and the equilibrium between adsorbed and gaseous molecules. Adsorption amounts level off at high pressures when all adsorption sites are filled.
Crystallization
Crystallization is a process where a solute forms solid crystalline structures from a liquid solution. It involves two main steps - nucleation, where clusters of solute molecules form stable nuclei, and crystal growth, where additional solute molecules attach to the nuclei in an orderly pattern. There are seven main types of unit cells that make up crystal structures, repeating three-dimensionally. Crystallization is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to purify compounds and isolate active pharmaceutical ingredients. Careful control of nucleation is important to obtain large, pure crystals of the desired size and shape.
Extraction
The presentation gives the basic information regarding the extraction in food matrix. It includes basics of extraction, principles of extraction and the theory behind the solvent extraction. It also involves terms and terminologies involved in the extraction process, Factors affecting extraction efficiency and Types of Extractors. Mixer-Settlers for extraction, Spray extraction towers, Plate towers contactors, etc.
Extraction.ppt
Extraction refers to processes for the isolation of the active ingredients from drug material. This may be by physical means or by dissolving in a suitable menstruum (liquid solvent eg. water or alcohol). Expression is the physical act of applying pressure to squeeze out oils or juices from plants.
Electrical double layer
electrochemistry and the surface and colloidal chemistry can be combine with this phenomenon of double layer.
Adsorption isotherm
- Adsorption occurs when a gas or liquid accumulates on the surface of a solid, forming a film. It differs from absorption which involves diffusion into the bulk.
- The Langmuir adsorption model describes monolayer adsorption on uniform sites but makes assumptions that do not always apply. The BET model extends it to account for multilayer adsorption.
- The Temkin isotherm accounts for indirect interactions between adsorbed molecules which affect heat of adsorption and coverage at high pressures.
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Emissivity
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Planck’s Law
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Bollman extractor
The document describes the Bollman extractor, which is a type of basket extractor used for leaching solids. It consists of a vertical chamber with a series of perforated baskets attached to a chain conveyor. Dry solids are added to the top baskets and leached by a solvent solution as the baskets descend counter-currently. The wet solids are removed at the bottom and the recovered solvent is evaporated and stripped to extract oil. The Bollman extractor provides continuous counter-current contact between solids and solvent for effective leaching.
3. economy of multiple effect evaporator
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an equipment for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.
Steam is mostly used as heating medium in Multiple effect evaporator.
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular method for the concentration of aqueous solutions.
Extraction
This document discusses different types of solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction processes. Solid-liquid extraction, also called leaching, involves removing soluble components from an insolute matrix using a solvent. It occurs through diffusion of the solvent into the solid and diffusion of the dissolved components out of the solid into the solution. Common solid-liquid extraction techniques include maceration, percolation, digestion, and countercurrent extraction using equipment like diffusion batteries, rotocel extractors, and screw extractors. Liquid-liquid extraction relies on the partition of compounds between two immiscible liquid phases. Large-scale equipment used in extraction includes mixers, towers, spray towers, and agitated columns.
Crystallization process chemistry
Crystallization is the process of obtaining crystals of a pure substance from its hot, saturated solution. It involves a physical change as no new substances are formed - only a change from liquid to solid state. Crystallization is used to purify naturally occurring impure substances and obtain them in pure crystalline form. There are three main steps: supersaturation of the solution, nucleation where crystal seeds form, and crystal growth. Common applications include purification of drugs, seawater, and in separating substances like alum in industries. Types of crystallization include evaporative, cooling, and reactive crystallization.
Leaching
Leaching is a solid-liquid extraction process where one or more constituents of a solid mixture are separated by contact with a liquid solvent. It works on the principles of solvent penetrating the solid, the solute then diffusing through the solid-solvent mixture to the particle surface until equilibrium is established. There are two types - unsteady state processes like in situ leaching and heap leaching, and steady state processes using agitated vessels or continuous countercurrent decantation. Various equipment is used for leaching like percolation tanks, shank systems, agitated column vessels, thickeners, hydrocyclones, and various extractors.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Koch Modular Process Systems, LLC. (KMPS) Extraction Technology Group specializes in the design and supply of liquid-liquid extraction equipment engineered to fulfill the chemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, biotech and flavor & fragrance industries’ increasingly challenging purification requirements. Our extractor design expertise includes SCHEIBEL® Columns, KARR® Columns, rotating disc contactor (RDC) columns, pulsed, packed (SMVP) and sieve tray.
At KMPS, we don’t just sell extraction equipment; we supply solutions to your difficult separation applications.
KMPS also provides replacements parts, repair services and troubleshooting assistance for all types of extraction columns. A qualified technician or engineer can be provided on-site for both mechanical and process related support.
Cyclone/Hydrocyclone separator
Cyclones and hydrocyclones use centrifugal force and gravity to separate mixtures without filters. Contaminated gas or liquid enters tangentially and spins, forcing heavier particles to the outer wall. Lighter particles spiral up the center and exit at the top while heavier particles exit at the bottom. They are commonly used to remove particulates in industrial processes like mining, drilling, and wastewater treatment. Operating parameters like geometry and flow characteristics determine separation size and efficiency. They have low costs but reduced performance with non-ideal mixtures.
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This document discusses various separation techniques used in analytical chemistry, including chromatography. It describes techniques based on solubility like filtration, precipitation, and crystallization. It also covers centrifugation based on gravity, distillation based on volatility, electrophoresis based on electrical effects, chromatography based on the retention capacity of a stationary phase, solvent extraction based on distribution between two immiscible phases, and ion exchange based on capacity to exchange with a resin. Chromatography and solvent extraction are discussed in further detail.
Nucleation & crystallization
The document discusses nucleation and crystallization processes. It explains that nucleation refers to the initial formation of nano-sized crystallites from molten material as the first step in solidification. The critical radius is the minimum size needed for a crystal embryo to become a stable nucleus and continue growing. Segregation occurs as solute elements are more soluble in liquid than solid, causing compositional variations within castings.
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This document summarizes key concepts about adsorption. It discusses adsorption at liquid-gas, liquid-liquid, and solid-gas interfaces. It differentiates between physical adsorption and chemisorption, and describes common adsorption isotherms like Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and BET isotherms. It also discusses measuring gas adsorption through volumetric and gravimetric methods. Finally, it covers adsorption from solutions and compares apparent adsorption isotherms to composite isotherms for solute adsorption from binary liquid mixtures.
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This document discusses adsorption, the process by which gases or liquids accumulate on the surface of solids and liquids. It defines adsorption, adsorbent, and adsorbate. It explains that adsorption is an exothermic process, decreasing entropy and Gibbs free energy. Two types of adsorption are described: physical adsorption involving van der Waals forces and chemical adsorption involving chemical bonding. Factors that affect adsorption include solute concentration, surface area, temperature, presence of impurities, and pH of the medium. Three techniques for studying adsorption are also listed: low energy electron diffraction, photo electron spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy.
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Adsorption is the process where matter accumulates at the interface between two phases, such as a gas transferring to the surface of a liquid. This occurs due to higher surface energy at interfaces compared to interior molecules. Adsorption equilibria can be modeled using isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET, which relate the amount adsorbed to concentration in solution. Factors like adsorbate properties, pH, temperature, and presence of other solutes influence adsorption extent and isotherm shape.
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- The Gibbs phase rule and how it relates to phase diagrams
- Binary phase diagrams and examples like Cu-Ni
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This document discusses different methods for storing particulate solids, including outdoor storage in piles and confined storage in structures like silos, bins, and hoppers. It describes two main types of storage - outdoor storage, where coarse solids are stored in large piles, and confined storage of more valuable solids in structures to protect from environmental factors. Specific structures discussed include silos for storing materials like grain, cement, and woodchips; bins for storing dry materials like concrete; and hoppers for temporary storage before processing. Key considerations for selecting a storage method include the properties of the particulate solid and preventing issues like dusting, caking, or degradation.
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Solvent extraction is a method of quantitative separation of compounds using two immiscible liquids. When a solution containing a solute is mixed with an extracting solvent, the solute transfers from one solvent to the other based on differences in solubility. This process establishes an equilibrium defined by the distribution coefficient, which represents the ratio of solute concentrations in each solvent layer. Factors like pH, temperature, and addition of chelating or synergistic agents can influence the extraction efficiency. Solvent extraction is commonly used for purification in industries like oil processing and nuclear reprocessing due to advantages of low energy use, high throughput, and ease of automation compared to other separation methods.
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1. Dialysis removes waste and regulates fluids and electrolytes through diffusion, convection, and ultrafiltration. High efficiency and high flux dialyzers have higher clearance rates through larger surface areas and pore sizes.
2. Ultrafiltration is driven by hydrostatic pressure differences across the dialyzer membrane, regulated by transmembrane pressure. The ultrafiltration coefficient measures fluid removal rate per pressure change.
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Extraction.ppt
Extraction refers to processes for the isolation of the active ingredients from drug material. This may be by physical means or by dissolving in a suitable menstruum (liquid solvent eg. water or alcohol). Expression is the physical act of applying pressure to squeeze out oils or juices from plants.
Electrical double layer
electrochemistry and the surface and colloidal chemistry can be combine with this phenomenon of double layer.
Adsorption isotherm
- Adsorption occurs when a gas or liquid accumulates on the surface of a solid, forming a film. It differs from absorption which involves diffusion into the bulk.
- The Langmuir adsorption model describes monolayer adsorption on uniform sites but makes assumptions that do not always apply. The BET model extends it to account for multilayer adsorption.
- The Temkin isotherm accounts for indirect interactions between adsorbed molecules which affect heat of adsorption and coverage at high pressures.
Concept of Grey body and Black body
Absorptivity
Reflectivity
Transmissivity
Emissivity
Grey Body
Black Body
Laws of black body radiation
Stefan-Boltzmann law
Planck’s Law
Wiens Displacement law
Conclusion
Bollman extractor
The document describes the Bollman extractor, which is a type of basket extractor used for leaching solids. It consists of a vertical chamber with a series of perforated baskets attached to a chain conveyor. Dry solids are added to the top baskets and leached by a solvent solution as the baskets descend counter-currently. The wet solids are removed at the bottom and the recovered solvent is evaporated and stripped to extract oil. The Bollman extractor provides continuous counter-current contact between solids and solvent for effective leaching.
3. economy of multiple effect evaporator
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an equipment for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.
Steam is mostly used as heating medium in Multiple effect evaporator.
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular method for the concentration of aqueous solutions.
Extraction
This document discusses different types of solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction processes. Solid-liquid extraction, also called leaching, involves removing soluble components from an insolute matrix using a solvent. It occurs through diffusion of the solvent into the solid and diffusion of the dissolved components out of the solid into the solution. Common solid-liquid extraction techniques include maceration, percolation, digestion, and countercurrent extraction using equipment like diffusion batteries, rotocel extractors, and screw extractors. Liquid-liquid extraction relies on the partition of compounds between two immiscible liquid phases. Large-scale equipment used in extraction includes mixers, towers, spray towers, and agitated columns.
Crystallization process chemistry
Crystallization is the process of obtaining crystals of a pure substance from its hot, saturated solution. It involves a physical change as no new substances are formed - only a change from liquid to solid state. Crystallization is used to purify naturally occurring impure substances and obtain them in pure crystalline form. There are three main steps: supersaturation of the solution, nucleation where crystal seeds form, and crystal growth. Common applications include purification of drugs, seawater, and in separating substances like alum in industries. Types of crystallization include evaporative, cooling, and reactive crystallization.
Leaching
Leaching is a solid-liquid extraction process where one or more constituents of a solid mixture are separated by contact with a liquid solvent. It works on the principles of solvent penetrating the solid, the solute then diffusing through the solid-solvent mixture to the particle surface until equilibrium is established. There are two types - unsteady state processes like in situ leaching and heap leaching, and steady state processes using agitated vessels or continuous countercurrent decantation. Various equipment is used for leaching like percolation tanks, shank systems, agitated column vessels, thickeners, hydrocyclones, and various extractors.
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Koch Modular Process Systems, LLC. (KMPS) Extraction Technology Group specializes in the design and supply of liquid-liquid extraction equipment engineered to fulfill the chemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, biotech and flavor & fragrance industries’ increasingly challenging purification requirements. Our extractor design expertise includes SCHEIBEL® Columns, KARR® Columns, rotating disc contactor (RDC) columns, pulsed, packed (SMVP) and sieve tray.
At KMPS, we don’t just sell extraction equipment; we supply solutions to your difficult separation applications.
KMPS also provides replacements parts, repair services and troubleshooting assistance for all types of extraction columns. A qualified technician or engineer can be provided on-site for both mechanical and process related support.
Cyclone/Hydrocyclone separator
Cyclones and hydrocyclones use centrifugal force and gravity to separate mixtures without filters. Contaminated gas or liquid enters tangentially and spins, forcing heavier particles to the outer wall. Lighter particles spiral up the center and exit at the top while heavier particles exit at the bottom. They are commonly used to remove particulates in industrial processes like mining, drilling, and wastewater treatment. Operating parameters like geometry and flow characteristics determine separation size and efficiency. They have low costs but reduced performance with non-ideal mixtures.
Separation techniques in analytical chemistry
This document discusses various separation techniques used in analytical chemistry, including chromatography. It describes techniques based on solubility like filtration, precipitation, and crystallization. It also covers centrifugation based on gravity, distillation based on volatility, electrophoresis based on electrical effects, chromatography based on the retention capacity of a stationary phase, solvent extraction based on distribution between two immiscible phases, and ion exchange based on capacity to exchange with a resin. Chromatography and solvent extraction are discussed in further detail.
Nucleation & crystallization
The document discusses nucleation and crystallization processes. It explains that nucleation refers to the initial formation of nano-sized crystallites from molten material as the first step in solidification. The critical radius is the minimum size needed for a crystal embryo to become a stable nucleus and continue growing. Segregation occurs as solute elements are more soluble in liquid than solid, causing compositional variations within castings.
Fractional distillation.pptx
Fractional distillation uses differences in boiling points to separate mixtures of miscible liquids into their component parts. It works by heating a liquid mixture so its vapors rise up a fractionating column, where they condense on trays and run back down, with the most volatile vapors reaching the top. Only the vapors that remain gaseous to the top exit through a condenser to be collected as a distilled liquid. Fractional distillation is used to purify organic compounds and separate substances like acetone and water and is effective though it can be energy intensive and contribute to pollution.
Adsorption
This document summarizes key concepts about adsorption. It discusses adsorption at liquid-gas, liquid-liquid, and solid-gas interfaces. It differentiates between physical adsorption and chemisorption, and describes common adsorption isotherms like Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and BET isotherms. It also discusses measuring gas adsorption through volumetric and gravimetric methods. Finally, it covers adsorption from solutions and compares apparent adsorption isotherms to composite isotherms for solute adsorption from binary liquid mixtures.
Crystalli zation ppt
This presentation discusses the process of crystallization. It defines crystallization as the spontaneous arrangement of particles into a repetitive order, as when crystals form from a melted substance or solution. The presentation outlines the three main steps of crystallization from a solution: supersaturation, nucleation, and crystal growth. Supersaturation is achieved through methods like solvent evaporation or cooling. Nucleation involves the formation of crystal embryos and nuclei. Crystal growth then occurs as solute particles diffuse through a stagnant layer and incorporate into the crystal lattice. Factors like the presence of other substances, solvent properties, nucleation rate, crystal growth rate, and time/cooling rate can all impact crystallization.
Adsorption
This document discusses adsorption, the process by which gases or liquids accumulate on the surface of solids and liquids. It defines adsorption, adsorbent, and adsorbate. It explains that adsorption is an exothermic process, decreasing entropy and Gibbs free energy. Two types of adsorption are described: physical adsorption involving van der Waals forces and chemical adsorption involving chemical bonding. Factors that affect adsorption include solute concentration, surface area, temperature, presence of impurities, and pH of the medium. Three techniques for studying adsorption are also listed: low energy electron diffraction, photo electron spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy.
Adsorption
Adsorption is the process where matter accumulates at the interface between two phases, such as a gas transferring to the surface of a liquid. This occurs due to higher surface energy at interfaces compared to interior molecules. Adsorption equilibria can be modeled using isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET, which relate the amount adsorbed to concentration in solution. Factors like adsorbate properties, pH, temperature, and presence of other solutes influence adsorption extent and isotherm shape.
Binary phase diagrams
This document provides an overview of phase diagrams and transformations. It discusses:
- Types of phase diagrams including temperature-composition, pressure-temperature diagrams and their significance
- The Gibbs phase rule and how it relates to phase diagrams
- Binary phase diagrams and examples like Cu-Ni
- Equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification and how they differ in terms of microstructure development
Storage of solids
This document discusses different methods for storing particulate solids, including outdoor storage in piles and confined storage in structures like silos, bins, and hoppers. It describes two main types of storage - outdoor storage, where coarse solids are stored in large piles, and confined storage of more valuable solids in structures to protect from environmental factors. Specific structures discussed include silos for storing materials like grain, cement, and woodchips; bins for storing dry materials like concrete; and hoppers for temporary storage before processing. Key considerations for selecting a storage method include the properties of the particulate solid and preventing issues like dusting, caking, or degradation.
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This document discusses various techniques for solid-liquid separation used in downstream processing. It begins by defining downstream processing as the recovery and purification of products from fermentation or other industrial processes. Some key techniques discussed include centrifugation, filtration, evaporation, flocculation, and flotation. Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles based on size, shape and density. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing the liquid through a porous filter. Flocculation involves aggregating cells or debris to settle more easily. Overall, the document provides an overview of several important solid-liquid separation methods employed in downstream bioprocessing.
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Centrifugation is a technique used to separate substances of different densities using centrifugal force. There are several types of centrifuges that differ in maximum speed, including low-speed centrifuges up to 5000 rpm, high-speed centrifuges up to 20,000 rpm, and ultracentrifuges up to 65,000 rpm. Common types of centrifugation include differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and rate-zonal density gradient centrifugation, which separate particles based on sedimentation rate and density. Centrifugation has many applications, such as separating blood components, purifying proteins and other macromolecules, and separating particles from fluids.
Downstramprocessing ppt
Downstream processing involves the separation, purification, and packaging of products after fermentation or bioconversion. It includes several stages: removal of insolubles by filtration, centrifugation, or flocculation; product isolation using liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, or ultrafiltration; product purification using chromatography, crystallization, or fractional precipitation; and product polishing through additional processes prior to packaging. Key unit operations at each stage aim to separate and concentrate the target product while removing contaminants.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a separation technique that involves injecting a small volume of liquid sample into a column packed with tiny particles. Individual components of the sample are then transported through the column by a mobile phase and separated based on interactions with the stationary phase. These separated components exit the column and are detected, providing a chromatogram. HPLC uses small particle sizes, high column pressures up to 6000-9000 psi, and flow rates of 1-3 mL/min to achieve fast, efficient, and high resolution separations of both volatile and non-volatile compounds.
Analytical Chemistry
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry techniques including:
- Separation techniques like solvent extraction, ion exchange, and crystallization.
- Quantitative techniques like titration, gravimetry, and spectrophotometry.
- Qualitative and quantitative analysis, where qualitative determines presence/absence and quantitative determines mass/concentration.
- Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and quantifying components in natural and artificial materials using classical wet chemistry methods and instrumental methods.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a technique used to separate particles in a solution based on their density. It works by applying centrifugal force using a centrifuge. There are different types of centrifuges that separate particles at varying speeds, including low-speed centrifuges up to ultracentrifuges that can spin at over 65,000 RPM. The principle involves particles of higher density sinking to the bottom while lower density particles float to the top. Centrifugation is used in clinical and research applications to separate blood components, subcellular organelles, proteins, and more.
Liquid liquid
Explains about the liquid-liquid extraction, aqueous two phase extraction and supercritical fluid extraction.
Chromatography
Chromatography is a physical separation technique that separates components between two phases, one stationary and one mobile. It has been used since 1900 to separate plant pigments. There are several chromatography techniques including thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography (GC). Advanced techniques include affinity, size-exclusion, simulated moving-bed, and chiral chromatography. Chromatography has applications in Ayurveda for drug identification, standardization of herbs and formulations, assessing fermentation reactions, and developing fingerprints of single and polyherbal formulations.
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微6496090】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Extraction and washing
- 2. EXTRACTION • It is defined as the removal of solid constituents from the solid or liquid or semi solid by means of suitable solvents • Extract- compound contain all the constituents which are soluble in solvent • Menstrum- Solvent used for extraction process • Marc- residue obtained after the extraction process
- 3. PRINCIPLE • The solvent used for extraction which diffuse into the compound to dissolve the desired compounds • The solution in compound pass in the opposite direction and mix with the surrounding liquid . • An equilibrium is established between the solute inside the compound and the solvent surrounding
- 5. • Rate of solution = driving force/resistance. dw/dt = KlA(ys - y) • dw/dt is the rate of solution • Kl is the mass-transfer coefficient • A is the interfacial area • ys and y are the concentrations of the soluble component in the bulk of the liquid and at the interface. It is usually assumed that a saturated solution is formed at the interface • ys is the concentration of a saturated solution at Rate of extraction
- 6. Rate of extraction A mass balance on the solute gives the equation dw = Vdy V is the quantity of liquid in the liquid stream. Vdy/dt = Kl A(ys - y) which can then be integrated over time t during which time the concentration goes from an initial value of y0 to a concentration y, giving loge [(ys - y0)/ (ys - y)] = tKlA/V.
- 7. Factors influence the extraction process • Nature of compound • Type of Solvent used • Temperature • pH • Size of particle
- 8. THEORIES • Schoenemann’s Diffusion theory The rate of extraction depends on the rate of diffusion • Soaking theory Not only the rate of diffusion but also the rate of dissolution of the substances in the solvent critically affect the rate of extraction • Karnowsky’s Capillary velocity Theory It represents the rate of extraction as a function of the rate of flow in the capillaries.
- 9. Methods of extraction • Liquid–liquid extraction • Solid-phase extraction • Acid-base extraction • Supercritical fluid extraction • Ultrasound-assisted extraction • Heat reflux extraction • Microwave-assisted extraction
- 11. Equipments Commercial extractor Phase contact by gravity Phase contact by centrifugal force
- 13. Mixer-Settler
- 14. Mixer-Settler
- 15. Mixer-Settler
- 16. Advantage reliability, operating flexibility, high capacity, It can handle difficult-to-disperse systems such as those having high interfacial tension and large phase density difference Disadvantage their size and the inventory of material held up in the equipmen Mixer-Settler
- 17. Pulse Extractors
- 18. • Low axial mixing • High extraction efficiency which are due to uniform distribution of energy over a cross- section of the column • Uniform distribution of droplets in the column. Pulse Extractors
- 21. Mechanically Agitated Extractors Classified according to mechanical motion patterns • Rotary-agitated columns • Reciprocating or vibrating-plate columns.
- 22. Rotary-agitated columns • Scheibel columns • Rotating disk contactor • Oldshue-Rushton Columns • Kuhni columns Reciprocating column • Karr columns. Mechanically Agitated Extractors
- 23. Scheibel columns
- 26. Kuhni Extractor
- 32. Washing • Washing is identical to extraction • Water is used as solvent • Water is cheap and readily available • The washing is designed to remove unwanted residue material
- 33. • The concentration remaining with the solid after washing x1 = x[xw /xw(1 + y)] = x[1/(1 + y)] after two washings: x2 = x1[1/(1 + y)] = x[1/(1 + y)]2 and so after n washings: xn = x[1/(1 + y)]n Washing