This document provides an overview of human evolution and prehistoric periods from early hominids to ancient civilizations. It describes key early humans like Lucy, Homo erectus, and Neanderthals. It outlines the Paleolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods defined by tool materials (stone, polished stone, copper/bronze). It details the Indus Valley Civilization as an example of the Chalcolithic period, describing its large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Finally, it characterizes the Ancient, Medieval and Modern periods of civilization in terms of political structures, religions, arts, sciences and technologies.

1. By:
Krutika Bellary

4.  The oldest human
footprints in the world
were unearthed at
Laetoli, near Olduvai
Gorge, in Tanzinia.
These footprints led
Owen Lovejoy to
conclude that even
these early hominids

5. Lucy - is one of the oldest
and most complete
skeletons of human
ancestry, which was
discovered by Don
Johansson in Ethiopia's
Afar Triangle.

6.  Ramapithecus - ape man
 Australopithecus - definition of a man
 Homo erectus or Homo Sapiens - true man
 Heidelberg man - primitive man
 Neanderthal man - skill full hunting
 Cro-Magnon man – extinct mordern man
 lived in caves
 they were hunters and gatheres

9.  The pre-historic period was divided into –
1. Paleolithic age
2. Neolithic age
3. Chalcolithic age

10. Paleo - Old ; Lithos - Stone
Paleolithic or Old Stone Age dates from
the first stone tool makers (approx. 2
million BC) to about 10,000 BC.
 They used the rough/rugged stones for tools
and weapons.
 Absolute dependence on nature by
gathering food and hunting animals.

11.  Discovered fire from stones for cooking,
warmth and protection from animals.
 Extremely nomadic way of life (moving from
place to place to hunt).
 Developed simple tools from stone, bone or
wood.
 Invented clothing.
 Cave paintings and religious rituals.

13.  Neo – New ; Lithos - Stone
 This period began in Ireland with the arrival of the
first farmers around 3500 BC.
 Organized farming methods and crops and
animals.
 New house types.
 New crafts .
 Burials rituals – megalithic (great stones).
 They used polished and bladed stones.
 More sedentary life (stayed in fixed places able to
build cities).

14.  Farming became a major part of humans in the
Neolithic age

18.  Also known as the “ Copper Age” began at around 4500BC
 This age was the age of metals.
 The discovery of which was a milestone in the growth of
civilization
 The use of copper was at large, but later it was also mixed
other metals that were discovers during that time which
resulted in the discovery of bronze.
 Indus Valley Civilization is the best example in the
civilization of copper age.
 The metal was mainly used to make axes, swords,
spearheads, etc. used for hunting and farming.

20. Indus Valley Civilization

21. The Indus
Valley Region:

22.  Indus civilization is also called Indus valley civilization or Harappa
civilization.
 It was not discovered until the 1920’s.
 These settlements were established along the Indus River some 5000
years ago.
 These were one of the world's earliest major urban settlements.
 The Indus civilization is known to have comprised two large cities,
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and more than 100 towns and villages,
often of relatively small size but well planned and walled.
 Trade and Agriculture were the major sources of their
income.
 Harappa to have been far larger than once thought, perhaps
supporting a population of 50,000 at certain periods

23. These cities were
well planned with
wide streets, public
and private wells,
drains, bathing
platforms and
reservoirs. One of
its most well-known
structures is
the Great Bath of
Mohenjo Daro .

24. People in the Indus Valley
played board games like this,
moving pieces between
squares.
Maze puzzles and dice games
were enjoyed by children and
adults.

27.  The period of new civilization is divided into three
phases – Ancient Age
Medieval Age
Modern Age

28.  The growth of kingdoms, steel weapons,
writings, politics, military, money, etc. were
the foundations of the new civilization.
 Literacy rate was on the rise with the
expansion of Rome.
 Roman empire showed how governing could
help the new civilization.

29.  In India, Indus Valley Civilization marks the beginning
of the ancient civilization.
 In early vedic period, the social order in ancient India
enabled members to smoothly climb the ladder of life.
 The religion of the Indian origin was very simple and
its contributions are evidently high.
 The four stages in an individuals life were
- Bhramacharya
- Grihastha
- Vanaprastha and
- Sanyasa.

30.  There was also division of classes called “
Varnashrama Dharma”.
 The classes were
- Brahmin: the one who parts knowledge.
- Kshatriyas: the ones defending the society.
- Vaisyas: were farmers.
- Sudras: the traders
• This social order did not imply any
discrimination such as big or small, high or low
in its constituents.

31.  The complete life concept called “Chaturvida
Purushartha” marked out the Indian society
globally.
 These fourfold objectives of life are-
- Dharma: the universal law
- Artha: the wealth
- Kama: the desire
- Moksha: the salvation

32. • The later vedic period saw the formation of powerful
kingdoms like panchala, kosala, maghada, etc.
• During this period, mauryas and guptas in the north;
satavahans, pallavas and cholas in the south of India
realized the importance education and established
universities like Nalanda, Ujjain, Sarnatha, Ajantha
and Taxasila.
• Great scientists like Aryabhatta, Virahamihira,
Brahmaguptha and others flourished during this
period.
• Establishments like institutions, health-care centers,
trade links, etc. were major achievements seen in the
ancient age.

33.  It starts with the fall of the Roman Empire and
establishment of the Muslim rule in India.
 India was under the Muslim rule for over 600years.
 Hinduism and Islam were however in the opposed and
influenced movements like Sufi among Muslims and
Bhakti among the Hindus.
 The unity of these two civilizations developed art called
“The Indo-Muslim Art”.
 Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, Red Fort, etc. are the examples of
such art.
 The medieval age formulated and reformulated the socio-
economic order to meet the challenges of the changing
times.

35.  Scientific inventions and technological revolution is
evident in the modern historic period.
 Invention of microscope and telescope led to the
discovery of other many things.
 Advancement in the field of agriculture industry and
communication was a major support for the progress
of the civilization.

36.  Science and civilization textbook- Madan Lal Malpani
V.Prabhakaraiah
Saraswati Rao
 Acadamics.triton.edu.com