its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Classification of Nematodes
Nematodes are classified into the following classes:
1. Phasmidia or Secernentea
• These are mostly parasitic.
• Caudal glands are absent.
• Unicellular, pouch-like sense organs called plasmids are present.
• The excretory system has paired lateral canals.
• Eg., Ascaris, Enterobius
2. Aphasmidia or Adenophorea
• They are free-living organisms.
• The excretory system has no lateral canals.
• Caudal glands are present.
• Phasmids are absent.
• Eg., Capillaria, Trichinella
its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Classification of Nematodes
Nematodes are classified into the following classes:
1. Phasmidia or Secernentea
• These are mostly parasitic.
• Caudal glands are absent.
• Unicellular, pouch-like sense organs called plasmids are present.
• The excretory system has paired lateral canals.
• Eg., Ascaris, Enterobius
2. Aphasmidia or Adenophorea
• They are free-living organisms.
• The excretory system has no lateral canals.
• Caudal glands are present.
• Phasmids are absent.
• Eg., Capillaria, Trichinella
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
Porifera is a phylum of primitive invertebrate animals comprising the sponges and having a cellular grade of construction without true tissue or organ formation but with the body permeated by canals and chambers through which a current of water flows and passes in its course through one or more cavities lined with choanocytes.
paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Understanding the Epidemology, parthenogenesis, control measures, life cycle, host parasite interactions of Fasciola hepatica :A comprehensive project report
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
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Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
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2. EXCRETION
The removal of waste products of metabolism, especially nitrogenous compounds from the
body of insects is known as excretion
The excretion process helps the insect to maintain salt water balance and thereby
physiological homeostasis
The organs of excretion in insects are:
I. The Malpighian tubules
II. The accessory organs of excretion are:
Fat bodies
Nephrocytes
Oenocytes
Labial glands
Urate cells
The rectum
Chloride cells
3.
4.
5. Malpighian tubules
Malpighian tubules are thin, blind-ending tubules, originating near the junction of mid and
hindgut, predominantly involved in regulation of salt, water and nitrogenous waste
excretion
This structure was discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1669
These are the main excretory organs in insects
These are fine, unbranched and thread-like processes or the outgrowth of alimentary canal
and present at the junction of midgut and hindgut
They range in length, in different insect species, from 2 to 100 mm and from 30 to 100
μm in diameter
In most insects, they open independently into the gut, but in some species they first come
together in groups at ampullae
In crickets, all the tubules open into a single ampulla from which a cuticle-lined, tubular
ureter connects with the hindgut at the posterior end of the ileum
6.
7. Malpighian tubules are absent in Collembola and aphids, and represented only by
papillae in Diplura, Protura and Strepsiptera, but are present in all other insects,
varying in number from two in coccids to about 250 in the desert locust,
Schistocerca
In adult Periplaneta, with more than 150 tubules, the total outer surface area of
the tubules (not taking account of the infolding of the basal plasma membrane) is
over 500 mm2, the infoldings increase the surface area at least ten times to more than
5000 mm2
The walls of Malpighian tubule consists of 4-6 large epithelial cells arranged in a
circle which externally rests on the basement membrane
It is divided into two parts:
1. Distal secretory part having honey comb border
2. Proximal absorptive part having brush border
8. The wall of the tubule is one cell thick with one or a few cells encircling the lumen
The principal cell type in the tubule is produced into close-packed microvilli on the lumen
side, while the basal plasma membrane is deeply infolded
Laterally, the cells are held together by septate junctions near their apices
Mitochondria are abundant within and immediately beneath the microvilli and in
association with the basal plasma membrane
These are the cells which produce the primary urine
In many insects, cells that are structurally and functionally of different types may be
intermingled with the principal cells throughout the tubules, or occur in discrete regions so
that the tubule is divided into distinct sections
The Diptera, for example, have small stellate cells scattered amongst the principal
tubule cells
They have small microvilli which do not contain mitochondria. Mixtures of cell types are
also known to occur in Periplaneta, Carausius and Tenebrio
9. Malpighian tubule
(a) Cross-section of a tubule
(b) Detail of part of one cell
(c) End of a Malpighian tubule of Apis showing the spiral muscle strands and the tracheal supply
10.
11. Types of Malpighian Tubules
I. Nephridial Malpighian Tubules
II. Cryptonephridial Malpighian Tubules
I. Nephridial Malpighian Tubules:
In large number of insects the distal ends of malpighian tubules bath freely in the haemolymph
This arrangement of malpighian tubules are present in insects which do not require conservation of
water
12. 2. Cryptonephric Malpighian Tubules:
The distal ends of the Malpighian tubules are held in contact with the rectal wall by the
perinephric membrane, which is concerned either with efficient dehydration of faeces before
their elimination or ionic regulation. (e.g. Adult Coleptera, larval Lepidoptera and larval
symphyta)
13. The accessory organs of excretion
Nephrocytes
The nephrocytes consist of certain localized groups of cells, often binucleate, which have
the property of storing up substances of an excretory nature
They occur in two principal groups:
(I) Dorsal or pericardial nephrocytes
(II) Ventral nephrocytes
14. Urate Cells
In some insects, certain cells called urate cells are found scattered among the fat body.
These highly specialized cells store uric acid during the life of the insect.
As the insect grows older, these cells become increasingly loaded with uric acid
concentrations.
Are found in Collembola (lack Malpighian tubules), Thysanura, Blattodea and larval
Apocrita (bees and wasps).
Contain large spherules of uric acid. Probably for storage, which is based on some
aspect of the insects life cycle or development.
Cockroaches do not excrete uric acid. Instead, they store it in the urate cells.
15. Fat Bodies
A loose or compact aggregation of cells, mostly trophocytes, suspended in the haemocoel,
responsible for storage and excretion.
Oenocytes
The cells of haemocoel, epidermis or fat body with many functions.
Integument
The outer covering of the living tissues of an insect.
Tracheal system
The insect gas exchange system, comprising tracheae and tracheoles.
Rectum
The posterior part of hind gut. Among the above organs, malpighian tubules are the major
organ of excretion.
16. Storage Excretion
The excretory waste materials are retained within the body in different sites.
Uric acid is stored as urates in the cells of fat body e.g., American cockroach.
Uric acid is stored in the body wall, giving white colour, e.g., Red cotton bug.
Uric acid is stored in the male accessory glands to produce the outer coat of
spermatophore, which is excreted during copulation.
Uric acid is stored in the wing scales giving white colour. e.g., Pierid butterflies.
Waste products of pupal metabolism (meconium) is stored and released during adult
emergence.