This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Data in Research. I hope the students will find this presentation useful for them.

1. By
Dr. Shaloo Saini
Assistant Professor
MKCE, C T Group of Institutions, Jalandhar Punjab

2. Once the researcher has complied thorough
the research problem formulation,
development of a research design,
development of a sampling design and a set
of measurement scales; the researcher
proceeds towards data collection. The data
can be collected through primary sources and
through secondary sources depending upon
the nature and requirements of the research
problem.

3. Types of
Data
Primary
Data
Secondary
Data

4. Primary Data is the data that has been
collected first hand by the researcher
especially for addressing the problem at
hand.
Since it is specifically collected for the purpose
of study it requires more precision.
Primary data collection techniques are time
consuming as well as expensive

5. Secondary Data is the data /information that
has been gathered not for the immediate
study but for some other purpose.
It is collected by people or agencies in
response to some other problem rather than
the problem at hand.

6. Advantages Disadvantages
 Data is according to
the purpose of the
research problem.
 Data is latest and
relevant to the
present time.
 Time consuming and
expensive.
 Needs precision in the
collection of data.

7. Advantages Disadvantages
 Time and money saving.
 Provide enough
information to solve
problem completely.
 Useful in defining the
problem.
 Useful in formulating
the Hypothesis.
 Helpful in the
interpretation of
Primary Data.
 Mismatch between
original purpose of data
and the purpose of
present research study.
 Data may be old and
not relevant to the
present time.
 The units of
measurement may be
different than needed.
 Difficult to determine
the accuracy and
authenticity of data.

8. Primary Data
Objectivist/
Quantitative
Survey Data
Personal
Interview
Telephone
Interview
Mail Survey/
Questionnaire
Observation
Data
Experimental
Data
Subjectivist/
Qualitative
Focus Group
Interview
Depth
Interview
Projective
Techniques

9. When the research under study is quantitative/
objectivist in nature then the Primary Data can be
collected through surveys, observations and
experiments.
1.Survey Data: The data is collected form the
respondents through personal and telephonic
interviews. The data can also be collected by mailing
the questionnaires to the respondents.
2. Observation Data: The researcher collect the data
through his own observation about the phenomenon
under the study. The research may employ multiple
techniques to collect the data.
3. Experimental Data: The data is collected though
experimentation under controlled environment by
the researcher.

10. When the research under study is qualitative/ subjectivist in
nature then the Primary Data can be collected through
Focus Group Interviews, Depth Interviews and Projective
Techniques.
1. Focus Group Interview: It is an unstructured Interview,
which involves a moderator who leads a discussion
between a small group of respondents on a specified
topic.
2. Depth Interview: It is an unstructured interview used to
collect qualitative data. It is non directive and the
respondents have freedom to answer within the
boundaries of specified topic.
3. Projective Techniques: It involves the presentation of an
ambiguous, unstructured object, activity or person that
a respondent is asked to interpret and explain eg story
completion, Rorschach Inkblot Test etc.

11. Secondary
Data
Internal Data External Data
Published
Data
Computerized
Database
Syndicated
Services

12. The data available internally within the
organization conducting the research for
example some NGO may conduct a research
on the social status of rural women and it
may already have some previous data that
could be useful for this research.

13. The data that is available outside the organization
that is carrying the research.
1. Published Data: The data published by
organizations like Indian National Bibliography;
Asian Social Science Bibliography; Government
Census and Surveys etc.
2. Computerized Database: The reliable and
authentic Data available in electronic form
that is available offline and online.
3. Syndicated Services: Companies collect and
sell data to various clients for example Centre
for monitoring Indian Economy; Ernst and
Young etc.

14. Data is an important and integral part of the
research. A researcher can collect the data from
Primary and Secondary sources as per the needs
of the research study. The Primary data is the
first hand data that has been collected
specifically to adhere to the purpose of the
research study. The Secondary data is already
available in form of publication and reports by
authentic and reliable government and non
government organisations. There are various
ways to collect the Primary Data and the
Secondary Data, However the decision should be
taken keeping in mind the suitability, accuracy
and the dependability of the data source.

15. Bajpai N. (2015). Measurement and Scaling.
In Business research methods . Nodia:
Pearson Education.
Gupta S.K. & Rangi P.(2017). Measurement and
Scaling. In Research Methodology (4th ed.,
pp8.1-8.20).Punjab: Kalyani Publishers(India).
Kothari C. R. & Garg G.(2019). Measurement and
Scaling. In Research Methodology Methods
and Techniques( 4th ed., pp.89-113) New Delhi:
New Age International Publishers(India).

16. This Power Point Presentation has been made
while referring to the research books written
by eminent, renowned and expert authors as
mentioned in the references section. The
purpose of this Presentation is to help the
research students in developing an insight
about the Data in Research. I hope the
students will find this presentation useful for
them.
All the Best
Dr. Shaloo Saini