This document provides an overview of Native American cultures and their interactions with Europeans during the age of exploration. It discusses how early Native Americans migrated over the Bering Strait and had common social and religious characteristics like the importance of social groups and animism. It then outlines some of the key differences between cultures like their approaches to land, politics, and reciprocity. The document also summarizes the early European explorers to North America, including the Norse, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and English and how their arrival impacted and influenced Native American societies through trade, religion, and disease.

1. Exploration
Dr. Yolanda Romero

2. • II. Native American Cultures
• Early migrants over Bering Strait
• Population
• Common characteristics
– Social groups important
– Religion/Animism
• Shaman
• Rituals (sweats, vision guest, etc.)
– Stereotyped by Europeans
Jumano couple

3. • Agriculture & sedentary
• Differences
– Environment significant to society
– Meso American
Comanche family
• Mayas
• Aztecs
– North American
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•
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South-walled- communities
Plains-teepees, travois
S.W. Desert region-pueblos
Eastern Woodland
– Matriarchal matrilineal
Mayan shaman about to perform a
cha-chac ceremony: a petition to the
god, Chac, to send rain

4. • Differences with Europeans
– Land- communal v. individual
– Complex political system
– Reciprocity- individual v.social reciprocity
• Division of Labor
• European contact
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New products
Christianity
Miscegenation
Disease

5. • III. The old world meets the new
• Norsemen (985-1261)
• Freydis
• European Expansion (15th century)
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Motive- economic
Creation of the Nation State
Technology
Social Conditions
• IV. Exploration
– Portuguese
– Prince Henry the Navigator
– Slave Trade
• Old
A Slave Market in Algiers, 1684 AD**

6. • Spanish
– Columbus & New World
– Abubacari’s Voyage
– Spanish Conquest (1819-21)
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•
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Hernan Cortez
Malinche
Martin Cortez
Virgen de Guadalupe (1513)
• French
– Verrazano & Cartier
– Ohio & Mississippi Valleys
– Forts & Trade

7. • English & Delayed Expansion
– Protestant Reformation (1517)
• Martin Luther
• John Calvin
– Human helplessness examination
– Predestination
– Simple Ceremonies
• Henry the VIII
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Church of England/Anglican Church (1537
Reform demanded by People
Henry Dies 1547
Elizabeth as a Protestant Champion (1558-1603)