This document discusses the evolution of research. It defines research as the systematic process of formulating a problem, developing a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. The objectives of research are to discover hidden truths, gain new insights, accurately portray characteristics, and test hypotheses. Motivations for research include academic degrees, intellectual challenge, and benefit to society. Research approaches can be quantitative like surveys and experiments, or qualitative like assessing attitudes. Good research has a clear purpose, common concepts, an explained procedure, objective results, and acknowledges limitations. Problems researchers face include lack of methodology training and overlapping studies. The document outlines different types of research and methods used in the field.

1. EVOLUTION OF RESEARCH

2. Present by:
Rabia Aslam

3. MEANING OF RESEARCH
The systematic method consisting of enunciating the
problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the
facts or data, analysing the facts and reaching certain
conclusion either in the form of solutions towards the
concerned problem or in certain generalisations for
some theoretical formulation.

4. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
Find out truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered
yet
Gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into
it
Portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group
Determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which
it is associated with something else
Test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables

5. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
Research degree along with its consequential
benefits
Face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problem
Get intellectual joy of doing some creative work
 Service to society
 Get respectability

6. RESEARCH APPROACHES
 QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
- Inferential
- Experimental
- Simulation
 QUALITATIVE APPROACH

7. INFERENTIAL APPROACH
•To form a data base from which to infer
characteristics or relationships of population
• Usually means survey research where a sample of
population is studied to determine its characteristics

8. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Some variables are manipulated to observe their effect on other
variables
• Much greater control over the research environment
• Simulation approach
• Involves construction of an artificial environment within which
relevant information and data can be generated

9. QUALITATIVE APPROACH
• Subjective assessment of,
- Attitudes
- Opinions
– Behaviour
• Not subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis

10. CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH
• Purpose should be clearly defined
• common concepts to be used
• explain procedure clearly - for continuity
• results should be as objective as possible
• report with frankness - acknowledge, procedural flaws -
limitations of the study

11. PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHES
• Lack of scientific training in methodology of research
• Insufficient interaction
• Need for generating the confidence that the information/data obtained
from a patient will not be misused
• Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often
for want of adequate information
• Timely and adequate secretarial assistance, including computerial
assistance

12. TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Descriptive
• analytical
• Applied
• fundamental
• quantitative
• qualitative
• conceptual
• Empirical
• one-time research /
longitudinal
• field-setting
research/laboratory/simulation
• clinical / laboratory
• historical
• conclusion oriented
• Decision oriented

13. SOME OTHER TYPES OF RESEARCH
Clinical research - case-study method
 Diagnostic research - in depth approaches to reach
basic casual relations
 Historical research - utilizes historical sources like
documents, remains, etc

14. RESEARCH METHODS
•All those methods/techniques that are used for
conduction of research
• Refer to the methods the researchers use in
performing research operations
•Method used by the researcher

15. RESEARCH METHODS
Put into 3 groups,
I. Methods which are concerned with data collection
II. Statistical techniques for establishment of relationship
b/w data & unknown
III. Evaluating the accuracy of results obtained

16. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 A systematic way to solve the research problem
Science of understanding how research is done
Study varies steps adopted by a researcher
researchers should know the relevant method and
which are not

17. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
When we talk of RM we not only talk of the research methods
but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the
context of our research study and explain why we are using a
particular method and why we are not using others, so that
research results are capable of being evaluated by the
researcher himself or by others .