Unit 0. REVIEW
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Historians divide history into two main periods: prehistory and history. Prehistory began with the appearance of the genus Homo around 2.5 million years ago and ended around 3500 BC with the development of writing. Prehistory includes the Paleolithic period of nomadic hunter-gatherers, the Neolithic period of the emergence of agriculture and sedentary communities, and the Metal Ages of metallurgy. History began around 3500 BC with early civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome during the period of Antiquity. The fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD marked the end of Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages.
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The document summarizes the three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages in Europe: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the political organization, society, economy, and culture of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire emerged after the division of the Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire fell, giving rise to various Germanic kingdoms. The Islamic civilization expanded rapidly after the prophet Muhammad established the religion of Islam in the 7th century.
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C hapter 11 notes
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The document provides instructions for a group project on civilizations during the Middle Ages. Students will be divided into groups and each group will present on one of three civilizations: the Byzantine Empire, Germanic Kingdoms, or the Islamic civilization. As part of their presentation, students must explain the political organization, economy, society, culture and art of their chosen civilization. They are also asked to decorate the classroom representing the civilization. The document lists the class sessions for working on the project and presentation dates. It assigns students to groups and identifies which civilization each group will present on.
Unit 0. REVIEW
This document provides an overview of prehistory and ancient history. It divides history into two main periods: prehistory from 2.5 million years ago to 3500 BC, which includes the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages; and history from 3500 BC to the present. Key ancient civilizations discussed include Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, with Rome's fall in 476 AD marking the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages.
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Unit 1. Middle ages: three civilisations
1. The document discusses three civilizations that emerged during the Middle Ages after the fall of the Western Roman Empire: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations.
2. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, its reconquest of territory under Justinian I, and its characteristics including the Greek language and Orthodox Christian religion.
3. It also summarizes the Germanic Kingdoms that formed in the territories of the fallen Western Roman Empire, including the Franks and Visigoths, and the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne.
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This document summarizes complex social developments between 600 BCE and 600 CE. It notes that cities served as centers of trade, religion, and government for states and empires. Examples include Persepolis, Chang'an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome, Alexandria, Constantinople, and Teotihuacan. It then focuses on Alexandria, which was founded by Alexander the Great and was a major center of Hellenistic civilization and capital of Egypt for almost 1000 years. The document also discusses social hierarchies in empires, methods of maintaining food production and elite loyalty, and the continued shaping of gender roles and family by patriarchy in imperial societies.
The Byzantine Empire
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Project: The Middle Ages
The document provides information about a middle ages project for students. It discusses dividing history into periods including prehistory and history. It focuses on the Middle Ages period from 476 to 1453/1492. Students will prepare presentations in groups about the three civilizations that occupied the former Roman Empire territory during the Middle Ages - the Byzantine Empire, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic Civilization. They must explain one civilization in detail. Students will decorate the classroom to represent the civilization and complete a portfolio documenting their work. Presentations will take place on April 21st.
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The document provides an overview of major themes and events in world history, focusing on classical civilizations, their golden ages and declines, as well as the spread of religion and trade networks. It discusses the rise and impacts of nomadic peoples like the Huns and Mongols as outside threats to sedentary civilizations. Key areas covered include Western Europe, the Middle East, India, China, Africa, Russia, Japan, and the Mongol Empire.
Key Concept 2.2.3
The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires all experienced declines due to similar factors:
1) Excessive demands on resources caused environmental damage and social tensions as wealth concentrated among elites.
2) External security problems along frontiers, including invasions, threatened the empires.
3) The Gupta Empire was overrun by the White Huns in the 5th century AD, contributing to its decline, while the Roman Empire disintegrated under invasions and lost its western half by 476 AD.
Unit 2. The origin of feudalism
Feudalism developed in Western Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Power was decentralized as kings granted land to nobles in exchange for military service. Society was strictly stratified with kings, nobles, clergy, and peasants. Peasants or serfs were bound to work lands granted by lords and owed labor services and taxes. The feudal system predominated until the 15th century and was characterized by hierarchies of reciprocal obligations between lords and vassals.
The Middle Ages
After the fall of Rome, Europe entered a period of disorder and decline known as the Dark Ages. During this time, feudalism emerged as wealthy lords divided land among vassals in exchange for military service, and peasants worked as serfs in harsh conditions. The powerful Catholic Church dominated all aspects of life. By the High Middle Ages, trade revived and a middle class emerged, undermining feudalism. However, the Black Death plague in 1347 killed around 1/3 of Europeans and disrupted society, increasing questioning of the Church.
Soc sci1 unit9
The document provides information about early civilizations, including Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. It discusses the emergence of cities and the first civilizations along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia, which consisted of the regions of Assyria, Akkad, and Sumer. It also covers Ancient Egypt along the Nile River and its history from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. The document describes the social hierarchies, religious beliefs, and architectural achievements of both Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations.
64
Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire, where wealthy nobles, artisans, shopkeepers, and enslaved people lived. Enslaved people numbers increased as Rome conquered more territories and worked in homes, farms, and helped build infrastructure. The Roman family was important, with the father as the head and women having few rights. Rome adapted ideas from Greece and Latin became the basis for European languages. The Western Roman Empire declined in the 3rd century AD due to a weakening government, failing economy, and Germanic invasions. The Eastern Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, emerged and lasted until the 15th century.
C hapter 11 notes
The document summarizes the history of Rome from its founding to the establishment of the Roman Empire. It describes how Rome was founded by Latins in central Italy and was later influenced by Greeks and Etruscans. It then discusses the establishment of the Roman Republic and its government consisting of consuls, senators, and tribunes. Finally, it outlines the transition from republic to empire, including the rise of Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar who became Rome's first emperor, establishing the Pax Romana period of peace and prosperity.
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Middle Ages Project
The document provides instructions for a group project on civilizations during the Middle Ages. Students will be divided into groups and each group will present on one of three civilizations: the Byzantine Empire, Germanic Kingdoms, or the Islamic civilization. As part of their presentation, students must explain the political organization, economy, society, culture and art of their chosen civilization. They are also asked to decorate the classroom representing the civilization. The document lists the class sessions for working on the project and presentation dates. It assigns students to groups and identifies which civilization each group will present on.
Unit 0. REVIEW
This document provides an overview of prehistory and ancient history. It divides history into two main periods: prehistory from 2.5 million years ago to 3500 BC, which includes the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages; and history from 3500 BC to the present. Key ancient civilizations discussed include Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, with Rome's fall in 476 AD marking the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages.
Unit 2. feudalism project
Students are assigned a lapbook project on feudalism to be completed in pairs by November 27th. The lapbook must include information on the concept of feudalism, the foundation of feudal Europe, the feudal system's characteristics and hierarchical structure, feudal society, the feudal economy, and students' opinions on the system. Students are also required to complete the cover and two conceptual maps on feudalism in their notebooks for review and grading.
UNIT 2. Feudalism
Feudalism developed in Western Europe from the 9th-10th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Society was divided into hierarchies with the king at the top, followed by nobles who received land from the king in exchange for loyalty. Peasants, known as serfs, were bound to work the land and live on manors belonging to lords, who offered protection in return. Serfs had to follow the manorial system and pay taxes and labor services to their lords. Feudalism organized society into estates of nobility, clergy, and peasants, with nobility and clergy enjoying privileges over peasants. The feudal economic system was based on farming and livestock on manors worked by ser
Feudalismo
El documento resume el sistema feudal en Europa entre los siglos IX y XIII. El feudalismo surgió debido al debilitamiento del poder real tras la muerte de Carlomagno y las invasiones bárbaras. La sociedad se organizó en una pirámide con diferentes estamentos, donde los nobles protegían las tierras de los campesinos a cambio de lealtad y trabajo. El feudo era la unidad básica y consistía en castillos, tierras y población bajo la autoridad de un señor feudal, con deberes y obligaciones mutuas entre vas
Unit 3. Medieval Europe
The document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. Specifically:
- Cities regained commercial importance as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, providing surpluses to urban areas. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
- Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Kings granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
- The late medieval period saw the resurgence of cities, development of urban society, and political changes as monarchies consolidated power. However, the 14th century brought a crisis due to religious schisms, war, plague
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Unit 1- From prehistory to the middle ages. Done by student Sandra Esteve from Ramiro de Maeztu highschool (Spain)
History of western civilization
This document provides a history of Western civilization, beginning with its origins in the Middle East around 9000 BCE as humans transitioned to agricultural societies. It then traces the development and influence of classical Greek, Roman, and early Christian civilizations on the foundations of Western thought, including democracy, intellectual inquiry, law, and Christianity. The document outlines major historical periods and events in Western history from antiquity through the modern era, including the fall of Rome, medieval era, Renaissance, Reformation, industrial revolution, world wars, and Cold War. It discusses the global spread and influence of Western empires and culture.
Structural Components of Time in History
The document summarizes the major periods of prehistory and history based on archaeological and written records. It outlines three main divisions: the Prehistoric period characterized by the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages; the period of Ancient History defined by the earliest civilizations and the emergence of writing around 3500 BCE; and the period of Recorded History from around 3000 BCE to the present day, broken into further subdivisions.
Structural Components of Time in History
The document summarizes the major periods of prehistory and history based on archaeological and written records. It outlines three main divisions: the Prehistoric period characterized by the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages; the period of Ancient History defined by the earliest civilizations and the emergence of writing systems around 3500 BCE; and the period of Recorded History from around 3000 BCE to the present day, discussing some of the major transitions and developments within this timeframe.
Ancient civilization
The document provides an overview of several ancient civilizations including Chinese, Indus Valley, Egyptian, Sumerian, Greek, Roman, Viking, and Mayan civilizations. It discusses the key characteristics of civilization in general and then provides details about the location, time period, important features, and trades of each civilization. A timeline is also included to show the eras of the different civilizations.
Chapter 1 Before HistoryPre-human hominids are universally de.docx
Chapter 1: Before History
Pre-human hominids are universally deemed as the ancestors of the human race. Their occurrence is dated to be four to five million years ago, while the human race itself emerged nearly too hundred thousand years ago. Over the years, it has been keenly noted that humans share specific DNA composition with other primates. It is only a slight difference in the genetic makeup and body chemistry that makes humans have more intelligence than these other species, making them more adaptable to their environment and therefore give them a greater ability to control the natural world. This intelligence has seen the humans have greater potential for advanced and sophisticated social-cultural abilities that other species cannot measure up to. These unique and advanced abilities possessed by humans include well devised tools, technologies cooperation and communication skills.
The Paleolithic society, which is commonly known as the Old Stone Age is the longest era in the history of the human race on the planet. It is majorly characterized with hunting and gathering. It existed long before ancient agriculture emerged, and therefore it lived on looking for edible stuff from the wild life, both edible fruits and animal, hence their hunting and gathering lifestyle. Theirs was a completely liberal life, as there was nobody’s possession ever. No wealth, no private property. One very outstanding characteristic of this early man is the ability to communicate. There was a well-structured and powerful language that enabled them to communicate very important messages. For this reason, it was possible to pass information and knowledge to the next generation. The new generations would thus improve the knowledge and as it accumulated over the years, humans were able to give a good take on the various aspect of life they live. One common link between generation and creativity is the early cave paintings. This ability to communicate abstractly is the major skill that humans have banked on in realizing their present control over the natural world.
The Neolithic or the New Stone Age era proceeded the Paleolithic. It marks the transition from the hunting and gathering lifestyle of the Old Stone Age into a more civilized agricultural society. Human in this era lived in distinct communities which domesticated animals and grew crops. This is cited to have been taking place at around 9000 B.C.E. They lived together and their population grew over time. Unlike in the Old Stone Age, there was the aspect of ownership of property, hence personal wealth. The ownership of land was the major one, and it dictated the owner’s economic and political power. There were hierarchies of authority in aspects such as religion and government, a clear indication of an organized and civilized society. Just like the Old Stone Age, the New Stone Age gave interest in fertility as an important feature of their religion.
Later, within a period of four thousand years, the agricul ...
The Rise and Collapse of the Bronze Age 3000-1000 BCE1.docx
The Rise and Collapse of the Bronze Age: 3000-1000 BCE 1
The Rise and Collapse of the Bronze Age: 3000-1000 BCE
Name
Jonathan Sun
Institution
SMC
Date
4/27/2020
The Bronze Age marked the first time humans started to work with metal. Bronze tools and weapons soon replaced earlier stone versions. Ancient Sumerians in the Middle East may have been the first people to enter the Bronze Age. Humans made many technological advances during the Bronze Age, including the first writing systems and the invention of the wheel. In the Middle East and parts of Asia, the Bronze Age lasted from roughly 3300 to 1200 B.C., ending abruptly with the near-simultaneous collapse of several prominent Bronze Age civilizations.
Humans may have started smelting copper as early as 6,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent, a region often called “the cradle of civilization” and a historical area of the Middle East where agriculture and the world’s first cities emerged. Ancient Sumer may have been the first civilization to start adding tin to copper to make bronze. Bronze was harder and more durable than copper, which made bronze a better metal for tools and weapons. Archaeological evidence suggests the transition from copper to bronze took place around 3300 B.C. The invention of bronze brought an end to the Stone Age, the prehistoric period dominated by the use of stone tools and weaponry.
Different human societies entered the Bronze Age at different times. Civilizations in Greece began working with bronze before 3000 B.C., while the British Isles and China entered the Bronze Age much later—around 1900 B.C. and 1600 B.C., respectively. The Bronze Age was marked by the rise of states or kingdoms—large-scale societies joined under a central government by a powerful ruler. Bronze Age states interacted with each other through trade, warfare, migration and the spread of ideas. Prominent Bronze Age kingdoms included Sumer and Babylonia in Mesopotamia and Athens in Ancient Greece.
The Bronze Age ended around 1200 B.C. when humans began to forge an even stronger metal: iron
Sumer: By the fourth millennium BCE, Sumerians had established roughly a dozen city-states throughout ancient Mesopotamia, including Eridu and Uruk in what is now southern Iraq. Sumerians called themselves the Sag-giga, the “black-headed ones.” They were among the first to use bronze. They also pioneered the use of levees and canals for irrigation. Sumerians invented cuneiform script, one of the earliest forms of writing, and built large stepped pyramid temples called ziggurats. Sumerians celebrated art and literature. The 3,000-line poem “Epic of Gilgamesh” follows the adventures of a Sumerian king as he battles a forest monster and quests after the secrets of eternal life.
Babylonia: Babylonia rose to prominence in the Bronze Age around 1900 B.C., in present-day Iraq. Its capital, the city of Babylon, was first occupied by people known as the Amorites. The Amorite King Hammurabi created one of the world’.
USCP REPORT 01.pptx
The document discusses the sociopolitical evolution of early civilizations and the development of democracy. It describes how the rise of early civilizations like Mesopotamia contributed to developments in writing, trade, and new political systems. In Greece, tensions grew between social classes and city-states, leading to oligarchic and tyrannical rule before citizens collectively established the first democratic governments. This marked the beginnings of democratization and the spread of democratic values in ancient societies.
Antiguagrecia 101024100914-phpapp02
The document provides an introduction to Ancient Greek civilization. It discusses the origins and development of the Greek city-states (polis), including their political systems like democracy in Athens and oligarchy in Sparta. It describes the key periods of Greek history from the Archaic period through the Classical and Hellenistic eras. It also outlines aspects of daily life in the polis, including the economy, which centered around agriculture, livestock, crafts, and trade. Major figures and events mentioned include Pericles, the Persian Wars, and the conquests of Philip II and Alexander the Great.
Antiguagrecia 101024100914-phpapp02
The document provides an introduction to Ancient Greek civilization. It discusses the origins and development of the Greek city-states (polis), including their political systems like democracy in Athens and oligarchy in Sparta. It describes the key periods of Greek history from the Archaic period through the Classical and Hellenistic eras. It also outlines aspects of daily life in the polis, including the economy, which centered around agriculture, livestock, crafts, and trade. Major figures and events mentioned include Pericles, the Persian Wars, and the conquests of Philip II and Alexander the Great.
Mesopotamia And Egypt Essay
This document provides a comparison of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses how both civilizations developed along major rivers, and how the rivers impacted geography, politics, social structures, and the roles of women. Key differences discussed include the irregular flooding in Mesopotamia versus the predictable flooding of the Nile in Egypt. Political structures are also contrasted, with Mesopotamia experiencing more turmoil and Egypt characterized by stability under a single ruler, the Pharaoh.
Prehistory -History (Ancient, Middle Ages)
Prehistory began 3 million years ago and lasted until 3000 BC. During this time, humans were hunter-gatherers and began using tools like fire. The Stone Age followed, divided into the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. In the Neolithic, humans transitioned to agriculture and permanent settlements. The Metal Ages saw the rise of copper, bronze and iron tools. Writing emerged around 3000 BC, marking the beginning of ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece and Rome, which established governments, trade and important constructions. The Middle Ages in Europe lasted from 400-1500 AD between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance, defined by a feudal system and conflicts like the Crusades.
Lesson 2, river valley civilizations
The document discusses the Mesopotamian civilization that arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. It describes key characteristics of early civilizations including cities, agriculture, trade, religion, art, writing systems, and centralized governments. The document outlines the major cities of Mesopotamia, including Ur and Uruk, and religious structures like ziggurats. Causes for the decline of Mesopotamia included warfare between city-states and problems with their irrigation systems. The Egyptian civilization on the Nile River is also briefly mentioned.
Strayer textbook unit2_intro
This document provides an overview of world history from 500 BCE to 500 CE, referred to as the period of second-wave civilizations. It discusses how after the collapse of early civilizations, new urban societies emerged across Afro-Eurasia, continuing the global spread of civilization. While states and empires rose and fell regularly, the basic social hierarchies and lack of economic transformation meant fundamental human organizations did not change substantially during this era. The document examines both continuities like monarchical rule and growing populations, as well as some significant developments such as larger empires and new major cultural traditions.
The Middle Ages Essays
The document provides an overview of life in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages. It discusses the political fragmentation and lack of stability after the fall of the Roman Empire, with local disputes and small settlements across the British Isles. Housing for peasants was often inadequate, with many sleeping in filthy conditions alongside livestock. Nobles had cleaner floors and decorations like tapestries, but their lifestyle was not as extravagant as later royalty. Literacy rates were low initially as knowledge was concentrated in the church through monk scribes. Over time, a feudal political system developed locally to provide order and security with decentralized rule.
ppt daman.pptx
The Stone Age was the longest period in human history, spanning from around 3.3 million years ago until the introduction of metal tools. During this time, early humans used only stone tools and lived nomadic lifestyles as hunter-gatherers. The Modern Age began in the early 20th century after World War I and saw rapid technological advancement including the development of modern weapons, tanks, airplanes, and nuclear weapons. This period marked humanity's transition to a more technical global society.
2 eso summary_the_classical_ world
1. Ancient Greece had a geography conducive to developing a maritime culture, with islands and coastlines throughout the Mediterranean. Greek civilization expanded greatly under Alexander the Great.
2. Greek history is divided into periods - Bronze Age, Dark Ages, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic. Important city-states included Athens and Sparta, which dominated Classical Greece through military achievements but eventually rivaled each other in the Peloponnesian War.
3. Greek society was stratified, with citizens, foreigners, slaves. Citizens had political rights and duties like military service. Religion was personal and present in all aspects of life, with the Olympian gods central. Greek culture made major contributions to philosophy, literature
History of art, Art from Medieval time period
The document provides an overview of the Medieval era in Europe, commonly referred to as the Middle Ages. It discusses several key points:
- The Medieval era spanned approximately 1000 years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire until the beginning of the Renaissance.
- During this time, society was largely rural and agricultural with a feudal system dominated by nobles and peasants. The Catholic Church was also very influential.
- The era saw the rise of Islam and the Islamic Caliphates, as well as the Crusades launched by European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
- Overall, the document characterizes the Medieval period as transformative for Europe, laying the
2 medieval europe overview reading
The document provides an overview of medieval Europe from the fall of Rome to the Renaissance. It summarizes that the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD due to various internal and external factors. While Rome fell, the Eastern Roman Empire continued on as the Byzantine Empire based in Constantinople. After the fall of Rome, Europe was politically fragmented with no central government and was dominated by invading Germanic tribes. Charlemagne was able to unite much of Western Europe under the Frankish Kingdom in the 9th century, which became known as the Holy Roman Empire. Feudalism developed as a political and economic system during this period characterized by a hierarchy of land ownership and obligations between lords and vassals. The
Ancient Greece.pdf
Ancient Greece was a civilization that developed in southern Europe, more precisely in the Balkans, extending to the Peloponnese and along the entire Mediterranean coast. This civilization developed from 1100 BC and its history continued until 146 BC when it was ruled by the Romans.
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Unit 0. REVIEW
- 1. UNIT 0. REVIEW OF ANCIENT HISTORY Before starting… REMEMBER THE AGES OF HISTORY Historians have divided history into periods or ages. They divide the past into two main chronological stages: PREHISTORY AND HISTORY. These stages are divided into different periods. PREHISTORY (2,5 million years ago - 3.500 BC) o Palaeolithic Period. It beginning was marked by the appearance of the genus Homo. People were nomads and hunter-gatherers. o Neolithic Period. It began with the appearance of agriculture and livestock farming. They were sedentary. o Metal Ages. It began with the mastery of metallurgy, which allowed people o manufacture metal tools. HISTORY (3.500 BC - present). o Antiquity. Early civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greek and Rome. o MIDDLE AGES o Modern Age. o Contemporary Age. The beginning of each of these periods was marked by a significant historical event that was important for humanity or involved a substantial change in the lives of the people of the time. A clear example is the transition from prehistory to history, marked by the appearance of writing in the 4th millennium BC. 1. PREHISTORY (from 2.5 million years ago to 5.500 years ago or 3.500 BC). o Palaeolithic Period. It beginning was marked by the appearance of the genus Homo. People were nomads and hunter-gatherers.
- 2. o Neolithic Period. It began with the appearance of agriculture and livestock farming. They were sedentary. o Metal Ages. It began with the mastery of metallurgy, which allowed people o manufacture metal tools. 2. ANTIQUITY MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT These civilisations arose in the valleys of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which were fertile areas suitable for agricultural development. These civilisations knew writing, and left behind evidence of their way of thinking, their cultures and their laws. States were formed in Egypt and Mesopotamia, in which there were kings, officials, priests, peasants, merchants and slaves. They developed their technical and scientific knowledge and built major constructions, such as pyramids. Egyptian pharaohs were regarded as all-powerful leaders and relied on religion to increase their prestige and authority. GREECE The Greek civilisation arose in the Eastern Mediterranean in mountainous, arid land with few rivers. This led its people to conquer the sea. Difficulties with communication facilitated the creation of independent city states, known as polis. A new political system arose: democracy. The Greeks created a civilisation in which humans were the measure of all things. Their greatness could be seen in their ability to dominate the elements of nature, and create language and laws. ROME The Romans were the most powerful people in Antiquity, as they conquered all the lands surrounding the Mediterranean. The Romans did not just base their success on the military might of their armies. As they conquered territories, they spread Roman culture among the conquered peoples. This process was known as Romanisation. Therefore, the Roman language, laws, customs, economic and social structures, political institutions and art forms made their mark in the Mediterranean and across much of Europe. IMPORTANT: THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, IN 476 AD, MARKED THE END OF THE ANCIENT HISTORY AND THE BEGINING OF THE MIDDLE AGES (476 – 1492 or 1453). Before this important event, in the 3 rd century, a widespread crisis began in the Roman Empire. This was a reflection of various social, economic and political issues.
- 3. This crisis then worsened because of pressure from foreign peoples located on the borders of the empire, such as Germanic tribes and Persians. This widespread weak situation meant that Emperor Theodosius’ empire was divided among his children after his death in ad 395.