The document summarizes the evolution of the Tethys Ocean from the Precambrian to the Paleocene in three periods: Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys, and Neo-Tethys. It describes the paleogeography and tectonics during each period, including the formation and breakup of Pangaea, as well as the resulting paleoceanography. Finally, it discusses the role of the Tethys Ocean in forming petroleum systems in the Middle East through the distribution of source rocks, reservoirs, seals and traps over geologic time.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Hi I'm Misson Choudhury , A Post Graduate student, Graduated from Utkal university and Now pursuing my m.sc in applied geology at Bangalore university, Bangalore, i love geological mapping,drawing,hill climbing and tracking..
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Hi I'm Misson Choudhury , A Post Graduate student, Graduated from Utkal university and Now pursuing my m.sc in applied geology at Bangalore university, Bangalore, i love geological mapping,drawing,hill climbing and tracking..
Tectonic Processes and Metallogeny along the Tethyan Mountain Ranges of the M...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309130798_Tectonic_Processes_and_Metallogeny_along_the_Tethyan_Mountain_Ranges_of_the_Middle_East_and_South_Asia_Oman_Himalaya_Karakoram_Tibet_Myanmar_Thailand_Malaysia
The genesis of mineral deposits has been widely linked to speci c tectonic settings, but has less frequently been linked to tectonic processes. Understanding processes of oceanic and continental collision tectonics is crucial to understanding key factors leading to the genesis of magmatic-, metamorphic-, hydrothermal-, and sedimentary-related mineral deposits. Geologic studies of most ore deposits typically focus on the nal stages of concentration and emplacement. The ultimate source (mantle, lower crust, upper crust) of mineral deposits in many cases remains more cryptic. Uniquely, along the Tethyan collision zones of Asia, every stage of the conver- gence process can be studied from the initial oceanic settings where ophiolite complexes were formed, through subduction zone and island-arc settings with ultrahigh- to high-pressure metamorphism, to the continental col- lision settings of the Himalaya, and advanced, long-lived collisional settings such as Afghanistan, the Karakoram Ranges, and the Tibetan plateau. The India-Asia collision closed the intervening Neotethys ocean at ~50 Ma and resulted in the formation of the Himalayan mountain ranges, and increased crustal thickening, metamor- phism, deformation, and uplift of the Karakoram-Hindu Kush ranges, Tibetan plateau, and older collision zones across central Asia. Metallogenesis in oceanic crust (hydrothermal Cu-Au; Fe, Mn nodules) and mantle (Cr, Ni, Pt) can be deduced from ophiolite complexes preserved around the Arabia/India-Asia collision (Oman, Ladakh, South Tibet, Myanmar, Andaman Islands). Tectonic-metallogenic processes in island arcs and ancient subduc- tion complexes (VMS Cu-Zn-Pb) can be deduced from studies in the Dras-Kohistan arc (Pakistan) and the various arc complexes along the Myanmar-Andaman segment of the collision zone. Metallogenesis of Andean- type margins (Cu-Au-Mo porphyry; epithermal Au-Ag) can be seen along the Jurassic-Eocene Transhimalayan ranges of Pakistan, Ladakh, South Tibet, and Myanmar. Large porphyry Cu deposits in Tibet are related to both precollisional calc-alkaline granites and postcollisional alkaline adakite-like intrusions. Metallogenesis of continent-continent collision zones is prominent along the Myanmar-Thailand-Malaysia Sn-W granite belts, but less common along the Himalaya. The Mogok metamorphic belt of Myanmar is known for its gemstones associated with regional high-temperature metamorphism (ruby, spinel, sapphire, etc). In Myanmar it is likely that extensive alkaline magmatism has contributed extra heat during the formation of high-temperature meta- morphism. This paper attempts to link metallogeny of the Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet and Myanmar collision zone to tectonic processes derived from multidisciplinary geologic studies.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
4. An Overview of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease in Vietnam.pdf
Evolution of Tethys Ocean
1. GEOL 501 - Geology of the Middle East
Instructor: Dr. Khalid Al-Ramadan
Term Paper
Evolution of Tethys Ocean
Omar Atef Radwan
g201306050
ESD
2. • Introduction
• Paleogeography
• Paleotectonics
• Paleoceanography
• Tethys Ocean and petroleum systems in the Middle East
• References
OUTLINE
2
3. INTRODUCTION
3
Erickson, 2002
• Eduard Suess in 1893
• named after the ancient Greek
goddess of the sea
• an ancient ocean that existed from
250–50 Mya
• orientated east–west
• separated the large continents of
Gondwana and Laurasia.
5. 5
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
Berra and Angiolini , 2014
Proto-Tethys
• Ediacaran to the Carboniferous
(550–330 Ma)
• formed when Pannotia was
broken up into four principal
Paleozoic continents: Gondwana,
Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia
6. 6
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
Berra and Angiolini , 2014
• situated between the Siberia to
and Gondwana
• Late Silurian: started to shrink
• Late Devonian, the
microcontinent of Kazakhstania
collided with Siberia, shrinking
the ocean even more.
• Carboniferous: The ocean
closed when the North China
craton collided with Siberia-
Kazakstania continent, while the
Paleo-Tethys Ocean expanded.
7. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
7
Muttoni et al., 2009
Paleo-Tethys
• Ordovician-Jurassic
• existed when Laurasia
and Gondwana-Land
collided in the late
Palaeozoic
8. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
8
Muttoni et al., 2009
Paleo-Tethys
• major dextral motion of
Laurasia relative to
Gondwana
• transformation of Pangea
from an Early Permian
configuration of the B-type
to a Late Permian
configuration of the A-type
9. PALEOGEOGRAPHY
9
Muttoni et al., 2009
• The Cimmerian
Continent rifted off from
the northern margin of
Gondwana-Land mostly
during the Permo-
Triassic opening behind
it the Neo-Tethys
• Palaeo-Tethys + the
Cimmerian Continent +
the Neo-Tethys + their
continental margins =
“Tethyan Realm”
10. Neo-Tethys
• Permian-Paleocene
• Tethys Ocean continued to
expand westward, dividing
Pangaea into the two large
continents of Laurasia in
the north and Gondwana
in the south, creating an
oceanic extension of the
Tethys, which today forms
the central Atlantic Ocean
10
Berra and Angiolini , 2014
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
11. • After the early Cretaceous, the Neo-
Tethys became the sole occupier of
the Tethyan Realm
• Tethys ocean reaches its maximum
extent.
11
Berra and Angiolini , 2014
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
12. • In the Upper Cretaceous (84 Ma),
the Indian plate began its very
rapid northward drift at an
average speed of 16 cm/year
• collision of the northwestern
part of the Indian passive margin
with Eurasia in the lower Eocene
• Indian continent continues its
northwards ascent at a slower
but still surprisingly fast rate of ~
5 cm/year
12
Berra and Angiolini , 2014
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
13. • The collision of the Arabian plate
with Eurasia, the closure and the
suturing of the Neotethyan Ocean,
lasted between late Middle
Miocene in the east and Late
Pliocene-Quaternary in the west.
• The rate of motion of Arabia with
respect to Eurasia has been fairly
constant between 2 and 3 cm/yr
since 56 Ma.
13
Berra and Angiolini , 2014
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
15. Para-Tethys
• Remnants of the Tethys Ocean include the Mediterranean, Caspian, Aral,
and Black Seas (formerly an inland extension of Tethys known as the
Paratethys).
15
Erickson, 2002
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
18. • The Alpine-Himalayan chain
includes (from west to
east):
Pyrenees, European Alps,
Apennines, Dinarides,
Carpathians, Anatolian
Plateau, Caucasus, Alborz,
Zagros, Kopeh Dagh,
Makran, Hindu Kush,
Karakorum, Tien Shan,
Tibet, and the Himalayas
stretches from Spain to
Indonesia is the result of a
step wise closure Neo-
Tethys sea way.
18Frisch et al., 2010
PALEOTECTONICS
20. 20
Stow, 2010
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY
Paleocurrent models for a general Pangea configuration is a westward-flowing
equatorial surface current which, upon reaching the continental shelves of the
western Tethys Seaway, deflected southeastward and northeastward; in the
meanwhile, a deep water circulation brought cold waters from high latitudes
to the equator. Ocean upwellings of these cold and nutrient-rich bottom
waters were created by monsoonal wind circulation along the Gondwanan
margin
21. PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY
21
Stow, 2010
Paleoclimatology
• Oxygen-isotope analyses of
marine limestones have
shown that 125-85 Ma was
a time of severe global
warming due to a rapid
increase in atmospheric
carbon dioxide
concentrations
Eustasy
• This is consistent with
sequence stratigraphic
evidence for sea-level
maxima in mid-late
Cretaceous times.
22. PETROLEUM SYSTEMS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• For petroleum to be successfully generated, migrated, accumulated, and
preserved, all elements and processes of the petroleum system should be
present, including:
– organically rich and thermally matured source rocks
– porous-permeable reservoir rocks
– effective extensive cap rocks
– appropriate time relations between oil migration and trap formation
Obviously, the Middle East qualifies all these conditions to a high degree
and quality.
• The paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the southern Tethys area
during the Phanerozoic plays an important role in determining the
distribution of the source rocks and reservoirs as well as the origin of
stratigraphic and tectonic traps
22
24. • most of the giant oil and gas fields known until 2000 are related to:
– continental passive margins facing the major ocean basins (34.66%)
– continental rifts and overlying sag basins (especially failed rifts at the edges or
interiors of continents; 30.90%)
– collisional margins produced by terminal collision between two continents
(19.73%).
• Due to the geodynamic evolution of this area, rift basins (mainly formed due
to the opening of the Tethys oceans and to the extensional events affecting
North Africa) rapidly evolved to passive margins (e.g., evolution of the peri-
Gondwanan blocks) and then to active margins, with the development of
collision-related basins (e.g., foredeep related to the accretion of the peri-
Gondwanan blocks to the southern margin of Eurasia).
24
TETHYS OCEAN – OIL ACCUMULATION
26. TETHYS OCEAN – SEALS
• Apart from marine shale and marl cap
rocks, many Middle East basins also
contain evaporite beds, which are
efficient seals because of their ductility.
The main evaporate horizons include;
– Triassic interbedded evaporates
– Late Jurassic Gotnia-Hith Formation
– Miocene Gachsaran Formation.
26
Sorkhabi, 2010
27. TETHYS OCEAN – OIL TRAPING
• Oil fields, located in the strongly
folded layers of the Zagros mountain
chains, are elongate and parallel to
the NW-SE trending folds. The
petroleum was trapped during folding
in the anticlines.
• On the Arabian Peninsula and in the
western part of the Arabian Gulf, the
oil fields trend N-S. Folds occur above
similarly oriented horst structures
which formed along normal faults in
the Precambrian basement of the
Arabian Shield.
• Circular oil fields in the eastern
Arabian Gulf formed above salt
diapirs that were formed by the rise
of Early Paleozoic salt deposits.
27
Frisch et al., 2010
28. CONCLUSIONS
• The Tethys Ocean developed in at least three oceanic basins:
– Proto-Tethys (Precambrian-Carboniferous).
– Paleo-Tethys (Ordovician-Jurassic).
– Neo-Tethys (Permian-Paleocene).
• The Paleo-Tethys formed by gathering the continents around its frame forming
the Pangaea as opposed to the Neo-Tethys that later formed by rifting.
• Palaeo-Tethys + the Cimmerian Continent + the Neo-Tethys and their continental
margins = “Tethyan Realm”
• A double orogenic system resulted from the destruction of the Tethyan Realm:
– the products of the closure of the Paleo-Tethys are the Cimmerides.
– the products of the closure of major parts of the Neo-Tethys are called the Alpides.
• Remnants of the Tethys Ocean include the Mediterranean, Caspian, Aral, and
Black Seas (Paratethys).
• The paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the southern Tethys area during
the Phanerozoic plays an important role in determining the distribution of the
source rocks and reservoirs as well as the origin of stratigraphic and tectonic
traps.
28
30. • Dèzes, P., 1999. Tectonic and metamorphic evolution of the central Himalayan domain in
southeast Zanskar (Kashmir, India) (Vol. 145). Institute of Geology and Paleontology,
University of Lausanne.
• Muttoni, G., Gaetani, M., Kent, D.V., Sciunnach, D., Angiolini, L., Berra, F., Garzanti, E., Mattei, M.,
Zanchi, A., 2009. Opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the Pangea B to Pangea A transformation
during the Permian. GeoArabia 14, 17–48.
• Frisch, W., Meschede, M., Blakey, R.C., 2010. Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift and Mountain
Building, 2011 edition. ed. Springer, Berlin; London.
• Berra, F. and L. Angiolini , 2014. The evolution of the Tethys region throughout the
Phanerozoic: A brief tectonic reconstruction, inL. Marlow, C. Kendall and L. Yose, eds.,
Petroleum systems of the Tethyan region: AAPG Memoir 106, p. 1–27.
• Stow, D., 2010. Vanished Ocean: How Tethys Reshaped the World. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
• Erickson, J., 2002. Historical Geology: Understanding Our Planet’s Past, 2nd edition. ed. Facts
on File, New York.
• Sorkhabi, Rasoul (2010) Why So Much Oil in the Middle East? GeoExpro, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 20-
26).
REFERENCES
30
In this presentation “Evolution of Tethys Ocean” will be discussed… Two reasons make studying this topic is very important to fully understand the geology of middle east …
1-The present-day setting of the Middle East region is the result of the global reorganization derived from the closure of the Tethys Ocean(s)
2-The distribution of giant oil and gas fields in the Middle East is the result of the geodynamic evolution of Pangea and the Tethys Oceans during the Phanerozoic.
In this presentation the following points will be covered: Paleogeography, Paleotectonics , Paleoceanography, and Paleobiogeography.
Role of each one of these elements in the formation of the petroleum system of the middle east will be explained.
This relative motion causes the transformation of Pangea from an Early Permian configuration of the B-type, where Africa is placed south of Asia
and South America is placed south of Europe to a Late Permian configuration of the A-type, where Africa is placed immediately south of Europe and South America is placed south of North America. The presence of a E-W trending transPangean seaway (connecting the Paleo-Tethys to the Panthalassa oceans) persisting until the Late Permian
From Early Palaeogene to Latest Eocene (63-34 Ma): Mild Compression and Closure of Neo-Tethys
From Eocene to Present Day (34-0 Ma): estern Extension (Gulf of Aden/Red Sea Spreading) and Eastern Compression (Collision with Eurasia and Zagros Inversion)
The northward drift of India from 71 Ma ago to present time. Note the simultaneous counter-clockwise rotation of India. Collision of the Indian continent with Eurasia occurred at about 55 Ma
Paratethys was a large shallow sea that stretched from the region north of the Alps over Central Europe to the Aral Sea in Central Asia.
formed during the Oxfordian stage of the Late Jurassic as an extension of the rift that formed the Central Atlantic Ocean and was isolated during the Oligocene epoch
During its long existence the Paratethys was at times reconnected with the Tethys or its successors, the Mediterranean Sea or Indian Ocean. From the Pliocene epoch onward (after 5 million years ago), the Paratethys became progressively shallower. Today's Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Aral Sea and Lake Urmia are remnants of the Paratethys Sea.
In this section of the report, the tectonics responsible for forming and the destruction of Tethys Oceans. Three main orogenies will be discussed including; Variscan (or Hercynian) orogeny, cimmerian orogeny, and Alpine orogeny.
The Variscan orogeny led to the assembly of Gondwana and Laurasia into one supercontinent, Pangea. Paleo-Tethys Ocean first came into being as the large indentation at its eastern margin.
The opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean along the eastern margin of Gondwana, from Arabia to Australia, created the Cimmerian terranes (Iran, Central Afghanistan, Karakorum, Qiangtang). These migrated northward across the Tethys Ocean from southern Gondwanan paleolatitudes in Early Permian time to subequatorial paleolatitudes by the ~Middle Permian–Early Triassic times.
The subduction of the Paleo-Tethys led to the accretion of microplates that today characterize the Middle East outside of Arabia.
The docking of Arabia to Eurasia led to partial separation between the Indian Ocean to the east and the Eastern Mediterranean Basin to the west. The Arabian plate was significantly uplifted
The ophiolite of the Semail Nappe in Oman:
one of the largest ophiolite complexes on Earth at 500 km long, 50 to 100 km wide, and 15 km thick
As the Neotethys narrowed and compressed ca. 100 Ma, the NNE portion of the oceanic plate was thrust over the SSW part.
The ophiolite nappe was initially thrust several hundred kilometers onto oceanic crust that belonged to the other side of the spreading axis. It rapidly migrated southward and the entire complex was obducted onto northeastern Arabia at 80 Ma. The calculated thrusting velocity was approximately 3 cm/yr
Th ese frictional forces slowed the obduction of the ophiolite onto the continental margin and obduction ceased after the nappe was transported 100–200 km
The convergence between Arabia and Eurasia (Iran) continued after the ophiolite obduction and the Neotethys Ocean was subducted by a new subduction zone, the Makran subduction zone.
Oxygen-isotope analyses of marine limestones have shown that 125-85 Ma was a time of severe global warming due to a rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (mainly from increased volcanic activities). This is consistent with sequence stratigraphic evidence for sea-level maxima in mid-late Cretaceous times.
Warm climate, high-stand seas and increases in the nitrogen-phosphorus-carbon contents of oceans, in turn, led to a profuse radiation of plankton populations - a key factor in the organic richness of marine sediments laid down during that period. Neo-Tethys most benefited from these events and the Middle East was in the right position at the right time.
There are two horizons for petroleum generation in the Middle East. The first horizon is the Silurian ‘hot’ shale, called the Qusaibah Shale in Saudi Arabia but also found in some other parts of the Middle East and North Africa. The second horizon is the Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments (generated 70% of the Middle East oil).
To explain these rich source rocks, the position and extent of the Neo-Tethys shelf during Jurassic and Cretaceous times need to be considered. Neo-Tethys was then located close to the warm, organic-rich Equator; it possessed a broad 2,000-3,000 km-wide shelf and a length of at least twice that. Moreover, Neo-Tethys was triangular in shape, pointed (thinning) toward the west; it was thus a partly enclosed basin with its wide shelf oriented almost west-east, and in a favorable position to benefit from organic-rich sedimentation processes and high stand sea-levels.