hunter-foragers hunter-gatherers to settled societies period one ap world history whap

3. • Modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens) appeared in
East Africa between 200,000 & 100,000 yrs. ago
• Hunter-foragers (a.k.a. hunter-gatherers): always on the
search for food, migrating from place to place, gradually
expanding their region
• Climate, population density, new food sources, fresh
water were reasons to move; moving to new climates &
environments forces these groups to adapt and/or create
new technology
• The first “Americans” crossed the Bering Land Bridge 15
to 20 thousand years ago during the last Ice Age

5. • Began 2.5 million yrs. ago and ended about 10,000 yrs
ago (8,000 B.C.E.)
• Humans used tools and weapons made out of stone,
bone, antlers, and wood during this period…a.k.a. Stone
Age
• One of the greatest accomplishments of the people in the
Paleolithic Period was to learn to control FIRE
• Light, heat, protection from animals, hunting, and the
preparation of food
• Most of these hunter-forager groups lived in a kinship
group of about 20-40 people  clan  tribes led by a
chief/priest
• Men: hunting, warfare, heavy labor; Women: gathered,

6. • Around 8,000 B.C.E., as the climate was warming up
from an Ice Age, people fundamentally changed the way
they lived based on the development of
agriculture…which did not happen instantaneously.
• The Neolithic Revolution can be characterized by:
• AGRICULTURE AND SURPLUS – population increase
• PASTORALISM/DOMESTICATION – domestication of animals
• SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR – Artisans, Merchants, Soldiers,
Priests
• TOWNS AND CITIES – Social classes
• GOVERNMENTS – Coordinate logistics of towns/cities
• RELIGIONS – Persuade the spirits of nature for help or guidance
• TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS – trade, warfare, migration

7. • The 7 developments of the Neolithic Revolution created
the foundation for a new form of human society to
emerge – civilization: a large society with powerful states
• Society became more stratified into socio-economic
classes
• Human impact on the environment became more intense
• Government and religious and military institutions
became larger and more complex
• Trade increased
• The gap b/t rich and poor grew larger

9. • Mesopotamia; valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

10. • Nile River Valley

11. • Huang He (Yellow) River Valley

12. • Indus River Valley