This document discusses different types of statistical data and methods for collecting data. It defines ungrouped and grouped data. Primary data is collected directly from original sources while secondary data has already been collected and processed. Common methods for collecting primary data include personal investigation, through investigators using questionnaires, from local representatives, and by telephone. Secondary data can be collected from official publications, semi-official sources, trade associations, research organizations, and other published materials. The key difference is that primary data has not been previously processed while secondary data has undergone some prior treatment.
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS,IMPORTANCE & LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS,STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION,COLLECTION OF DATA,SOURCES OF DATA,PRIMARY DATA,SECONDARY DATA,QUESTIONNAIRE,SCHEDULE,TABULATION OF DATA,COLLECTION OF DATA,STATISTICS
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
DEFINITION OF STATISTICS,IMPORTANCE & LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS,STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION,COLLECTION OF DATA,SOURCES OF DATA,PRIMARY DATA,SECONDARY DATA,QUESTIONNAIRE,SCHEDULE,TABULATION OF DATA,COLLECTION OF DATA,STATISTICS
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. A sequence of observations, made on a set of
objects included in the sample drawn from
population, is known as statistical data.
(1) Ungrouped Data
Data which have been arranged in a systematic
order are called raw data or ungrouped data.
(2) Grouped Data
Data presented in the form of a frequency
distribution are called grouped data.
3. The first step in any enquiry (investigation) is the
collection of data.
The data may be collected for the whole
population or for a sample only.
It is mostly collected on a sample basis.
Collecting data is very difficult job.
The investigator is the well trained individual
who collects the statistical data.
The respondents are the persons from whom the
information is collected.
4. There are two types (sources) for the collection of data:
(1) Primary Data
Primary data are the first hand information which is
collected, compiled and published by organizations
for some purpose.
They are the most original data in character and have
not undergone any sort of statistical treatment.
Example: Population census reports are primary data
because these are collected, complied and published
by the population census organization.
5. (2) Secondary Data
The secondary data are the second hand information
which is already collected by an organization for some
purpose and are available for the present study.
Secondary data are not pure in character and have
undergone some treatment at least once.
Example: An economic survey of England is
secondary data because the data are collected by
more than one organization like the Bureau of
Statistics, Board of Revenue, banks, etc.
6. Primary data are collected using the following
methods:
1. Personal Investigation
2.Through Investigation
3. CollectionThrough Questionnaire
4.Through theTelephone
7. The researcher conducts the survey
him/herself and collects data from it.
The data collected in this way are usually
accurate and reliable.
This method of collecting data is only
applicable in case of small research projects.
8. Trained investigators are employed to collect
the data.
These investigators contact the individuals
and fill in questionnaires after asking for the
required information.
Most organizations utilize this method.
9. Researchers get the data from local
representations or agents that are based
upon their own experience.
This method is quick but gives only a rough
estimate.
10. Researchers get information from individuals
through the telephone.
This method is quick and gives accurate
information.
11. Secondary data are collected by the following
methods:
1. Official: e.g. publications from the Statistical
Division, Ministry of Finance, the Federal
Bureaus of Statistics, Ministries of Food,
Agriculture, Industry, Labor, etc.
2. Semi-Official: e.g. State Bank, Railway Board,
Central Cotton Committee, Boards of Economic
Enquiry, etc.
12. 3. Publication ofTradeAssociations, Chambers
of Commerce, etc.
4.Technical andTrade Journals and
Newspapers.
5. Research Organizations such as universities
and other institutions.
13. The difference between primary and secondary data is
only a change of hand.
Primary data are the first hand information which is
directly collected form one source.
They are the most original in character and have not
undergone any sort of statistical treatment,
while secondary data are obtained from other
sources or agencies.
They are not pure in character and have undergone
some treatment at least once.
14. Suppose we are interested in finding the average
age of students in a certain department.
We collect the data by two methods: either by
directly collecting information from each
student or getting their ages from the university
records.
The data collected by the direct personal
investigation is called primary data and the data
obtained from the university records is called
secondary data.
15. After collecting the data either from primary or
secondary sources, the next step is its editing.
Editing means the examination of collected
data to discover any errors or mistakes before
presenting it.
It has to be decided beforehand what degree of
accuracy is desired and what extent of errors can
be tolerated in the inquiry.
The editing of secondary data is simpler than
that of primary data.