ABSTRACT- Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most virulent diseases, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It has been estimated that about one-third of world’s population to be affected with TB Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious granulomatous disease. The causative agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) constitutes about 20% of all TB. It is very challenging the diagnosing EPTB because the sample obtained from relatively inaccessible sites. EPTB is the TB involving organs other than the lungs (e.g., pleura, lymph nodes, abdomen, genitourinary tract, skin, joints and bones, or meninges). The biochemical markers in TB-affected fluids (adenosine deaminase or gamma interferon) and other techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be useful in the diagnosis of EPTB. Although the disease usually responds to standard anti-TB drug therapy, the duration of treatment has not yet been established because smear microscopy or culture is not available to monitor patients with EPTB, clinical monitoring is the usual way to assess the response to treatment. Key-words- Tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, PCR, EPTB
Tuberculosis is a deadly infectious disease caused by bacteria that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. Symptoms include coughing, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves skin tests, chest x-rays and sputum cultures. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics for at least 6 months to cure active cases and prevent latent cases from becoming active. Drug-resistant strains are a growing problem when treatment is not properly followed.
Pulmonary tuberculosis and its managementShweta Sharma
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis and its management. It discusses the etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation including tuberculin skin test and chest x-ray, classification, medical management including DOTS therapy, complications, nursing assessment and interventions. Key points covered are that tuberculosis is caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects the lungs. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, skin test and chest x-ray. Treatment is with a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on education, monitoring for side effects and preventing transmission.
Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882 and received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. In 1906, Calmette and Guerin developed the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis. The vaccine was first used in humans in 1921 in France but did not become widely used in places like the US, UK, and Germany until after World War II. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium M. tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze, or talk. It affects mostly the lungs but can spread to other organs, and if left untreated it can be fatal.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs. Ethiopia has a high burden of TB and is one of 22 high burden countries globally. TB prevalence and incidence in Ethiopia are 211 and 224 per 100,000 population respectively. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-24 months depending on type of TB. Public health measures like directly observed therapy are important to prevent drug resistance and improve treatment outcomes.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. Typical symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum smear tests and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics daily for 6-12 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance.
This document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and most commonly infects the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when a person with active TB coughs or sneezes.
- In 2017, there were nearly 10 million new TB cases globally, making it one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Rates are highest in Southeast Asia and India.
- Symptoms can include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray,
Management of pulmonary tuberculosis is a place for surgery_rusTHL
This document discusses the role of surgery in managing pulmonary tuberculosis. It notes that while tuberculosis can be treated with drugs, drug-resistant strains are a major problem globally. The document reviews statistics on multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis cases and outcomes. It argues that surgery may improve treatment for severe or bilateral cases when combined with drug therapy. The advantages of minimally invasive surgery techniques like VATS are presented. Outcome data is shown suggesting surgery may help increase sputum and culture conversion rates for drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. The conclusion is that surgery should be part of the routine treatment algorithm when indicated to help address drug-resistant disease.
Tuberculosis is a deadly infectious disease caused by bacteria that primarily affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. Symptoms include coughing, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves skin tests, chest x-rays and sputum cultures. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics for at least 6 months to cure active cases and prevent latent cases from becoming active. Drug-resistant strains are a growing problem when treatment is not properly followed.
Pulmonary tuberculosis and its managementShweta Sharma
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis and its management. It discusses the etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation including tuberculin skin test and chest x-ray, classification, medical management including DOTS therapy, complications, nursing assessment and interventions. Key points covered are that tuberculosis is caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and affects the lungs. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, skin test and chest x-ray. Treatment is with a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months to prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on education, monitoring for side effects and preventing transmission.
Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882 and received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. In 1906, Calmette and Guerin developed the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis. The vaccine was first used in humans in 1921 in France but did not become widely used in places like the US, UK, and Germany until after World War II. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium M. tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze, or talk. It affects mostly the lungs but can spread to other organs, and if left untreated it can be fatal.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs. Ethiopia has a high burden of TB and is one of 22 high burden countries globally. TB prevalence and incidence in Ethiopia are 211 and 224 per 100,000 population respectively. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-24 months depending on type of TB. Public health measures like directly observed therapy are important to prevent drug resistance and improve treatment outcomes.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. Typical symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum smear tests and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics daily for 6-12 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance.
This document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and most commonly infects the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when a person with active TB coughs or sneezes.
- In 2017, there were nearly 10 million new TB cases globally, making it one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Rates are highest in Southeast Asia and India.
- Symptoms can include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray,
Management of pulmonary tuberculosis is a place for surgery_rusTHL
This document discusses the role of surgery in managing pulmonary tuberculosis. It notes that while tuberculosis can be treated with drugs, drug-resistant strains are a major problem globally. The document reviews statistics on multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis cases and outcomes. It argues that surgery may improve treatment for severe or bilateral cases when combined with drug therapy. The advantages of minimally invasive surgery techniques like VATS are presented. Outcome data is shown suggesting surgery may help increase sputum and culture conversion rates for drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. The conclusion is that surgery should be part of the routine treatment algorithm when indicated to help address drug-resistant disease.
www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal
contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease .
Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Extra pulmonary TB
Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
More than 5.7 million new cases of TB (all forms, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013; 95% of cases were reported from developing countries
Latest figures from 20151 indicate an estimated 10.4 million people had TB, and 1.8 million people died (1.4 million HIV negative and 400 000 HIV positive).
Of further concern is that 480 000 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TBa and a further 100 000 that were estimated to be rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB have occurred in the same period.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in children, including definitions, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and extra-pulmonary TB. It notes that TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and discusses the organism's characteristics. It also summarizes TB treatment categories, global and Pakistan-specific statistics, and describes the disease process and sites of extra-pulmonary TB in more detail.
This document discusses 5 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis presenting with various symptoms and radiographic findings. It provides details on the chest x-ray and CT scan images for each case. It also includes background information on the types of tuberculosis infection including primary TB, reactivation TB, and miliary TB. Common radiologic signs seen in TB are described, such as the tree-in-bud sign, lung nodules, and cavitations. Differential diagnoses and diagnostic criteria for pulmonary TB are also outlined.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that generally affects the lungs. There were an estimated 8.6 million new cases of tuberculosis globally in 2012, with the highest numbers occurring in Asia and Africa. The global incidence of tuberculosis has been slowly declining since 2002 due to control efforts. Tuberculosis can be either latent, where the immune system keeps the bacteria from spreading but it remains alive in the body, or active, where the bacteria multiply and cause illness.
Moderator: Prof. (Dr) A.K. Sen presented on tuberculosis with the following presenters: Kolli Ajit Kumar, Krishna Nath, Lavita Hazarika, Lipika Devi, and Luish Bor Boruah. Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is characterized by granuloma formation in infected tissues. It most commonly affects the lungs and is transmitted via aerosolized droplets. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and molecular testing of respiratory or other clinical specimens to detect the tuberculosis bacteria.
The document discusses the history, causes, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It describes how TB is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is usually transmitted through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. The diagnosis and treatment of latent TB versus active TB disease is also explained, noting that active TB causes symptoms and can be infectious while latent TB does not cause symptoms but the bacteria are still present.
Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that primarily affects the lungs and is transmitted through airborne droplets. It remains a major global problem. The pathogenesis of TB involves inhalation of mycobacteria, interaction with macrophages, and potential proliferation within macrophages. This can lead to granuloma formation and containment of the bacteria. Diagnosis involves tests like Mantoux and sputum smear microscopy. Treatment requires a combination of at least three first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over a lengthy period.
Tuberculosis A lesson for junior studentssmdildar87
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect many parts of the body, but is mainly found in the lungs. It has infected humans for over 7,000 years. Symptoms may include cough, sputum, blood in sputum, chest pain, and fever. Diagnosis involves tests to find the bacteria such as smears, cultures, PCR, and chest imaging. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a period of 6-9 months. Prognosis is generally good with proper treatment, but factors like drug resistance or HIV infection can worsen the outcome. Management is based on guidelines and involves intensive and maintenance treatment periods with first and second line drug combinations.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
Define tuberculosis
Explain the risk factors and causes of tuberculosis
Describe the pathophysiology of tuberculosis.
Identify the types of tuberculosis.
Enumerate clinical features of tuberculosis
Describe the diagnostic evaluations for tuberculosis
Explain the medical management for tuberculosis
Explain the nursing management for tuberculosis
Enlist the complications of tuberculosis
Describe the prevention of tuberculosis
This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
This document summarizes key information about tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB remains a global health problem, infecting around one third of the world's population and killing millions each year. It is one of the top infectious disease killers worldwide.
- The largest number of TB cases occur in Asia, with India and China accounting for over half of all global cases. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of cases and deaths per capita.
- TB is closely linked to HIV/AIDS, with those coinfected being at much higher risk of falling ill from TB. Over 80% of TB cases among people living with HIV reside in Africa.
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB). It discusses the timeline of TB discoveries, current global and regional estimates of TB prevalence and incidence, and trends over time. Key populations affected include those in Asia, women, children, and those coinfected with HIV. Natural history is influenced by agent, host, and social factors like malnutrition, poverty, and crowding. The goals are to describe the distribution of TB and associated risk factors.
Lurking in the dark latent tuberculosis infection ijmds jan 2014Sachin Adukia
The document discusses latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), where an individual is infected with the tuberculosis bacteria but does not have active disease. About 5-10% of those with LTBI are at risk of progression to active tuberculosis. Groups at higher risk include those with HIV, diabetes, or undergoing chemotherapy. Diagnosis of LTBI is important to prevent progression, and can be done through tuberculin skin tests or newer interferon gamma release assays. Once diagnosed, treatment with isoniazid is recommended to prevent active tuberculosis. Improved diagnosis of LTBI is needed as part of global efforts to eliminate tuberculosis.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which commonly affects the lungs. The disease is characterized by a cough lasting over 3 weeks, production of sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves sputum examination, chest x-rays, and the Mantoux skin test. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months to prevent development of drug resistance. India has a high burden of tuberculosis with an estimated annual incidence of 1.96 million new cases.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its description, transmission, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, and five scientific articles on the topic. It describes TB as an infectious disease caused by bacteria in the M. tuberculosis complex, primarily transmitted through air or digestive routes. It notes that one third of the world's population is infected with over 8 million new cases and 3 million deaths from TB annually. The pathogenesis involves the bacteria infecting macrophages and evading the lysosome, allowing replication. The five articles discuss TB-specific T-cells, M. tuberculosis infection of an implantable defibrillator, smoking prolonging infectivity of TB patients, a study on zinc and vitamin A supplementation for TB patients in Indonesia, and
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. The document discusses TB, including its epidemiology in Pakistan. It describes the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of active TB. TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture and chest x-ray. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using drugs like isoniazid and rifampin under direct observation. Drug resistant TB poses a challenge to effective treatment.
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through airborne droplets. It most commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. Symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, especially in developing countries and among HIV-positive individuals.
www.slideshare.ne www.slideshare.ne Tuberculosis (TB) is fatal
contagious disease that affects the lungs and other part of body which is a public health problem but curable and preventable disease .
Caused organism : bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Extra pulmonary TB
Animals : Mycobacterium Bovis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease of animals caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium bovis, (M.bovis) which is closely related to the bacteria that cause human
More than 5.7 million new cases of TB (all forms, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013; 95% of cases were reported from developing countries
Latest figures from 20151 indicate an estimated 10.4 million people had TB, and 1.8 million people died (1.4 million HIV negative and 400 000 HIV positive).
Of further concern is that 480 000 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TBa and a further 100 000 that were estimated to be rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB have occurred in the same period.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in children, including definitions, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and extra-pulmonary TB. It notes that TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and discusses the organism's characteristics. It also summarizes TB treatment categories, global and Pakistan-specific statistics, and describes the disease process and sites of extra-pulmonary TB in more detail.
This document discusses 5 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis presenting with various symptoms and radiographic findings. It provides details on the chest x-ray and CT scan images for each case. It also includes background information on the types of tuberculosis infection including primary TB, reactivation TB, and miliary TB. Common radiologic signs seen in TB are described, such as the tree-in-bud sign, lung nodules, and cavitations. Differential diagnoses and diagnostic criteria for pulmonary TB are also outlined.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that generally affects the lungs. There were an estimated 8.6 million new cases of tuberculosis globally in 2012, with the highest numbers occurring in Asia and Africa. The global incidence of tuberculosis has been slowly declining since 2002 due to control efforts. Tuberculosis can be either latent, where the immune system keeps the bacteria from spreading but it remains alive in the body, or active, where the bacteria multiply and cause illness.
Moderator: Prof. (Dr) A.K. Sen presented on tuberculosis with the following presenters: Kolli Ajit Kumar, Krishna Nath, Lavita Hazarika, Lipika Devi, and Luish Bor Boruah. Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is characterized by granuloma formation in infected tissues. It most commonly affects the lungs and is transmitted via aerosolized droplets. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and molecular testing of respiratory or other clinical specimens to detect the tuberculosis bacteria.
The document discusses the history, causes, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It describes how TB is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is usually transmitted through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. The diagnosis and treatment of latent TB versus active TB disease is also explained, noting that active TB causes symptoms and can be infectious while latent TB does not cause symptoms but the bacteria are still present.
Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that primarily affects the lungs and is transmitted through airborne droplets. It remains a major global problem. The pathogenesis of TB involves inhalation of mycobacteria, interaction with macrophages, and potential proliferation within macrophages. This can lead to granuloma formation and containment of the bacteria. Diagnosis involves tests like Mantoux and sputum smear microscopy. Treatment requires a combination of at least three first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over a lengthy period.
Tuberculosis A lesson for junior studentssmdildar87
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect many parts of the body, but is mainly found in the lungs. It has infected humans for over 7,000 years. Symptoms may include cough, sputum, blood in sputum, chest pain, and fever. Diagnosis involves tests to find the bacteria such as smears, cultures, PCR, and chest imaging. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a period of 6-9 months. Prognosis is generally good with proper treatment, but factors like drug resistance or HIV infection can worsen the outcome. Management is based on guidelines and involves intensive and maintenance treatment periods with first and second line drug combinations.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
Define tuberculosis
Explain the risk factors and causes of tuberculosis
Describe the pathophysiology of tuberculosis.
Identify the types of tuberculosis.
Enumerate clinical features of tuberculosis
Describe the diagnostic evaluations for tuberculosis
Explain the medical management for tuberculosis
Explain the nursing management for tuberculosis
Enlist the complications of tuberculosis
Describe the prevention of tuberculosis
This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
This document summarizes key information about tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB remains a global health problem, infecting around one third of the world's population and killing millions each year. It is one of the top infectious disease killers worldwide.
- The largest number of TB cases occur in Asia, with India and China accounting for over half of all global cases. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of cases and deaths per capita.
- TB is closely linked to HIV/AIDS, with those coinfected being at much higher risk of falling ill from TB. Over 80% of TB cases among people living with HIV reside in Africa.
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB). It discusses the timeline of TB discoveries, current global and regional estimates of TB prevalence and incidence, and trends over time. Key populations affected include those in Asia, women, children, and those coinfected with HIV. Natural history is influenced by agent, host, and social factors like malnutrition, poverty, and crowding. The goals are to describe the distribution of TB and associated risk factors.
Lurking in the dark latent tuberculosis infection ijmds jan 2014Sachin Adukia
The document discusses latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), where an individual is infected with the tuberculosis bacteria but does not have active disease. About 5-10% of those with LTBI are at risk of progression to active tuberculosis. Groups at higher risk include those with HIV, diabetes, or undergoing chemotherapy. Diagnosis of LTBI is important to prevent progression, and can be done through tuberculin skin tests or newer interferon gamma release assays. Once diagnosed, treatment with isoniazid is recommended to prevent active tuberculosis. Improved diagnosis of LTBI is needed as part of global efforts to eliminate tuberculosis.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which commonly affects the lungs. The disease is characterized by a cough lasting over 3 weeks, production of sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves sputum examination, chest x-rays, and the Mantoux skin test. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months to prevent development of drug resistance. India has a high burden of tuberculosis with an estimated annual incidence of 1.96 million new cases.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its description, transmission, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, and five scientific articles on the topic. It describes TB as an infectious disease caused by bacteria in the M. tuberculosis complex, primarily transmitted through air or digestive routes. It notes that one third of the world's population is infected with over 8 million new cases and 3 million deaths from TB annually. The pathogenesis involves the bacteria infecting macrophages and evading the lysosome, allowing replication. The five articles discuss TB-specific T-cells, M. tuberculosis infection of an implantable defibrillator, smoking prolonging infectivity of TB patients, a study on zinc and vitamin A supplementation for TB patients in Indonesia, and
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. The document discusses TB, including its epidemiology in Pakistan. It describes the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of active TB. TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture and chest x-ray. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using drugs like isoniazid and rifampin under direct observation. Drug resistant TB poses a challenge to effective treatment.
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through airborne droplets. It most commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. Symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance. Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, especially in developing countries and among HIV-positive individuals.
The treatment of multi drug resistant tuberculosis (mdr-tb) with sirturo (be...Kishore Chinna
This document discusses the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) with bedaquiline. It begins with an introduction on tuberculosis, noting it is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect the lungs and other organs. It then covers the epidemiology of TB globally and definitions of MDR-TB and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), which are harder to treat forms of the disease. The document also discusses the causative organism, pathophysiology of TB infection and lesions, and concludes by focusing on bedaquiline as a treatment for MDR-TB.
A Brief Review On Extra-Pulmonary TuberculosisKelly Taylor
This document provides a brief review of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), including its various sites and associated comorbidities, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment. EPTB can affect tissues and organs outside the lungs, accounting for 20-25% of all TB cases. Common types of EPTB include lymph node, osteoarticular, genital, pleural, abdominal, and central nervous system tuberculosis. Diagnosis involves investigations like biopsy, imaging, and molecular and immunological tests. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating active TB cases to control disease spread, as well as identifying and treating latent TB to prevent future disease.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its causes, types, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and kills over 1.6 million people worldwide each year. It is a major global health problem, especially in developing countries.
- Pulmonary TB affects the lungs and is the most common type. Extra-pulmonary TB can affect other organs. Diagnosis involves sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray, and tuberculin skin testing.
- Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months to cure the infection and prevent drug resistance. Directly observed therapy is recommended to ensure patient adherence
1. Tuberculosis is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which usually implant in the lungs. The immune system tries to contain the infection by surrounding it with immune cells.
2. Symptoms of active TB infection include fatigue, weight loss, fever, cough and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and Mantoux skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using DOTS (directly observed therapy), to ensure complete treatment and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on promoting airway clearance, medication adherence, activity, nutrition, and preventing spread.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread through droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation, and proper ventilation. Drug-resistant TB strains like MDR-TB and XDR-TB require longer and more toxic treatment regimens. HIV co-infection increases the risk of active TB disease.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread through droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation, and proper ventilation. Drug-resistant TB strains like MDR-TB and XDR-TB require longer and more toxic treatment regimens. HIV co-infection increases the risk of active TB disease.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. It can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymph nodes. TB is a major global public health issue associated with poverty and poor living conditions. It is diagnosed through tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over a long period of time to prevent drug resistance and cure the infection. Patient education focuses on medication adherence, symptom monitoring, exposure risk reduction, and follow-up testing.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, causative agents, types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, investigation, and treatment. TB is an infectious disease caused mainly by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs. It can be transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are two main types - pulmonary TB affecting the lungs and extra-pulmonary TB affecting other organs. Risk factors include contact with infected individuals, immunosuppression, and lifestyle factors like drug/alcohol misuse. Treatment involves a two-phase drug regimen over 6-10 months with first-line antibiotics like rifampin,
Tuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread through droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, and fever. TB is classified as pulmonary or extra-pulmonary depending on the affected area. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation, and proper ventilation. Drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are major challenges. Co-infection with HIV increases the risks of TB infection and
tuberculosis ram. nepal civil service hospRAMJIBANYADAV2
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs. It can be spread through droplets from the throat and lungs of people with the active respiratory disease. Tuberculosis can also affect other parts of the body in its extra pulmonary form. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of sputum samples, culture tests and radiography. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a period of 6-9 months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation of active cases, and directly observed treatment.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health issue in Nepal, with a high burden of the disease among vulnerable populations. This PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of TB in Nepal, including the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.
The presentation highlights the impact of TB on individuals, families, and communities in Nepal. We showcase the challenges of accessing healthcare in remote and impoverished areas, the lack of awareness and education about the disease, and the social stigma and discrimination faced by TB patients.
We also explore the efforts being made to address TB in Nepal. We showcase the national TB control program, which aims to improve access to diagnosis and treatment, and the partnerships between the government, non-governmental organizations, and international agencies to fight the disease.
Through this presentation, we aim to raise awareness about TB in Nepal and the importance of collaboration and innovation in finding solutions. We showcase the latest research and innovations in TB diagnosis and treatment, such as new drugs and vaccines, and the importance of integrating TB care with other health services.
We also highlight the importance of community engagement and empowerment in the fight against TB. We showcase the success stories of TB survivors and the role of community-based organizations in providing support and advocacy for TB patients and their families.
Overall, this PowerPoint presentation provides a valuable resource for understanding TB in Nepal and the efforts being made to address the disease. We hope to inspire action and collaboration to create a world where no one has to suffer from the devastating effects of TB.
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about water born diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#prification#largescale,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE
Tuberculosis is a global disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It infects around a third of the world's population and causes millions of deaths each year. Common symptoms include cough, weight loss, and fever. Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy, chest x-ray, and culture. Treatment requires prolonged multi-drug chemotherapy over 6-24 months to prevent drug resistance. Directly observed therapy is recommended to ensure treatment adherence and cure.
Intro to TB
epidemiology of TB
Structure of Mycobacterium TB
pathogenesis of TB
Immunosuppression by Mycobacterium TB
types of TB
Clinical manifestation
Diagnosis
Treatment
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, treatment, and monitoring. It begins with an introduction to TB as the most prevalent infectious disease worldwide. It then discusses the classification of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB. The pathophysiology involves inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and potential progression to active disease. Treatment involves a combination of anti-TB drugs over an intensive and continuation phase to cure the infection. Monitoring of patients includes clinical and bacteriological evaluation. Drug-resistant TB and the relationship between TB and HIV are also summarized.
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. Common symptoms include cough, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum smear and culture tests. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic medications daily for 6-12 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to prevent drug resistance.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB). It begins with an introduction stating that TB is an infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It then covers the main topics of signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Key points include that TB usually affects the lungs and can cause a prolonged cough, fever and weight loss. It is transmitted through inhaled droplets and while most infections are asymptomatic, active TB can be fatal if left untreated. Standard treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6 months.
Similar to Extra pulmonary tuberculosis_an_overview_and_review_of_literature (20)
Background: Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into the surrounding tissue. Changes to DNA cause cancer. It is one of the most common and largest killer diseases in the world. It usually affects physically, and the disease can alter one’s perspective on life and personality. Many treatment options are there to treat cancer. Among them, chemotherapy treatment may have more side effects like lethargy, esophagitis, nausea, vomiting, Fatigue, and insomnia, the most common problems among chemotherapy patients in India. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a sample size of 60, out of which 30 subjects were in the experimental group and 30 were in the control group. A convenient sampling method was used to select the subjects. A structured questionnaire tool was used to collect the data. Result: The result of the study showed that, during pre-test in the study group, among 30 subjects 3(10%) had moderate Fatigue, 22(73.33%) had severe Fatigue, 5(16.67%) had worst Fatigue and 12(40%) had moderate insomnia, 18(60%) had severe insomnia and in control group among 30 subjects, 6(20%) had moderate Fatigue, 13(43.33%) had severe Fatigue, 11(36.67%) had a worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. With post-test, in experimental group, 14(46.67%) had no fatigue, 16(53.33%) had mild fatigue, 14(46.67%) had no insomnia, 16(53.33%) had mild insomnia, and in control group, 6(20%) had moderate fatigue, 13(43.33%) had extreme fatigue, 11(36.67%) had worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. Conclusion: The study concluded that clients who were receiving chemotherapy had fatigue and insomnia problems. The Warm water foot bath therapy is very effective in clients undergoing chemotherapy in reducing Fatigue and insomnia. A positive correlation between pre-test and post-test was found by using the Mann-Whitney test.
Key-words: Cancer, Chemotherapy, Foot bath, Health, Warm water
Background: Alcohol has long been a global social and medical issue. According to W.H.O report. Total 3.3 million people die from
alcohol abuse annually. Alcoholic liver disease (A.L.D.) ranges from steatosis to liver cirrhosis. Chronic heavy drinkers get hepatitis
or cirrhosis 15 20% of the time
Methods: This study was c onducted in the general medicine inpatient department at PGIMER & C . in Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
Indi a. All hospitali z ed patients with liver illness who had previously t aken alcohol were screened. Each patient's alcohol
consumption, including native alcoholic beverages, was recorded. To support the diagnosis, all standard and extra examination s
were carri ed out. The modified Kuppuswamy scale was used to determine s s ocioeconomic class.
Results: The study comprised 186 participants with a median age of 46. The gender ratio was 3:1, with 139 (74.7%) men. Urban
populations have a greater prevalence of alcohol ic liver disease (60.75%) than rural populations (39.24%). The l ower
s ocioeconomic c lass (50.53%) has the highest rate of alcoholic liver disease. Men drink more (>700 gm/wk) and married people
drink more. A woman who drinks 140 280 grams per week for 10 1 5 years is more likely to develop alcoholic liver disease than a
man who drinks >700 grams per week for 15 years.
Conclusions: In this study, we conclude d that the prevalence of A .L. about S .E. is of utmost importance in developing
population based st r ategies that effectively educate individuals on the need to modify their drinking habits. This is crucial to
mitigate the occurrence of alcohol consumption and its associated repercussions.
Key-words: Socioeconomic status, Hospitalized Patients, Alcoholic Liver Disease
Background: One of the most common disorders in this age group, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), is the primary cause of most gynaecological problems in adolescents. Unfortunately, epidemiological data on AUB in teenagers is scarce, especially in the Indian subcontinent. The PALM-COEIN classification, where PALM stands for structural reasons and COEIN for functional causes, was employed in this single-center prospective observational study to evaluate the relative contributions of several etiological factors in AUB. To comprehend the etiological, dermographic, and therapeutic factors affecting menorrhagia in patients going through adolescence. Methods: Enrollment for females with AUB between 10 and 19 occurred between January and December 2022. A thorough history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation, which in every case comprised standard testing, hormone analysis, and abdominal and pelvic ultrasonography were used to determine the cause of AUB. MRIs and CT scans were performed when needed. Results: There were 190 patients enrolled in total. Functional factors comprised the predominant aetiology of AUB among adolescent females: Adenomyosis=01 (0.52%), Polyp=1 (0.52%). Coagulopathy=2 (1.05%), Leomyoma=01 (0.52%), Malignancy=1 (0.52%), and PALM=4 (2.11%). COEIN=186 (97.89%), ovulation disorder=175 (92.15%), endometrial=01 (0.52%), iatrogenic=6 (3.15%), non-specified=2 (1.05%), and iatrogenic=6 (3.15%). Conclusion: The most frequent cause of AUB in the adolescent population is ovulatory abnormalities. Even though they are extremely rare, structural factors must be ruled out. A helpful technique for evaluating patients with AUB systematically is the PALM-COEIN classification.
Key-words: PALM-COEIN, Leiomyoma, AUB, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Hormonal therapy
Derived from the bacterium Proteus vulgaris , chondroitin ABC lyase is an enzyme that can be used in treating proteoglycans that
affect neural activity (communication, plasticity). Chondroitinase can be used for vision abnormalities and spinal injuries. The
biological activity of chondroitinase is due to its ability to act on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) which are required for
normal functioning. Th is study aim s to examine various types and routes of administration of Chondr oitina se e n zymes. There is an
increasing application of chondro itin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord injury, vit reous attachment, and the management of
various carcinogenic conditions. Research must be done to create an effective chondroitinase delivery mech anism so that the
pharmacological activity seen in vitro and in preclinical research may be applied in the clinic. More studies are required to widen
the application of chondroitinase in therapeutics. In this review, chondroitinase ABC, B, and C are all di scuss ed. T he routes of
administration like caudal or ros tral, intracerebroventricular, hydrogels, and intrath ecal have been detailed. The current review
article highlights the different medical uses for chondroitinase, drug delivery methods for the enzym e, and chondroitinase
dispersion across bacteria. In conclusion, this study can reduce the chance of edema by the intracerebroventric ular route.
However, it is not effective for people due to the gyrencephalic anatomy of brain
Key-words: Chondroitinase, Chondroitin, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans, Spinal Injuries, Ocular Abnormalities, Proteoglycans
Background: Maturing is a widespread peculiarity. Advanced age is not in itself a sickness however is an ordinary piece of human existence length. A guardian, like wise called a career, home wellbeing assistant or individual consideration assistant, is the individual answerable for furnishing their clients with day-to-day private consideration and help with exercises. Methods: Exploration approach: unmistakable methodology research plan: graphic study research plan. The setting of the review: provincial areas of Bagalkot region. Information assortment strategy: organized polls test. The example was chosen by an arbitrary inspecting procedure. The analyst arbitrarily chose Shirur town as a provincial setting and was chosen for enrolment of subjects. Results: The information score of guardians was 41.06%, with mean and SD of 12.32±3.925. These discoveries uncover those guardians had normal information for advanced-age medical conditions. The mentality score of guardians was 73.73%, with a mean and SD of 110.6±11.008. These discoveries uncovers that parental figures have concur capable demeanour in regards to the advanced age medical conditions. Conclusion: At last, a critical co-connection between the information and demeanour at 0.001 the discoveries uncovers that there is a moderate positive relationship between the information and disposition of the advanced age medical issues.
Key-words: Assess, Care Giver, Health Problems, Knowledge, Old Age
Background: Adolescent is one of the most rapid phases of human development. Anemia is a deficiency in the number of RBC in your body. RBC carry oxygen around your body using a particular protein called hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin level in adolescent girls 13-15 g/dl. According to WHO, the hemoglobin level 10- 11.9 g/dl is considered mild anemia, 7-9 g/dl is considered moderate, and less than 7 g/dl is called severe anemia. Methods: The present study is pre-experimental among 60 adolescent girls, using a disproportional stratified random technique. One experimental group of clients was selected without randomization and no control group was used. The data was collected by using the structured close-ended knowledge questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics regarding mean, frequency distribution, percentage, paired table t-test and chi-square test. Results: The overall findings reveal that the post-test knowledge mean score 26.24% with SD±5.94, which was 72% of the total score was more when compared to the pre-test knowledge mean score 12.98 with SD 5.94, which was 36.83% of total score. The calculated t-value of 24.91 was much higher than the table t-value 1.96 for the hypothesis. Conclusion: The study provides that VATP on knowledge regarding the preparation and use of moringa juice in managing anemia among adolescent girls was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Adolescent girls, Knowledge, VATP, Effectiveness, Socio-demographic variables.
Background: The research demonstrates that water birth comports and loosens mothers actually and intellectually. The buoyance lessens body weight and permits free development and situating to the mother. Buoyance and warm water upgrade uterine withdrawal and better blood flow, which builds uterine muscles' oxygenation, diminishes the mother's torment and increases maternal oxygenation of the child. Submersion of water assists with decreasing circulatory strain and additionally gives security, which hinders uneasiness or dread. Methods: The current review pre-trial study with 50, 4th-year B.Sc. Nursing is chosen through basic arbitrary methods. One gathering pre-test without control bunch configuration was utilized. Information was gathered through a self-directed, organized, shut, finished information survey. Data was examined by involving distinct and inferential measurements concerning mean rate by conveyance, matched "t" test, and Chi-square test for affiliation. Results: The pre-test reveals that out of 50 BSc 4th-year nursing students, the highest pre-test (62%) of BSc 4th-year nursing students had poor knowledge. Overall, the post-test knowledge score (22.6±4.19), 70.62% of the total score, was more than the pre-test knowledge score (8.76±3.95), 23.3%. The effectiveness of the assisted teaching programme, in this area, the mean knowledge score was 13.84 with SD±0.24, which was 43.25% of the total score. Hence, it indicates that the video-assisted teaching program effectively enhanced the knowledge of BSc 4th-year nursing students. Conclusion: This study concluded that video-assisted teaching programmes on knowledge regarding waterbirth among B.Sc 4th year Nursing students was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Fourth year B.Sc. Nursing students, Knowledge, VATP, Water birth
Background: Post-menopausal women experience many physical, emotional, and mental symptoms during the post-menopausal period, and reflexology has grown into a complex therapeutic modality and has a range of effects. Reflexology will help put hormones back into a normal state and act like a process of emotional cleansing, relieving stress and restoring harmony to the body and soul. Hence, foot reflexology seems to be effective in treating post-menopausal symptoms. Methods: In the present study, pre-experimental i.e. one group pretest-posttest design, was adopted. The study was conducted on 30 post-menopausal women to assess their knowledge regarding foot reflexology. Samples were selected by using a convenient sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean percentage of the pre-test score was 28%, and the post-test score was 76.65%. The mean and the standard deviation of the pre-test score were 5.60±1.71, and the mean and the standard deviation of the post-test score were 15.33±1.15. The total mean and standard deviation are 9.73±2.07 by comparing the pre-test and post-test scores. Hence, it was found that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of post-menopausal women regarding foot reflexology. No significant association was found between post-test knowledge scores and socio-demographic variables on foot reflexology. Conclusion: The study concluded that a planned teaching program on knowledge regarding foot reflexology for post-menopausal women was a scientific, logical, and cost-effective strategy to reduce post-menopausal symptoms.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Foot reflexology, Post-menopausal women, Planned teaching program, Socio-demographic variables
Background: A 51-year-old woman had left lower abdomen pain for 18 hours with nausea and vomiting. Prior CT scans suggested pelvic neoplasms. Our hospital's emergency CT showed an enlarged uterus with cystic shadows, right adnexal cysts, and stomach fluid. Physical examination revealed left lower abdomen discomfort. A gynaecological examination revealed a painful, firm pelvic mass of 151210 cm. Further diagnosis is underway. Method: The patient underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy, discovering a twisted, swollen left ovary with a 540° rotation, classified as a benign cyst. It was found that the patient had congenital upper vaginal atresia and bilateral initial uteri. Pain was reduced after surgery, thanks to symptomatic treatment. An abnormal karyotype of 46, XX,1qh+ was found during genetic testing. Result: Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina develop from the embryonic accessory mesonephric duct. MRKH syndrome is caused by bilateral accessory mesonephric duct dysplasia and disappearance of the uterus or vagina. MRKH has three types, with Type 1 lacking uterus or vagina. Due to ovarian cyst torsion, this Type 1 MRKH with double initial uterus and upper vaginal atresia needed left adnexa resection. Genetic testing showed a typical female karyotype. MRKH's complex aetiology incorporates chromosomal abnormalities, emphasizing early cytogenetic evaluation for personalized treatment and fertility assistance. Conclusion: Early cytogenetic testing for MRKH syndrome patients is crucial for determining the underlying cause and guiding personalized treatment plans to restore reproductive function and improve quality of life.
Key-words: Double primordial uterus; MRKH syndrome; Upper vaginal atresia; Torsion of left ovarian cyst pedicle
Background: Cell phones have advanced to the degree of becoming a necessary piece of individuals' lives. Cell phones are utilised for correspondence, diversion, efficiency, interpersonal interaction, and gaming. In addition to supplanting the conventional cells, cell phones have likewise supplanted personal computers and numerous other comparative gadgets. Individuals these days feel indistinguishable from their cell phones. In lined with the rising improvement of innovation and excessive utilisation of cell phones, one of the significant issues that scientists have noticed and are chipping away at is cell phone addiction. Methods: It was a graphic study directed among 100 nursing students aged 19-22 in B.V.V.S. Institute of Nursing Sciences Bagalkot. Information was gathered utilising a structured knowledge questionnaire to survey socio-demographic information. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Alertness Test) was utilised to evaluate the classroom alertness of the nursing students and the Cell phone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) was utilised to assess the cell addiction of the nursing students. Results: An association was found between the year of studying and the classroom alertness of students (χ2 =3.9102) p<0.05. There was a significant negative correlation between cell phone addiction and classroom alertness of the nursing students, p<0.05. The r-value obtained was 0.80. Thus, the correlation between the two factors is seen as statistically significant. Conclusion In the wake of acquiring the consequences of the current work the scientist s saw a negati ve relationship between cell
pho ne addiction and the class room alertness of the students.
Key-words: Addiction, Alertness, Cell phone, Classroom, Phone addiction
Background: Chemical changes occur in the epididymis when the testicular sperm grows. When sperm and seminal fluids mix during ejaculation, a substance called semen is formed. The cervical mucus of a fertilized egg screens out the best possible sperm. For infertility, Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) can be necessary. Test sperm that are DNA efficient, normal, and motile using Swim Up. Sperm could be damaged by reactive oxygen species that are produced during centrifugation. All infertility treatments should take these factors into account. Methods: The in vitro fertilization (ICSI) procedure was administered to fifty male patients who were 35 years old or younger and tested positive for normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligozoospermia. After obtaining informed consent, a Swim-Up was performed using both the full semen and a washed pellet. With sperm obtained from both methods, six Metaphase-2 stages of oocytes (MII oocytes) were implanted in each patient. A Tri-gas Bench-top incubator was used to put each injected oocyte in its 37°C setting. Results: The study showed that the age differences were insignificant (p=0.722), but significant variations emerged in sperm concentration before processing (p=1.030) and after (p=1.064). Sperm morphology differences were evident before processing (p=0.004) and after (p=0.002). No significant differences were noted in the number of Day 3 cleavage stage embryos. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is no significant difference between the two techniques regarding sperm washing efficiency.
Key-words: Sperm preparation methods, Swim-up, Centrifugation, ICSI, Fertilization, Day 3 Embryo
Background: The third most common musculoskeletal symptom in orthopaedic clinical practice is a sore shoulder, which can cause significant morbidity. It has been reported that 7–27% of the general population has it, and 36–66% of overhead arm athletes have it. Pathophysiology includes functional, degenerative, and mechanical factors. Most shoulder pain is subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS), often known as ‘shoulder impingement syndrome’. Impingement hypothesis: shoulder joint structures mechanically clash. SAPS accounts for 36–48% of shoulder discomfort. Methods: This observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, among Eastern Indian outpatients. The study included adult patients (ages 18–75) of both sexes who presented to MKCG Medical College and Hospital's OPD with shoulder pain from December 2020 to November 2022 and were diagnosed with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (SIS). Thorough histories and clinical exams were done. The Department of Radiology, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, performed conventional shoulder MRIs on the selected participants. Results: Most cases and controls were Type-II (43.3%), followed by Type-I (28.3% and 30%, 29.2% of the total group). The study's least common acromial shape was type-IV, seen in 5% of cases and 10% of controls (7.5% of the sample). Fisher's exact test showed no significant connection between subacromial impingement and acromial shape (p=0.65). With a p-value of 0.045, cases had a significantly greater acromial width (8.12±2.16 mm) than controls (7.51±0.81 mm). Conclusion: Sub-acromial impingement was unrelated to acromion morphology. There was no correlation between acromial morphology and rotator cuff injuries.
Key-words: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, Acromion Morphology, MRI
Impact of Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Intervention as an Add-on Treatment for Skin Diseases-Acne, Eczema and Psoriasis
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.5.2
Seasonal Incidence and Varietal Response of Gram against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) at Talwandi Sabo, Punjab
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.4.3
More from SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences (20)
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.