Demand of Bricks is gradually increasing day by day in the metropolitan cities. Brick is the oldest manufactured building material and much of its history is lost in antiquity. The oldest Burnt or fired bricks have been found on the sites of the ancient cities of Babylonia, some of which are Estimated to be about 6000 years old. This research paper presents a response based comparison of fly-ash bricks, clay bricks, human hair fly ash bricks, Sugarcane bassage ash bricks. Data are collected through distributed survey questionnaire to brick manufacture and then analyzed by various techniques such as Analytic Hierarchy Process, Relative Important Index and Important Index. Such a research study may prove to be beneficial to all the agencies involved in construction and also act as a foundation for future research studies.

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Bricks Selection through Management Approach by AHP, RII,
IMP.I.
Ashish H. Makwana1
, Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda2,*
1
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Marwadi Education Foundation, Rajkot
2
Associate professor, PG Coordinator Construction Engineering and Management, Civil Engineering
Department, BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat
*
jayesh.pitroda@bvmengineering.ac.in
Abstract. Demand of Bricks is gradually increasing day by day in the metropolitan cities. Brick is the
oldest manufactured building material and much of its history is lost in antiquity. The oldest Burnt or
fired bricks have been found on the sites of the ancient cities of Babylonia, some of which are
Estimated to be about 6000 years old. This research paper presents a response based comparison of
fly-ash bricks, clay bricks, human hair fly ash bricks, Sugarcane bassage ash bricks. Data are collected
through distributed survey questionnaire to brick manufacture and then analyzed by various
techniques such as Analytic Hierarchy Process, Relative Important Index and Important Index. Such a
research study may prove to be beneficial to all the agencies involved in construction and also act as a
foundation for future research studies.
Keywords. Bricks, response, comparison, data, technique, construction
1. Introduction
Clay Bricks - Clay bricks are used in a wide range of buildings for housing to factories, and in the
construction of tunnels, waterways, bridges etc. Their properties vary according to the purpose for
which they are intended, but clays have provided the basic material of construction for centuries.
Fly Ash (FAL–G) Bricks - Fly ash generated during the combustion of coal for energy production is
one of the industrial by-products and it is recognized as an environmental pollutant. Because of the
environmental problem of fly ash, a good deal of work and applications on the utilization of fly ash
has been undertaken world over. Fly Ash bricks are made of fly ash, lime, gypsum and sand. These
can be extensively used in all building constructional activities similar to that of common burnt clay
bricks. The fly ash bricks are comparatively lighter in weight and stronger than common clay bricks.
Since fly ash is being accumulated as waste material in large quantity near thermal power plants and
creating serious environmental pollution problems, its utilization as main raw material in the
manufacture of bricks will not only create ample opportunities for its proper and useful disposal but
also help in environmental pollution control to a greater extent in the surrounding areas of power
plants.
Human Hair (Fiber) Fly Ash Bricks - In human hair bricks, human hair is used in fly ash bricks as
fiber so it is also known as fiber fly ash bricks. Fiber Fly ash made bricks uses all ingredients which
are having a minimum negative environmental impact. Hence, Fiber Fly ash bricks provide a better
way for achievement of real sustainable development & can be considered as bricks for the next
generation. Fiber Fly Ash bricks are advantageous over conventional clay bricks as per following
aspects: Less water absorption, less weight, better finishing, high strength, less mortar consumption
for joints filling, less number of bricks required, reduced wastage. Looking to these advantages, more
and more stakeholders from the construction industry are getting attracted towards using Fiber Fly
Ash bricks instead of clay bricks. But, it requires proper use of a mix of various available ingredients
so that quality is achieved along with minimum investment.

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Sugarcane Bassage Ash Bricks - Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining
industry, along with ethanol vapor. Huge quantity of ash is a waste product available at very
negligible rate. It causes the chronic lung condition pulmonary fibrosis more specifically referred to
as bagassios. Nowadays, it is commonplace to reutilize sugar cane bagasse as a biomass fuel in boilers
for vapor and power generation in sugar factories. Depending on the incinerating conditions, the
resulting sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) may contain high levels of SiO2 and Al2O3, enabling its use
as a supplementary cementious material (SCM) in blended cement systems. Uses of Sugarcane
bagasse ash waste in brick can save the sugarcane industry disposal costs and produce a ‘greener’
bricks for construction.
2. Need of the research
Present approach lacks management approach so there is a need of such approach which can be
applied through scientific methodology for bricks selection.
3. Objectives of the research
a) To identify main factors affecting bricks and evaluate by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP),
Relative Important Index (RII) and Important Index (IMP.I.).
b) To achieve optimization by comparison of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Relative
Important Index (RII) and Important Index (IMP.I.).
4. Scope of the Research
The scope of this research work of brick selection is considered for three cities of Gujarat
Region of India: Rajkot, Ahmedabad and Vadodara.
5. Sample Size Calculation
To obtain a statistically representative sample of the population, the formula shown in Eq. (1)
was used (Hogg and Tannis, 2009)–
n =
m
1+⌊
m−1
N
⌋
(1)
Where, n, m, and N = the sample size of the limited, unlimited, and available population,
respectively. M is estimated by Eq. (2) –
m =
z2×p×(1−p)
ε2
(2)
Where, z = the statistic value for the confidence level used, i.e., 2.575, 1.96, and 1.645, for 99
%, 95 %, and 90 % confidence levels, respectively; p = the value of the population proportion
that is being estimated; and ε = the sampling error of the point estimate. Because the value of
p is unknown, Sincich et al. (2002) suggest a conservative value of 0.50 be used so that a
sample size that is at least as large as required be obtained. By using a 90% confidence level,
i.e., 10 % significance level, the unlimited sample size of the population, m, is approximated
as follows –
m =
1.6452
× 0.5 × (1 − 0.5)
0.12
m = 67.65
Here, the confidence level is taken as 90 %.

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Accordingly, for the total number of stakeholders as per detail available through the internet,
i.e., N = 1257, the representative sample size of the population required, is determined as
shown below –
Table 1: Population Distribution among the Area of Study
City Construction Firms Source
Rajkot (a) 145 Association of consulting civil engineers, Rajkot
Ahmedabad (b) 355 Road and Building Department, Gujarat
Vadodara (c) 110 Yellow Pages
647 The Indian Institute of Architects (IIA), Gujarat
Total (a + b +c) 1257
n =
67.65
1 + ⌊
67.65 − 1
1257
⌋
n = 64
6. Criteria framework for bricks selection
Bricks selection depends upon many factors. Literature study was carried out to prepare the
hierarchical framework for bricks selection. Criteria which contribute towards bricks selection are
divided in four major groups such as: Clay bricks, Human hair fly ash bricks, Fly ash (FAL-G) bricks,
Sugarcane bassage ash bricks and further subdivided into sub criteria. A final framework for brick
selection criteria is given in figure 1.
CL – Clay Bricks
 CS - Cost
 TM - Time
 QL - Quality
 QN – Quantity
HHFAB - Human Hair Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks
 CS - Cost
 TM - Time
 QL - Quality
 QN – Quantity
FAB - Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks
 CS - Cost
 TM - Time
 QL - Quality
 QN – Quantity
SBAB - Sugarcane Bassage Ash Bricks
 CS - Cost
 TM - Time
 QL - Quality
 QN - Quantity
Figure 1: Framework of various brick

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7. Research Methodology
Survey Questionnaire was prepared in the form of numeric value for each criterion and distributed to
selected stakeholders and then data of the collected survey was analyzed by Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP), Relative Important Index (RII) and Important Index (IMP.I.).
7.1. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex
decisions. Based on mathematics and psychology, it was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s
and has been extensively studied.
Rather than prescribing a “correct” decision, it helps decision making find one that best suits their
goals and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive framework for structuring
a decision problem, for representing its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals.
Users of the AHP decompose their decision problem into a hierarchy of easy which can be analyzed
independently. The elements of the hierarchy can relate to any aspect of the decision problem,
carefully measured or roughly estimated, well understood-anything at all that applies to the decision at
hand.
The AHP converts these evaluations to numerical values that can be processed and compared over the
entire range. A numerical weight is derived for each element of the hierarchy, allowing diverse and
often incommensurable elements to be compared to one another in a rational and consistent way.
7.1.2 AHP Application
Decision situations to which the AHP can be applied include:
 Choice - The selection of one alternative from a given set of alternatives, there are multiple
decision criteria involved.
 Ranking - Putting a set of alternatives in order from most to least desirable.
 Prioritization - Determining the relative merit of members of a set of alternatives, as opposed
to selecting a single one or merely ranking them.
 Resource allocation - Apportioning resources among a set of alternatives.
 Quality management - Dealing with the multidimensional aspects of quality and quality
improving.
7.1.3 Step by Step Procedure of AHP
Step 1: Model the problem as a hierarchy containing the decision goal, the alternatives for reaching it,
criteria for evaluating the alternatives.
Step 2: Establish priorities among elements of the hierarchy making series of judgments based on
comparisons of elements.
Step 3: These judgments to yield a set of overall priorities for the hierarchy.
Step 4: Check the consistency of the judgments.
Step 5: Come to final decision based on the results of this process.

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Table 2: Fundamental Scale of Absolute Numbers
Intensity of Importance Definition Explanation
1 Equal Importance Two activities contribute equally to the objective
2 Weak or slight
3 Moderate importance
Experience and judgement slightly favour one
activity over another
4 Moderate plus
5 Strong importance
Experience and judgement strongly favour one
activity over another
6 Strong plus
7
Very strong or
Demonstrated
importance
An activity is favoured very strongly over another;
its dominance demonstrated in practice
8 Very, very strong
9 Extreme importance
The evidence favouring one activity over another is
of the highest possible order of affirmation
Reciprocals of Above (1-9) A reasonable assumption
(Source: Saaty. T. L., Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process, Int. J. Services Sciences,
2008, Volume-1, No.-1, pg.83-98, Pittsburgh, PA-15260, USA)
7.2. Relative importance index (RII) method
Relative Importance Index method helps to determine the relative importance of the various factors
affecting brick selection. The four scales ranging from 1 (Very important) to 4 (Not important) is
adopted and it is transformed to relative importance indices (RII) for each factor as follows:
RII =
ΣW
A ∗ N (3)
Where: W = weight given to each factor by the respondents and ranges from 1 to 4
A = highest weight = 4; N = total number of respondents
7.3 Importance index (IMP.I.) Method
Assaf and Al-Hejji (2006) used this Importance Index (IMP.I.) as a function of severity & frequency
to rank the causes of delay of large construction projects of Saudi Arabia.
1) Frequency Index (F.I.): A formula is used to rank risk event based on frequency of occurrence as
identified by the participants.
Frequency Index (F.I. )(%) = Σ a
n
N
∗
100
4 (4)
Where, a = constant expressing weighting given to each response (ranges from 1 for always upto 4 for
rarely); n = frequency of the responses; N = total number of responses
2) Severity Index (S.I.): A formula is used to rank risk event based on severity as indicated by the
participants.
𝑆𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 ( 𝑆. 𝐼. )(%) = Σ a
𝑛
𝑁
∗
100
4 (5)
Where, a = constant expressing weighting given to each response (ranges from 1 for extreme upto 4
for little); n = frequency of the responses; N = total number of responses
3) Importance Index (IMP.I.): The importance index of each event is calculated as a function of both
frequency and severity indices, as follows:
Importance Index (IMP.I. )(%) =
[F. I. (%) ∗ S. I. (%)]
100 (6)

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8. Results
Table 3: Criteria Rank - Comparison between AHP, RII and IMP.I. Techniques
Group
Criteria of Brick
Selection
AHP RANK RII RANK IMP.I RANK
Clay Bricks
Cost 0.0243 10 0.5 6 21.875 12
Delivery 0.019 14 0.625 4 28.125 10
Quality 0.0136 16 0.5625 5 35.1563 6
Quantity 0.0229 11 0.4375 7 28.125 10
Human Hair (Fiber)
Fly Ash Bricks
Cost 0.0222 13 0.5 6 38.6719 4
Delivery 0.0299 9 0.5625 5 31.6406 8
Quality 0.0225 12 0.4375 7 24.6094 11
Quantity 0.0185 15 0.5625 5 31.25 9
Fly Ash (FAL –G)
Bricks
Cost 0.123 1 0.75 2 37.5 5
Delivery 0.1226 2 0.8125 1 19.1406 13
Quality 0.1122 3 0.6875 3 47.2656 2
Quantity 0.0999 5 0.5 6 60.9375 1
Sugarcane Bassage
Ash Bricks
Cost 0.1008 4 0.5625 5 42.9688 3
Delivery 0.0942 6 0.5 6 35.1563 6
Quality 0.0819 8 0.5625 5 32.8125 7
Quantity 0.0927 7 0.5625 5 21.875 12
Figure 2: Criteria Rank - Comparison between AHP, RII and IMP.I. Techniques
9. Conclusions
The problem solution result shows that fly ash brick is best. 1st
to 3rd
factor’s rank according to the
current views of respondents for fly ash (FAL-G) bricks:
Analytic Hierarchy Process: 1st
- Cost, 2nd
- Delivery, 3rd
– Quality
Relative Importance Index method: 1st
- Delivery, 2nd
- Cost, 3rd
– Quality
Relative Importance Index (IMP.I.): 1st
- Quantity, 2nd
- Quality.
The proposed methodology can also be applied to any other selection problem involving multiple
Criterias.

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APPENDIX-I
Survey Questionnaire of Analytic Hierarchy Process
CRITERIA COMPARISON
1. Amongst 4 criteria, compare their relative importance for a Bricks Selection:
Clay Bricks Human Hair Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Clay Bricks Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Clay Bricks Sugarcane Bassage Ash Bricks
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Human Hair Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Human Hair Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks Sugarcane Bassage Ash Bricks
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks Sugarcane Bassage Ash Bricks
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2. For Clay Bricks criteria, compare various sub criteria for Bricks Selection evaluation:
Cost Time
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cost Quality
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cost Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time Quality
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Quality Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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18–22 June, 2018 at National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal
11
3. For Human Hair Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks criteria, compare various sub criteria for
Bricks Selection:
Cost Time
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cost Quality
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cost Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time Quality
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Quality Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4. For Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks criteria, compare various sub criteria for Bricks Selection:
Cost Time
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cost Quality
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cost Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time Quality
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Quality Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5. For Sugarcane Bassage Ash Bricks criteria, compare various sub criteria for Bricks
Selection:
Cost Time
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12. International Conference on: “Sustainable Construction and Building Materials
(ICSCBM 2018)”
___________________________________________________________________________
18–22 June, 2018 at National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal
12
Cost Quality
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cost Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time Quality
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Quality Quantity
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

13. International Conference on: “Sustainable Construction and Building Materials
(ICSCBM 2018)”
___________________________________________________________________________
18–22 June, 2018 at National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal
13
APPENDIX-II
Survey Questionnaire of Relative Important Index (RII)
Please indicate by ticking the appropriate column the relative importance of each of the
following brick selection. Please tick mark according to your point of view only in one
column in each row.
Sr.
No.
Factor
Degree of Impact
1 2 3 4
Very
important
important
Somewhat
important
Not
important
Clay Bricks
1 Cost
2 Time
3 Quality
4 Quantity
Human Hair Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks
5 Cost
6 Time
7 Quality
8 Quantity
Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks
9 Cost
10 Time
11 Quality
12 Quantity
Sugarcane Bassage Ash Bricks
13 Cost
14 Time
15 Quality
16 Quantity

14. International Conference on: “Sustainable Construction and Building Materials
(ICSCBM 2018)”
___________________________________________________________________________
18–22 June, 2018 at National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal
14
APPENDIX-III
Survey Questionnaire of Important Index Method (IMP.I)
Please tick the appropriate column to indicate frequency of occurrence of causes and degree
of severity of the bricks selection.
Sr.
No.
Factor
Frequency of occurrence Degree of severity
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Always Often Sometimes Rarely Extreme Great Moderate Little
Clay Bricks
1 Cost
2 Time
3 Quality
4 Quantity
Human Hair Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks
5 Cost
6 Time
7 Quality
8 Quantity
Fly Ash (FAL –G) Bricks
9 Cost
10 Time
11 Quality
12 Quantity
Sugarcane Bassage Ash Bricks
13 Cost
14 Time
15 Quality
16 Quantity