Explain the difference between secondary and primary data. Give an e.pdf
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Explain the difference between qualitative, quantitative, discrete, and continuous variables. Solution Discrete variables are also called categorical variables. A discrete variable, X, can take on a finite number of numerical values, categories or codes. Discrete variables can be classified into the following categories: Nominal variables Ordinal variables Dummy variables from quantitative variables Preference variables Multiple response variables Continuous variables can be classified into three categories: Interval - scale Variables: Interval scale data has order and equal intervals. Interval scale variables are measured on a linear scale, and can take on positive or negative values. It is assumed that the intervals keep the same importance throughout the scale. They allow us not only to rank order the items that are measured but also to quantify and compare the magnitudes of differences between them. We can say that the temperature of 40°C is higher than 30°C, and an increase from 20°C to 40°C is twice as much as the increase from 30°C to 40°C. Counts are interval scale measurements, such as counts of publications or citations, years of education, etc. Continuous Ordinal Variables They occur when the measurements are continuous, but one is not certain whether they are on a linear scale, the only trustworthy information being the rank order of the observations. For example, if a scale is transformed by an exponential, logarithmic or any other nonlinear monotonic transformation, it loses its interval - scale property. Here, it would be expedient to replace the observations by their ranks. Ratio - scale Variables These are continuous positive measurements on a nonlinear scale. A typical example is the growth of bacterial population (say, with a growth function AeBt.). In this model, equal time intervals multiply the population by the same ratio. (Hence, the name ratio - scale). Ratio data are also interval data, but they are not measured on a linear scale. . With interval data, one can perform logical operations, add, and subtract, but one cannot multiply or divide. For instance, if a liquid is at 40 degrees and we add 10 degrees, it will be 50 degrees. However, a liquid at 40 degrees does not have twice the temperature of a liquid at 20 degrees because 0 degrees does not represent \"no temperature\" -- to multiply or divide in this way we would have to use the Kelvin temperature scale, with a true zero point (0 degrees Kelvin = -273.15 degrees Celsius). In social sciences, the issue of \"true zero\" rarely arises, but one should be aware of the statistical issues involved..
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q = e ? A [(?T)^4]
Where q is the heat transferred by radiation, E is the emissivity of the system, ? is the constant of
Stephan-Boltzmann (5.6697 x 10^-8 W/m^2.K^4), A is the area involved in the heat transfer by
radiation, and (?T)^4 is the difference of temperature between two systems to the fourth or
higher power.
Water absorbs the incoming solar Infrared Radiation because the frequency of the internal
vibration of the water molecules is the same frequency of the waves of the solar Infrared
Radiation. This form of Radiative Heat transfer is known as Resonance Absorption.
We humans feel the heat radiated by the Sun and other systems with a higher temperature
because our bodies contain 55-75% of water. The radiative energy inciding on our skin is
absorbed by the molecules of water in our bodies by Resonance Absorption. Just then, the
Infrared Radiation absorbed by our bodies leads to a more intense internal vibration of the water
molecules in our bodies and our bodies get warmer. .
Explain how academic knowledge impacts the social elements and insti.pdf
Explain how academic knowledge impacts the social elements and institutions of both local and
global communities.
Solution
Academic Knowledge impacts Global communities because it brings them information that most
of the time communties dont have or dont have access due to the fact they have to pay for it o
they dont know where to find it.
This knowledge has a possive effect because it provides the tools for communitites to develop
further and faster using methods aquired through a superior institution like a college or
university.
The influence allows communitites to grow and narrows the path to follow in order to math the
requirements on the globalization..
Explain the results of the Judge, Ilies, Bono, and Gerhardt review. .pdf
Explain the relevance of a rate reconciliation in a tax provision. Why is it so important and what
information does it provide to a reader of financial statements?
Solution
Users of financial statements continue to emphasize the importance of informative, decision-
useful disclosures. This focus often extends to the reporting of income taxes, a material
component of most financial statements. Tax laws can be difficult to understand due to their
complexity, compounded by the multitude of taxing jurisdictions throughout the world.
Connecting the effects of those laws with financial accounting principles adds to the challenge.
Numerous income tax accounting matters require the use of estimates, judgments, and other
subjective information that can obscure the presentation in the financial statement accounts.
Clarifying disclosures can enable users to gain a better understanding of the reporting entity’s
income tax environment. Today’s financial reporting users represent a spectrum of stakeholders
including investors, lenders, regulators, accounting standard setters, analysts, researchers, and
legislative or public policy-making bodies around the world. The business environment and user
expectations have evolved such that companies are encouraged to communicate more effectively
about their income tax profile. FASB’s focus on disclosure The Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB) has a large-scale disclosure framework project in progress. A discussion paper
was issued on July 12, 2012 followed by a comment period. The FASB is currently reviewing
the feedback, while developing a decision process for establishing disclosure requirements. With
the framework project, the FASB hopes to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes
to financial statements by clearly communicating the information that is most important to users.
The FASB intends the framework to promote more consistent decisions around disclosure
requirements. Earlier this month, the FASB announced that it will seek further input on certain
income tax areas noted in a recently completed Financial Accounting Foundation report as
presenting difficulties for users. Specifically, information enabling users to analyze income tax
cash flows and the effects of indefinitely reinvested foreign earnings. IASB’s focus on disclosure
The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) held a discussion forum in London earlier
this year and released a paper in May 2013, Discussion Forum – Financial Reporting Disclosure
Feedback Statement, outlining the initiatives they expect to undertake. The actions include steps
to address materiality considerations and the challenges associated with providing effective
disclosure. SEC’s focus on disclosure The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recently
announced its plan to hold roundtable discussions with its varying constituents on the subject of
disclosure. In October 2013, Mary Jo White, Chair of the SEC, gave a speech to the National
Associa.
Explain the relevance of a rate reconciliation in a tax provision. W.pdf
Explain the relationship between training and organizational development. How might each
contribute to strategic HR management?
Solution
Training plays a vital role in every Organization whether it is Private Limited firm or Public
Limited firm. In order to achieve desired targets of an Organization and also to make their
Employees to give better Productivity in Performance it is Imperative for an Organization to give
Training to their Employees whether it is Top Level of Management Employees or Bottom Level
of Management Employees. ( CEO\'s, Managers or Executives).
Giving Training to their own Employees and Performing good in their Desired Tasks gives Win-
Win Situation to particular Organization to function good in the Market against their
Competitors. Training their Employees for specific time duration For eg- 3 months can enable
Employees to perform for atleast 2-3 Years i.e. Short term Training with Long Term
Performance.
Training and Organization Management is very well connected with Strategic HR Management-
HR Recruits Employees and Training is also conducted from HR\'s only. If an Employees fails to
perform as per the targets decided from the Managers then Trainers communicates with HR
andaccordingly take actions to terminate Employees.
For Eg of my Own Firm where i work presently- Managers, training initiatives are focused on
providing them with the tools to balance the effective management of their employee resources
with the strategies and goals of the organization. Managers learn to develop their employees
effectively by helping employees learn and change, as well as by identifying and preparing them
for future responsibilities. Management development may also include programs for developing
decision making skills, creating and managing successful work teams, allocating resources
effectively, budgeting, business planning, and goal setting.
Conclusion-Training and development describes the formal, ongoing efforts of organizations to
improve the performance and self-fulfillment of their employees through a variety of methods
and programs. In the modern workplace, these efforts have taken on a broad range of
applications.
Explain the relationship between system implementation and a systems.pdf
Explain the relationship between supply and demand.
Solution
The law of demand states that as the price of the product increases/decreases the demand of the
product falls/rises respectively.
Also, the lasw of supply states that as the price increases the supply of the product increases
since sellers are more willing to sell their products at higher prices.
Now , the realtionship between supply and demand can be studied by looking at the price
movement. As the price goes up, the suppy goes up and the demand falls. So, as supply rises
more than the required amount of goods, the demand falls and as the supply falls, the demand of
the good increase as the price also falls along with the fall un supply..
Explain how a manufacturerSolutionDistribution involves gettin.pdf
A manufacturer can distribute products through direct sales to customers or by using intermediaries like retailers or wholesalers. Distribution channels can involve zero levels with direct sales, one level by selling to retailers who then sell to customers, or two levels by selling to wholesalers who sell to retailers who then sell to customers, extending the supply chain. The level of distribution depends on the product and getting it to reach the intended customers.
Explain how confusing the two (population and a sample) can lead to .pdf
Explain how confusing the two (population and a sample) can lead to incorrect statistical
inferences.
Solution
In statistics, statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions from data
that is subject to random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation.[1]
More substantially, the terms statistical inference, statistical induction and inferential statistics
are used to describe systems of procedures that can be used to draw conclusions from datasets
arising from systems affected by random variation,[2] such as observational errors, random
sampling, or random experimentation.[1] Initial requirements of such a system of procedures for
inference and induction are that the system should produce reasonable answers when applied to
well-defined situations and that it should be general enough to be applied across a range of
situations. The outcome of statistical inference may be an answer to the question \"what should
be done next?\", where this might be a decision about making further experiments or surveys, or
about drawing a conclusion before implementing some organizational or governmental policy.
Contents [show] [edit]Introduction [edit]Scope For the most part, statistical inference makes
propositions about populations, using data drawn from the population of interest via some form
of random sampling. More generally, data about a random process is obtained from its observed
behavior during a finite period of time. Given a parameter or hypothesis about which one wishes
to make inference, statistical inference most often uses: a statistical model of the random process
that is supposed to generate the data, which is known when randomization has been used, and a
particular realization of the random process; i.e., a set of data. The conclusion of a statistical
inference is a statistical proposition.[citation needed] Some common forms of statistical
proposition are: an estimate; i.e., a particular value that best approximates some parameter of
interest, a confidence interval (or set estimate); i.e., an interval constructed using a dataset drawn
from a population so that, under repeated sampling of such datasets, such intervals would contain
the true parameter value with the probability at the stated confidence level, a credible interval;
i.e., a set of values containing, for example, 95% of posterior belief, rejection of a hypothesis[3]
clustering or classification of data points into groups [edit]Comparison to descriptive statistics
Statistical inference is generally distinguished from descriptive statistics. In simple terms,
descriptive statistics can be thought of as being just a straightforward presentation of facts, in
which modeling decisions made by a data analyst have had minimal influence.
[edit]Models/Assumptions Main articles: Statistical model and Statistical assumptions Any
statistical inference requires some assumptions. A statistical model is a set of assumptions
concerning the generation of the observ.
Explain the process through which individuals with a certain set of .pdf
Explain the process of Positioning and Pointing the Camera in computer graphics?
Solution
Explain the process of Positioning and Pointing the Camera in computer graphics?
sol: the process of positioning and poiniting the camera in cg in followed by below steps
1)setup your camera towards the scene (this is called viewing transformation)
2)arrange the scene to be taken in required position(it is also called modelling transformation)
3)adjust lens and zoom (this is called projection transafromation
4)calculate how large to be the photograph(it is also called viewport transformation)
viewing transformation: this will transform the real object coordinates into device coordinates
modelling transformation: here it will transform the coordinates of the device which were taken
by the real world object where modelled and adjusted according to our requirements
projection transformation:this transformation will converts the viewing frustum in to a cuboid
shape,here the near end of the frustrum will be smaller than the far end this will give you the
zooming effect
view port transfromation:
viewport means it is an rectangle window where the image is drawn.this is mesured in window
coordinates
here view prot trnsformation means it will maps the coradinates of the device to the window
coordinates.
Explain the origins of the U.S. judicial system and how the judicial.pdf
Explain the organizational archetypes as described by Mintzberg and discuss how organizational
structure influences innovation.
Summarize Mintzberg\'s work with archetypes.
What key features and implications are involved in each archetype?
Why do we need a template for explaining the structure of an organization?
Mintzberg claimed we have too many managers and too few leaders. Do you agree or disagree
with this and why?
Solution
Mintzberg\'s Organizational Types:
The Entrepreneurial Organization: This type of organization has a simple, flat structure. It
consists of one large unit with one or a few top managers. The organization is relatively
unstructured and informal compared with other types of organization, and the lack of
standardized systems allows the organization to be flexible.
A young company that\'s tightly controlled by the owner is the most common example of this
type of organization. However, a particularly strong leader may be able to sustain an
entrepreneurial organization as it grows, and when large companies face hostile conditions, they
can revert to this structure to keep strict control from the top
The Machine Organization (Bureaucracy) : The machine organization is defined by its
standardization. Work is very formalized, there are many routines and procedures, decision-
making is centralized, and tasks are grouped by functional departments. Jobs will be clearly
defined; there will be a formal planning process with budgets and audits; and procedures will
regularly be analyzed for efficiency.
The machine organization has a tight vertical structure. Functional lines go all the way to the top,
allowing top managers to maintain centralized control. These organizations can be very efficient,
and they rely heavily on economies of scale for their success. However, the formalization leads
to specialization and, pretty soon, functional units can have conflicting goals that can be
inconsistent with overall corporate objectives.
The Professional Organization : According to Mintzberg, the professional organization is also
very bureaucratic. The key difference between these and machine organizations is that
professional organizations rely on highly trained professionals who demand control of their own
work. So, while there\'s a high degree of specialization, decision making is decentralized. This
structure is typical when the organization contains a large number of knowledge workers, and
it\'s why it\'s common in places like schools and universities, and in accounting and law firms.
The Divisional (Diversified) Organization : If an organization has many different product lines
and business units, you\'ll typically see a divisional structure in place. A central headquarters
supports a number of autonomous divisions that make their own decisions, and have their own
unique structures. You\'ll often find this type of structure in large and mature organizations that
have a variety of brands, produce a wide range of products, or operate in d.
Explain the organizational archetypes as described by Mintzberg and .pdf
Mintzberg identified five organizational archetypes - entrepreneurial, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized, and adhocracy. Each has distinct structural features and implications. The entrepreneurial organization has a simple, flat structure controlled by few managers, allowing flexibility. The machine bureaucracy has standardized work and centralized decision-making for efficiency. The professional bureaucracy decentralizes decision-making to trained professionals. The divisionalized structure supports autonomous divisions for diversified products/markets. The adhocracy structure is innovative and non-bureaucratic to adapt to new industries. Organizational structures influence innovation and a template is needed to explain them.
Explain the Mutiplier Effect. Try to explain it in some detail so th.pdf
Explain the method which can be used to determine the disjunction normal form of the Boolean
function represented by the following table:
x y z f
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
Solution
To form a DNF representation of the function, we\'ll include a term for each row of the truth
table in which the value of the function is true(1). For each of these terms, include all variables
that are parameters to the function. If a variable is given a value of false(0) in the truth table row,
negate it in the term; otherwise, leave it non-negated. In this way a DNF expression is generated
directly from the truth table.
F(x, y, z) = x\'yz\' + xy\'z\' + xy\'z
The disjunctive normal form should have three minterms corresponding to thethree triples for
which F takes the value 1. Consider one of these: F(0, 1, 0) = 1.In order to have a product of
literals that will equal 1, we need to multiply literalsthat have a value of 1. At the triple (0, 1, 0)
the literals we need are x, y, and z,since x = y = z = 1 when x = 0, y = 1, and z = 0. The
corresponding minterm,xyz, will then have value 1 at (0, 1, 0) and 0 at every other triple in B3.
The othertwo minterms come from considering F(1, 0, 0) = 1 and F(1, 0, 1) = 1. The sum ofthese
three minterms will have value 1 at each of (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1) and 0 atall other triples in
B3..
Explain the main sources of power available to managers, giving exam.pdf
Explain the main porpose of conducting a time study?
Solution
Time study is a direct observation of a task and a continous one at that. This observation is done
using a time keeping device.
The main purpose is to record the time taken to complete a task or a job.
When this is done the time standard for a job can be set and planning of work can be done
accordingly. Time studies can also be used for setting goals, data analysis and reporting..
Explain the mechanisms of internal loading of phosphorus in lakes.pdf
Explain the meaning of the following dimensionless numbers respectively.
Nu, Re, Pr, Gr
Solution
Nusselt number (Nu) is a non dimensional heat transfer coefficient. It is a measure of heat
transfer rate comparison between the conduction and convection.
Nu = h*L / kf
It is the ratio of convection to pure conduction heat transfer, where kf is the conductivity of the
fluid.
Reynolds number (Re) says, whether the flow is inertial or viscous force dominant that leads to
draw characteristics of fluid whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
Re = v*L / kinematic viscosity
It is the ratio of the inertia and viscous forces.
Viscous force provides the dampening effect for disturbances in the fluid.
If dampening is laminar flow --> strong enough
Otherwise, instability è turbulent flow --> critical Reynolds number
Prandtl (Pr) number says about the kind of fluid. It can give the information about the thickness
of thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer.
Pr = kinematic viscosity/thermal diffusivity
It is the ratio of the momentum and thermal diffusivities.
Grashof number is the ratio of buoyancy force to viscous force and plays nearly the same role as
the Reynolds number in forced convection.
Gr = buoyancy force / viscous force
For forced convection, the heat transfer correlation can be expressed as Nu=f (Re, Pr).
Explain the main porpose of conducting a time studySolutionTi.pdf
Explain the long-run consequences of continued increases in the money supply.
Solution
This follows from the Fisher\'s equation of exchange. According to this,
MV = PY
P= MV/Y
In classical theory, V is assumed to be constant because it depends on people\'s stable habits of
holding money and the given modes of payments of wages and salaries.
Further they assume that aggregate output (Y) remain constant at full employment level. The
above equation indicates that the quantity of money in the long run determines the price level.
The rationale behind this was with V and Y fixed, increase in money supply would cause people
to hold more money than they desire to hold. This they use for transaction purposes which leads
to increase in the price level by the same proportion..
Explain the functions of the formal and informal organizationsand .pdf
Explain the formula how they get they obtain X. I already have the answer, but I don\'t know the
exact steps with getting the z-score, area, entry and x which is what we want in this question? So
just work it out for me in detail.
Solution
0.5987 or 0.6 is the alpha value.
For this alpha, critical z is 0.25. [You can calcualte it using any of the critical z value calculators
available online]
Z is defined as (X - Mean)/(Std. Dev.).
Explain the environmental triggers that forces companies to adopt su.pdf
Explain the effects of a tariff and a quota placed on imported automobiles on a domestic market.
Who is hurt with a tariff or a quota and why? Who benefits and why?
Solution
Let us first understand the meaning of “Tariff” and “Quota”.
1) Tariff: A Tariff is a tax imposed on imported goods; it increases the price of the good in the
domestic market by the value of the Tariff. Domestic producers benefit due to the tariff because
they receive higher prices. The government benefits by collecting tax revenues by the value of
the Tariff.
2) Quota: As the name suggests, Quotas are numerical limits imposed on imported goods.
Consumers are harmed by quotas, while domestic and foreign producers benefit by receiving
higher prices.
As we can understand from the above explanations, due to a tariff and quota the consumer of the
product is hurt the most as he/she pays more for it and it also reduces the supply of that good.
The domestic producers of the goods benefit the most due to tariffs and quotas. Due to the tariff
the imported good becomes expensive and hence consumers will shift their demand for the
domestically made products and this increases the demand for the domestically made products
and the domestic manufacturers benefit. Due to the quotas, the supply of the imported good
decreases and again the domestic manufacturers benefit due to the higher demand of their
products. Due to a tariff, the government also benefits because the government receives taxes on
the imported product.
I hope my solution solves your query..
Explain the distinction between the standard deviation and the stand.pdf
Explain the disadvantages of a firm developing relationships with suppliers based on price alone.
Solution
Supply chain suffers: Enlightened thinking suggests that it is preferable to work with suppliers to
add value to the supply chain so that the overall benefits that accrue can be shared amongst all
the parties involved.
Loss of quality: Quality may be compromised in a quest for the lowest price.
Adversarial: The relationship between a firm and its suppliers may become quite adversarial
when discussions are centred on price alone.
Loss of goodwill: The potential loyalty, cooperation and goodwill of suppliers may be
sacrificedthrough harsh negotiation of prices. This may result in an unwillingness of suppliers to
cooperate when there are changes and rush orders, etc. in the future.
Jeopardised supply: Harsh price negotiations may also destabilise suppliers financially making
them more vulnerable to going out of business, so potentially jeopardising future supply.
Administrative expense: Focusing on the lowest price available might lead to a need to
frequently change supplier causing increased administrative effort and a lack of coherence in
external dealings..
Explain the different types of workforce flexibility that an organis.pdf
Explain the different types of planning for the different levels of management?
Solution
First of all planning is a process that give me the status where the organization want to be.
For senior managment you can found a Strategy Planning based in the following steps:
1.Misi.
Explain age Hardening process used to strengthen an aluminium alloy .pdf
Precipitation hardening, or age hardening, is used to strengthen aluminum alloys by forming uniformly dispersed second-phase particles within the alloy's matrix that act as obstacles to dislocation movement. The process involves solution heat treating the alloy to dissolve precipitates, quenching it to retain the solute in solid solution, and then aging it to nucleate and grow precipitate particles within the matrix that increase the alloy's strength and hardness.
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#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
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Explain the difference between secondary and primary data. Give an e.pdf
- 1. Explain the difference between secondary and primary data. Give an example of each. Solution There are various methods of classifying data. A general classification is based on who collected the data. Primary data: Primary data are first hand information. This information is collected directly from the source by means of field studies. Primary data are original and are like raw materials. It is the crudest form of information. The investigator himself collects primary data or supervises its collection. It may be collected on a sample or census basis or from case studies.. Examples: Data gathered by a student for their thesis or research project. Secondary data: Secondary data are the Second hand information. The data which have already been collected and processed by some agency or persons and are not used for the first time are termed as secondary data. According to M. M. Blair,