The document provides instructions for calculating concentrations in parts per million and parts per billion. It also gives an example of calculating the percentage composition by mass of a sugar solution containing 4g of solute and 341.25g of solvent. The total mass of the solution is 345.25g and the percentage composition of the sugar is 1.16%.

2. •Normality (N)

3. NOTE: To find a concentration in parts per million, divide the
mass of solute by the mass of solution and multiply by one million, 106.
To find a concentration in parts per billion, divide the mass of the
Solute by the mass of the solution and multiply by one billion, 109.

6. Answer: Assume one million grams of seawater. The number of
grams of solute in one million grams is 904. This gives

8.  Step 1 - Determine mass of solute Solute is 4 g of C12H22O11
 Step 2 - Determine mass of solvent
density = mass/volume
mass = density x volume
mass = 0.975 g/ml x 350 ml
mass = 341.25 g
 Step 3 - Determine the total mass of the solution
msolution = msolute + msolvent
msolution = 4 g + 341.25 g
msolution = 345.25 g
 Step 4 - Determine percent composition by mass of the
sugar solution.
percent composition = (msolute / msolution) x 100
percent composition = ( 4 g / 345.25 g) x 100
percent composition = ( 0.0116 ) x 100
percent composition = 1.16%

9. Note that volume percent is relative to volume of solution, not volume of solvent.

16.  Using the 5% (m/v) concentration as a conversion factor,
we can calculate the mass of glucose needed for the solution:

17.  Using the 1% (m/v) concentration as a conversion factor, we can
calculate the mass of Sodium Chloride needed for the solution:

18.  Using the 15% (m/v) concentration as a conversion factor, we can
calculate the volume of antifreeze solution: